托福閱讀長難句解決方法解析
托福閱讀長難句解決方法解析
托福閱讀中大家最煩的就是長難句了,不僅影響理解還浪費不少時間,如何解決長難句?下面就是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的托福閱讀長難句解決方法,希望對你有用!
托福閱讀長難句解決方法
首先:長句子。
大家一開始學(xué)習(xí)英語可能都知道句子的形成及結(jié)構(gòu)并沒有那么復(fù)雜,后來學(xué)得了修飾,就把之前學(xué)到句子稱之為簡單句,經(jīng)過修飾的句子為復(fù)雜句,而長句子就是在簡單句子經(jīng)過一個或者多個修飾之后形成的句子??忌诿鎸σ粋€難以理解的句子時,首先會想到的是這個句子的生詞多不多?如果有很多的生詞的話,那么我們從生詞開始攻克。但是如果詞匯大家都認(rèn)識,但是句子的意思理解不了或者讀不下去,那么這時應(yīng)該如何辦呢?下面小編就通過例子來為大家講解一下:
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
這就是一個長句,這個句子詞匯并不難,但是句子理解難度卻不小,原因就是因為這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)太復(fù)雜了,下面小編就帶大家一起來解剖一下:
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
對于這樣一個句子,大家要做的就是找到這個句子的核心主干(即主謂賓)注意后半部分嵌入了倒裝句established in their respective communities the idea and the need,establish是及物動詞,后面卻加了介詞in,說明此處有倒裝,還原正常語序應(yīng)是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒裝出現(xiàn)的意義在于idea和need在原句中的后置定語(即藍色劃線部分)太長,為了防止頭重腳輕。
在原句中,是有人名是并列的不知道大家有沒有發(fā)現(xiàn),也是本句主語art collectors的同位語。其中還有一部分是colonists的非謂語動詞后置定語,還一個部分是插入語用來進一步解釋art collectors。
綜上所述,本句運用了多種語法結(jié)構(gòu)(并列,倒裝,同位語,后置定語,插入語)把主干部分分割得支離破碎,如果對這些語法結(jié)構(gòu)不熟悉的同學(xué)肯定會一下子摸不著頭腦。而如果能夠盡最大努力把握其用法,那么對閱讀的速度和正確率的提升都有很大幫助。
以上這個句子我們就可以這樣翻譯:幾位藝術(shù)收藏家(此處省略幾位藝術(shù)家名字)將歐洲藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)介紹給那些被特許參觀他們畫廊的殖民者,尤其是有抱負(fù)的藝術(shù)家們,并在他們各自的社區(qū)建立了藝術(shù)具有價值的觀念和致力于鼓勵其發(fā)展的機構(gòu)的需要。
其次:長文章
新托福閱讀的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上,而這么長的文章主要就是由簡單句和一些復(fù)雜的長難句組成,除了句子理解外,為了更好的解題考生還應(yīng)該了解文章段落和文章結(jié)構(gòu)。面對比較長的段落和文章,要在短時間內(nèi)快速抓住重點信息,做對題目,那么對文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真題文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落為例來講解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
對于這種較長的段落,如何快速辨別段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句與句之間的邏輯是理解的關(guān)鍵。一般來說,段落的主題常出現(xiàn)的位置在段首和段尾,但是也有例外,比如段落內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折,那么要注意轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容與前面相反而且是重點。
這個段落,首句在講兩個黨派的社會組成是相似的,接著的第二三句出現(xiàn)了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”,提出了兩點相似之處。第四句出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵性的however,而該句以及接下來的句子主語也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變,都變?yōu)閮蓚€黨派的其中一個。那么,可以推斷出however之后的內(nèi)容與前面相反,所以段落的主題落在了Democrats和Whigs社會組成的不同之處。
最后:長題目
大家在備考托福閱讀時,或者在做真題(有可能是TPO)大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)有些題目有好幾行,其中的選項也有好幾行的,這時考生好不容易弄懂了文章 的意思,又碰到這么的題目和選項,瞬間眼前一黑,這時不會做題時只好去蒙答案了,就使得大家的答題正確率直線下降。
對于這種題目,主要的解題方法就是同義改寫。同義,意味著核心意思保持一致;改寫,意味著換一種說法,簡單的例如替換同義詞語,復(fù)雜的例如改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)。下面,我們結(jié)合前面所講的長難句理解內(nèi)容來做一道句子簡化題。
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
答案:選D
單詞:
integrate v. 使融合;使結(jié)合
dominate v. 主宰
semisubsistence n. 半自給自足
languish v. 失去活力
快速做法:
Step 1:根據(jù)邏輯排除A,因果邏輯無
Step 2:根據(jù)主干結(jié)構(gòu)排除C,主語不對
Step 3:細(xì)讀B和D,發(fā)現(xiàn)B與原句矛盾,排除。
詳細(xì)解析:
原句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單易懂,主語是紅色部分。句子邏輯是綠色的whereas,表示“然而”。所以這句話是在對比Whigs和Democrats勢力分布上的區(qū)別。
A選項的極端詞only、最高級wealthiest、because因果邏輯均無體現(xiàn)
B選項表示兩個黨派的勢力在城市和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)各自自然分布,與原句前半句矛盾
C選賢偷換主干,原句主干不是farming areas
D選項涉及同義改寫,whereas與while同義替換,邏輯對應(yīng)。poorer areas同義對應(yīng)原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同義對應(yīng)原句的fully integrated into market economy
托福長難句閱讀技巧
1. 定義:
托福閱讀備考練習(xí)中如果句子只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu),句子各個成分都只由單詞或短語表示。
2. 分析方法:
對于難度較大的托福閱讀簡單句,閱讀的基本方法是確定句子的主、謂、賓,找出句子的主干,忽略其他的成分,將長句變成短句,新托福閱讀要學(xué)會將句型結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子變成句型結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的句子。
3. 復(fù)雜的簡單句解析:
(1)不定式及不定式短語做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語
例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important.
中文譯文:督促人們?yōu)樽约旱男袨樨?fù)責(zé)是十分重要的。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:不定式短語to hold people accountable for their action 做主語。
(2)動名詞及動名詞短語做主語、表語、賓語
例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions,and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.
中文譯文:它涉及到探究深層次的關(guān)注,想出有創(chuàng)造性的解決方案,以及當(dāng)利益矛盾時,做出交易和妥協(xié)。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:這是一個簡單句。主語是it,謂語是involves,三個動名詞短語做賓語(屬于平行結(jié)構(gòu))。在閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“a and b”或“a or b”的形式,其中a 與b 同義或近義,所以只要認(rèn)識其中一個詞就能猜測出另一個詞的大致意思。例如:trade-off and compromises。
(3)后置定語
例3. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation,the act of communication intended to reach agreement.
中文譯文:做這件事最常用的方法是談判,一種想要達成一致的交流的行為。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:The most common procedure for doing this 是主語從句;過去分詞短語intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定語,the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是negotiation的同位語,對negotiation 進行解釋。
簡化長難句的三步驟
判斷句類:簡單句or復(fù)雜句?
當(dāng)我們拿到一道句子簡化題的時候,首先要做的就是對于題目中出現(xiàn)的長難句進行句類的判斷。如果該句只含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu),并且句子各成分都只由單詞或者短語構(gòu)成,那么這個句子就是簡單句。如果該句包含分句,那么這個句子就是復(fù)雜句。
找出主干和句內(nèi)邏輯
當(dāng)我們完成對于長難句的句類判斷時,我們就要開始對這個句子內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系進行分析。
對于簡單句來說,我們要找出這個句子的主干,也就是主謂賓語。
對于復(fù)雜句來說,我們需要做的就是分析復(fù)雜句內(nèi)部各分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
在句子簡化題中最常考的邏輯關(guān)系分別有四種:并列、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、比較。要判斷邏輯關(guān)系,考生可以在閱讀過程中尋找相應(yīng)的邏輯詞,如and、but、because等等。
在選項中找到句子主干和邏輯關(guān)系
當(dāng)我們完成對句子的分析之后,我們就要去看選項了。但是這個時候我們不能只是去看選項,我們要做的是在選項里尋找我們剛剛對句子進行分析的結(jié)果:主干和邏輯關(guān)系。
下面老師將選取TPO中的一道題來具體講解上面方法在實際中的運用。該題考到的長難句和問題如下:
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held。
12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information。
首先我們先要判斷一下這個句子是什么句類。根據(jù)句子的意思和句中出現(xiàn)的分號,我們可以判斷出這是一個復(fù)雜句。
然后我們就來找各個分句間的主干和邏輯關(guān)系。讀過這句話之后之后我們可以得知這句話的分句講到了孔大和孔小兩種情況。又因為有一個but存在,所以可以判斷兩個分句間的邏輯應(yīng)該是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。那么下面我們就要讀出轉(zhuǎn)折的轉(zhuǎn)的是什么。這句話的意思是:如果孔很大,水就會作為水滴存在;但是如果孔很小,水就作為薄膜存在??梢?,轉(zhuǎn)折的內(nèi)容是大孔和小孔,水滴和薄膜之間的對比。
在判斷句類和找到主干、邏輯關(guān)系后,我們就來看一下選項。如果選項主干和邏輯齊全,就是正確選項。其余都是錯的。
A. Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores。
B. Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension。
C. Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film。
D. If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist。
A選項存在轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯詞but,且講到當(dāng)孔大的時候水會變成水滴,but孔小的時候就變成薄膜。主干、邏輯齊全,故正確。B選項錯在有主干,但缺少轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯詞。C 選項也有主干,但是邏輯關(guān)系寫成了并列and,但實際上應(yīng)該是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。D選項說當(dāng)孔大的時候變成薄膜,這和原句的主干意思完全相反。原句中說水在孔大的時候應(yīng)該變成水滴。
猜你喜歡: