高一英語語法
高一英語語法
高一的英語語法包含了簡單的5種基本句型，也是我們在英語寫作中時常會用到的句型。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高一英語語法的相關(guān)知識，供大家參閱!
高一英語語法：句子成分
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。
(二)主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時)和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.(名詞) We often speak English in class.(代詞)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(數(shù)詞)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Sm oking does harm to the health.(動名詞)
The ri ch should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主語從句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式)
(三)謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：
1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、復(fù)合謂語：(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.
(四)表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞)
Is it yours?(代詞)
The weather has turned cold.(形容詞)
The speech is exciting.(分詞)
Three times seven is twenty one?(數(shù)詞)
His job is to teach English.(不定式)
His hobby(愛好)is playing football.(動名詞)
The machine must be out of order.(介詞短語)
Time is up. The class is over.(副詞)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表語從句)
(五)賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代詞)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(數(shù)詞)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語)
I enjoy listening to popular music.(動名詞短語)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(賓語從句)
賓語種類：(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ))，例如：They elected him their monitor.[來源:學(xué)。科。網(wǎng)]
(六)賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞(如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：
His father named him Dongming.(名詞)
They painted their boat white.(形容詞)
Let the fresh air in.(副詞)
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短語)
We saw her entering the room.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
We found everything in the lab in good order.(介詞短語)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.(從句)
(七)定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容詞)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分詞)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名詞)
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代詞)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(動名詞)
He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介詞短語)
(八)狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?/p>
Light travels most quickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)
He has lived in the city for ten years.(介詞短語)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短語) He is in the room making a model plane.(分詞短語)
Wait a minute.(名詞)
Once you begin, you must continue.(狀語從句)
狀語種類如下：
How about meeting again at six?(時間狀語)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因狀語)
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(條件狀語)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地點(diǎn)狀語)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式狀語)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴隨狀語)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的狀語)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(結(jié)果狀語)
She works very hard though she is old.(讓步狀語)
I am taller than he is.(比較狀語)
簡單句有五種基本句型，其它各種句子基本上皆由此五種句型縮略或擴(kuò)展而成。
1、“主語+謂語” 句型，可簡稱為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語是不及物動詞。如：
(1)The sun is rising. 太陽正在冉冉升起。
(2)Now, the meeting begins.現(xiàn)在會議開始。
2、“主語+連系動詞+表語“句型，如：
(1)He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳游得不錯。
(2)The doctors seemed very capable. 這些大夫好像都很能干。
3)“主語+謂語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)(SVO)，其謂語一般皆是及物動詞，其賓語多是直接賓語。如：
(1)Robbie didn’t deny the facts. 羅比不否認(rèn)這些事實(shí)。
(2)She heard whisperings. 她聽到了一陣沙沙聲。
4)“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu)(SVOO)，其謂語須是可有雙賓語的及物動詞，即所謂的與格動詞(dative verb)，兩個賓語多一是間接賓語，一是直接賓語。如：
(1)We gave the baby a bath. 我們給嬰孩洗了個澡。
(2)Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思來看望了我。
5)“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)(SVOC)，其謂語須是可有這種復(fù)合賓語的及物動詞，賓語補(bǔ)語與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。如：
(1)I found this book easy. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)此書不難。(形容詞easy用作賓語補(bǔ)語)
(2)They held him hostage. 他們將他扣作人質(zhì)。(名詞hostage用作賓語補(bǔ)語)
(3)He watched the maid come in. 他看著女傭人進(jìn)來了。
(4)I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我聽見他慢慢上樓來，好像扛著什么重的東西。
高一英語語法：定語從句
一.幾個基本概念
1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.
3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之后。
4.引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)。
﹙1﹚關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why
5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語從句之前(先行詞之后)。【as除外】
6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能(作用)：
﹙1﹚連接先行詞和定語從句。
﹙2﹚在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分(關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語)。
7.定語從句的類型：
﹙1﹚限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間無逗號)。
?、?直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
② 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. ，該介詞通常可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如： The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
﹙2﹚非限定性定語從句()。
① 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。
?、?由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
?、?由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除其余引導(dǎo)詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補(bǔ)充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷)
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院)
3.只能用who, 做賓語時用whom;
指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father. The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful. The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English He went to America, ______ his parents live. teacher. He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.=The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
高一英語語法：并列復(fù)合句
并列復(fù)合句是由兩個或多個簡單句和一個或多個從句構(gòu)成的句子。這種句子容量大，可以為你提供更大的自由表達(dá)度。
并列復(fù)合句常用的連接詞由and, but, for, so, or, nor等并列連詞，如：
(1)They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 他們是幸福的，他們也該得到幸福。(并列連詞是and)
(2)The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock.
信號發(fā)出了，輪船緩緩駛出碼頭。(并列連詞是and，前有逗號)
(3)Hurry or you won’t make the train. 趕快，不然你趕不上火車。(并列連詞是or)
(4)Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂卻會蜇人。(并列連詞是but) 兩個或兩個以上的簡單句的關(guān)系如不很緊密，并列連詞可引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)一個句子。如：
(5)You’re alive! And she’s dead. 你活著!而她卻死了。(并列連詞and引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)句子)
(6)I’m sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office?
對不起打擾一下。你可以告訴我最近的郵局在哪兒嗎?(并列連詞but引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)句子) 并列句的分句亦可用連接副詞連接。如：
(7)I had a drink, then I went home. 我喝了杯酒，然后回到了家。(連接副詞是then)
(8)It rained, therefore the game was called off.
由于有雨，因而那場球賽取消了。(連接副詞是therefore)
(9)He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me. 他生氣了，但聽我的話。(連接副詞是nevertheless)
(10)I want to go to the party—however, I have no transport.
我想去參加聚會，但我沒有交通工具。(連接副詞是however)
(11)I have only an old car; still it is better than nothing.
我只有一輛舊車，但也比沒有好。(連接副詞是still)
(12)I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今日很忙，那你能明天來嗎?(連接副詞是so)
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