17英語語法八大時態(tài)
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17英語語法八大時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時
(一)定義：表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，或存在的狀態(tài)，還表示主語具備的性格和能力及客觀真理。例：I get up at 6:30 in the morning.
(二)構成：主要用動詞原形表示，當主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，在動詞詞尾加s/es。
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主語+謂語+其他。She reads English everyday .
2、否定句：主語+don’t/doesn’t+謂語+其他He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning .
3、一般疑問句：Do/Does+主語+V原+其他?Do you like English ? Yes ,I do ./No, I don’t .
4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+do/does+主語+V原+其他?Where does Jam work?
(四)用法
1、表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，或存在的狀態(tài)，帶與表示頻率的時間狀語如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month, once/twice a week (month , year , etc.) , seldom , on sundays等連用。
2、表示客觀真理，科學事實、格言警句。The sun rises in the east .
3、根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定，當主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時，那么時間或條件狀語從句的謂語動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作。I'll tell him the news when he comes back.
4、僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質、特征、能力等等。這里的目的是為了“描述現(xiàn)階段的動作或狀態(tài)”，其重點“不是強調(diào)動作發(fā)生的時間、或進行的狀態(tài)”。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.
5、在口語中，有些表示移動的動詞，其一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示按規(guī)定、計劃或時間表要發(fā)生的事，句中通常有一個表示未來時間的狀語。這些動詞有go，come，leave，arrive，return，begin，start，be等 The Browns come back tonight.
6、以here，there開頭的倒裝句，一般現(xiàn)在時可表示目前正在發(fā)生的動作 。Here comes the bus.
7、有少數(shù)動詞(如say，tell，hear等)可以用一般現(xiàn)在時表示過去發(fā)生的情況 I hear you want a servant.
8、一般現(xiàn)在時常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。
Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
(五)動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式變化規(guī)則
1、一般情況下，動詞后直接加-s;如：help-helps ,clean-cleans ,give-gives等。
2、以s,x,ch,sh或o結尾的動詞，在詞尾加-es;如：fix-fixes,watch-watches等。
3、以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞，把y變?yōu)閕，再加-es;如：fly-flies等。
4、動詞have遇在主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，have改為has
5、動詞be遇有主語是第一人稱單數(shù)時，be改為am，遇有主語是第二人稱時，be改為are，遇有主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，be改為is
17英語語法八大時態(tài)：一般過去時
注：在一般過去時的句子中，謂語動詞可分為兩類一類是be動詞，其形式為was與第一、三人稱單數(shù)連用，were與第二人稱和復數(shù)人稱的主語連用。凡是由be動詞做謂語的句子，變否定句時，直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t，變一般疑問句將was/ were放在句首，
句末用問號。另一類謂語動詞是由行為動詞來充當，如stayed\went\visited等,這一類動詞做謂語時，可與任何人稱連用，句子變否定時，要在主語后面，動詞的前面加didn’t，動詞用原形;一般疑問句是把did提到句首，動詞用原形。
(二)句式
1、肯定句：主語+動詞過去式+其他。I was in Beijing yesterday .
2、否定句：主語+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。主語+didn’t + V原+其他。
3、一般疑問句：was/ were+主語+V原+其他?Did +主語+V原+其他?
4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ was/ were+主語+其他?特殊疑問詞+did+主語+V原+其他?
(三)用法
1、表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間里所發(fā)生的動作或情況，常與明確的時間狀語連用，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago,the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等連用。如：At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復發(fā)生的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
When I was a child ,I often play the football in the street .
【注】①表示過去經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，也可用“used to+動詞原形”的結構。My mother used to go to school on foot.這種結構的否定式和疑問式可用助動詞do，也可不用助動詞來構成：don’t use to=usedn’t to
?、谟行┣闆r發(fā)生的時間不很清楚，但實際上是過去發(fā)生的，應當用一般過去時
I was glad to get your letter.
3、在時間、條件狀語從句中，常用一般過去時態(tài)代替過去將來時。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained .
4、講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時，而且經(jīng)常省略時間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.
5、句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。
6、 It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
句型：It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ，
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
句型：would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。
I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
7、wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復存在。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else?
2)情態(tài)動詞 could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike?
17英語語法八大時態(tài)：一般將來時
(一)概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
(二)結構
1、由will +動詞原形構成，其will適用于各種人稱，與主語連在一起時，常?？s寫為’ll。變否定句時，只需在will后加not，可縮寫為won’t 。在疑問句中，will需提前，構成will+主語+動詞原形的結構。He will arrive here this evening .
2、shall+動詞原形(常用于主語為第一人稱)I shall / will not be free tomorrow .
3、be going to+動詞原形(打算、準備做某事)He is going to fly to Lodon.
(三)用法
1、表示在將來某個時間將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時間狀語，如：tomorrow, next day(week，month，year....)， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes， the day after tomorrow ,by...， soon 等連用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week .
2、用will構成的將來時,表示動作與人的主觀愿望無關。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will”用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.
3、be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
4、表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。
I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化學藥劑). So please wait until I return.
5、一般現(xiàn)在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。Here comes the bus.
3)在時間或條件句中。例如： When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me.
4)在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
6、用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來：下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來。 I'm leaving tomorrow.
7、shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當于情態(tài)動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與
第二人稱連用。Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?/ Will you please open the door for me?
8、“be to +動詞原形”表示按照計劃將要發(fā)生的事情。
An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
17英語語法八大時態(tài)：過去將來時
表示過去的某時以后將要發(fā)生的動作。但這個“將來”時間絕不會延伸到“現(xiàn)在”;而僅限于“過去時間區(qū)域內(nèi)”。由此可以看出，含這個時態(tài)的句子常帶一個表示“過去某個時間點”的狀語。這個狀語或是一個短語，或是一個句子。
(一)、用法
1、賓語從句或間接引語中When I thought about it,I wondered what their reaction would be.
2、表示過去習慣性的動作During that period,he would do exercises every day.
3、表示過去情況中的“愿望”、“傾向”，多用于否定句。
They knew that we would never permit such a thing.
4、Be going+動詞不定式、be+動詞不定式、be about+動詞不定式，變成過去式后，都相當于過去將來時。 She was going to sell her old car and buy a new one.
5、過去進行時表示過去將來的概念，常用于位置轉移的動詞，如go，come，leave等。 He told me he was leaving in an hour.
6、在時間、條件狀語從句中用一般過去時表示過去將來時
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
17英語語法八大時態(tài)：現(xiàn)在進行時
(一)結構：由 Be(am/is/are) +動詞—ing 構成。
(二)用法
1、表示說話時刻正在進行的動作及行為，或者包括說話時刻在內(nèi)的一段時間正在進行的動
作。常用時間狀語及標志詞：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一種漸進的過程。My younger brother is becoming more and more insterested in English .
3、與always , all the time , forever等連用，表示說話人某種強烈的情感，如：贊許、批評;喜歡、厭惡等。 She is often doing well at school. (表示滿意)
4、表示移位的動詞，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等，其現(xiàn)在進行時可表將來。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak .
(三)句型
1、肯定句：主語+ be(am/is/are) +動詞—ing +其他。I am studying now .
2、否定句：主語+ be +not+動詞—ing +其他。I am not studying now .
3、一般疑問句：Be+主語+動詞—ing +其他?Is she studying now ? Yes ,she is ./No,she isn’t .
4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ Be+主語+動詞—ing +其他?
17英語語法八大時態(tài)：過去進行時
(一)結構：由was/were+動詞-ing構成。
(二)用法
1、表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。動作發(fā)生的特指時間常用一個短語或時間狀語從句來表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引導的時間狀語從句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
注意：(1)以when引導的時間狀語從句中，從句動作，主句用過去進行時，表示一個動作發(fā)生時，另一個動作正在進行。When he called me , I was having dinner .
(2)以while引導的時間狀語從句中，從句與主句的動作在過去某一時刻同時進行，while常譯為“當……的時候，同時”。Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
2、與always，constantly，forever等副詞連用，帶有感情色彩 He was always ringing me up.
3、過去進行時可表示過去某時打算要做的事或預計要發(fā)生的事
Mr. Brown was coming to dinner.
4、有時用hope，think，wonder的過去進行時表示現(xiàn)在的想法，可以顯得客氣一點 I was wondering whether you could give me some advice.
17英語語法八大時態(tài)：過去完成時
(一)概念：過去完成時表示過去某一時間或某一事件之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，即過去的過去。圖示如下：
----|-------------------------- |---------------------------|----------------------->
過去完成 過去 現(xiàn)在 將來
(二)構成
1、肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞When we got there, the football match had already started.
2、否定句：主語+had not+過去分詞He hadn’t worked for two years by then.
3、疑問句：had+主語+過去分詞…?Had he finished the work by last month?
(三)用法
1、過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或者某一動作之前完成的動作或狀態(tài); 句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導的時間狀語。
By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
2、過去完成時的動詞還可以表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或者持續(xù)下去。Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。She said she had never been to Paris.
4、在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
5、by the time “直到……時候”。指從過去某一點到從句所示的時間為止的一段時間。 By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.
6、表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本…，未能…”。 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
練習：
(一)、
35. — Listen, the music _____________sweet.— It's Yesterday Once More, my favorite.
A. sounds B. smells C. feels
37. — Hello, may I speak to Mr. Smith?— Sorry, he isn't in. He _____________the office.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been away
43. — Our classroom____________every day.— So it is. It's our duty to keep it clean and tidy.
A. cleans B. is cleaning C. is cleaned
36. “Have you ever been to Tokyo?” “Yes, I ______ there twice. It’s a modern city.”
A. have gone B. have been C. had gone
39. In order to make our hometown more beautiful, trees _______ around the city every year.
A. plant B. are planted C. will plant
35. To protect the environment, supermarket don’t _____ free plastic bags to shoppers.
A.take B. show C. provide D. carry
41. --Let's discuss the plan, shall we?--Not now. I_____ to an interview.
A. go B. went C. am going D. was going
49. The task____ in an hour. Then we can go home and have a good rest.
A. was finished B. will be finished C. has been finished D. can't be finished
25. Let’s ____ for a walk, shall we?
A. to go B. going C. go D. gone
26. —Where were you last Saturday?—I ____ in the Capital Museum.
A. am B. will be C. was D. have been
29.—May I speak to the headmaster?—He ____ a meeting now. Can I take a message?
A. is having B. had C. has D. will have
32. I ____ Mr. Smith since he moved to Shanghai.
A. didn’t hear from B. don’t hear from C. won’t hear from D. haven’t heard from
33. Today, computers are really helpful. They ____ everywhere.
A. use B. are used C. used D. were used
25. My grandpa is sleeping. Will you please_____the radio?
A. turn down B. turn up C. turn on
28. They_____five days finishing the work.
A. Paid B. took C. spent
30. She_____ her hometown for many years. No one nearly knows her.
A. has been away from B. has left C. had left
32. Summer holiday is coming, Li Lei with his father_____to go to Shanghai.
A. Want B. will want C. wants
33. Lisa is a little poor at Chinese. I think she needs_____it every day.
A. practise to speak B. to practise speaking C. practise speaking
31. Jenny _______ in the kitchen when you called her at 5 o'clock this afternoon.
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cooks D. Cooked
35. Hot water _______ in the students' flats from 5 pm to 7 pm now.
A. supplies B. is supplied C. supplied D. was supplied
36. If our government ____ attention to controlling food safety now, our health _____in danger.
A.won't pay; is B. doesn't pay; is C. won't pay; will be D. doesn't pay; will be
37. — Both Li Lei and Han Meimei ____ fond of the TV program A Bite of China.
— I am also deeply moved by its stories!
A. is B. am C. was D. Are
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