托福獨(dú)立寫作怎么開頭
很多寶寶不知道托福獨(dú)立寫作怎么開頭。下面小編就給大家分享一些方法，快學(xué)習(xí)吧。
托福獨(dú)立寫作應(yīng)該避免的四種開頭方式
1、廢話連篇急煞讀者
失敗案例：
Topic --Should college students be allowed to get married?
This topic is very interesting. I am very interested in talking about this topic. Because I am also a college student and I am not married……
修改方案：開門見山 直奔主題
In my opinion, it would not be a wise decision to allow college students to get married。
2、觀點(diǎn)不明態(tài)度曖昧
失敗案例：
Topic--Should college students be allowed to get married?
I think this topic is very hard to say. Because I am still very little, only 17, and not married, so this topic is very difficult for me……
3、漸行漸遠(yuǎn) 離題千里
失敗案例：
Topic---It is said that nowadays one can not acquire the qualifications and quality essential to success through university education. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement?
I think to success, we must have a lot of important qualities. To have these important qualities, we must learn a lot of things, for example, English, music, and etc. We can learn these qualities from our teachers, our friends and from books. All in all, we can learn from many places。
4、中式英語人見人跪
失敗案例：
Topic 1-The happiest moment in your life
In our life, there are always some moments which make your heart flower opened angrily……
Topic 2- The population problem
The population problem is a very big problem. For example, in the city centers of Shanghai, we can always see people mountain people sea there。
Topic3- Is there fairness in today’s business world?
I think in today’s society, there is no fairness in the business world. For example, I always chop when I go out buy things……
Topic 4- The advantage of being a nice person
Being a nice person have many advantage. I believe if a person always does bad things, he will get “baoying”。
托福獨(dú)立寫作：善用提問法，寫出好開頭
古語云：“有其始者，則已之也難”。托福獨(dú)立寫作亦是如此，寫好開頭段是沖刺高分的第一步。
ETS官方發(fā)布的托福獨(dú)立寫作滿分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第一條中就明確指出：“滿分文章必須有效地針對給定話題進(jìn)行論述(effectively addresses the topic and task)”。結(jié)合西方的寫作習(xí)慣，開頭段的構(gòu)成要素和要完成的基本任務(wù)也非常清晰，即需要考生表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，樹立統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的思想主題。
因此常見的開頭方式有以下兩種：一是開門見山型，即開頭段只有1-2句話，清晰、簡練地針對給定話題表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度;二是背景概述型，即開頭段中先用1-2句話的篇幅結(jié)合給定話題提出背景，對其成因、現(xiàn)象或日常觀察等進(jìn)行描述，再亮明觀點(diǎn)。
而文韜老師在多年的教學(xué)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于大多數(shù)考生來說，這兩種開頭方式都不實(shí)用。
首先開門見山型的開頭只適合語言功底扎實(shí)，且在正文段中有話可說、能夠充分展開論證的考生。對于他們來說，開頭簡潔有力，就可以把大量的篇幅留給正文段，便于取悅考官，取得高分。但對于大多數(shù)考生來說，充分論證、有理有據(jù)談何容易，只寫一句話往往是簡陋不堪、含混不清，且減少了文章字?jǐn)?shù)。
而背景概述型開頭要求既要貼合題目，又要新穎獨(dú)特、不落俗套。這就需要考生對機(jī)經(jīng)真題爛熟于胸，并在考場上花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間構(gòu)思，否則就會(huì)淪為千篇一律的惡俗開頭，導(dǎo)致低分。文韜老師在第一次寫作課前收到的學(xué)生習(xí)作中有八成左右都會(huì)用“Today with the development of science and technology”做為開頭，甚至很多考生在處理跟科技類題材毫不沾邊的話題時(shí)，也會(huì)使用這個(gè)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”開頭。這種文章極易使考官厭倦，從而降低主觀評價(jià)、拉低整體分?jǐn)?shù)。
在此文韜老師強(qiáng)烈建議各位時(shí)間緊、任務(wù)重、且語言運(yùn)用尚未達(dá)到爐火純青程度的考生，善用提問法、寫出好開頭。
一、提問法開頭的基本框架
提問法開頭包括：針對給定話題的提問(1-2句話);表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度(1-2句話)。例如在處理以下這道關(guān)于管理零花錢與培養(yǎng)責(zé)任感的機(jī)經(jīng)真題時(shí)，可以這樣開頭：
題目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to become financially responsible adults, children should manage their own money at young age.
開頭：Many parents are in doubt whether children can control their pocket money at young age? As far as I am concerned, with patient guidance and good suggestions, teenagers should manage their own money and assume responsibility at young age.
二、三類常用的提問詞匯
在此，文韜老師提供三大類常用的提問詞匯，在語法構(gòu)造方面非常簡單實(shí)用，各位考生務(wù)必牢記：
第一類：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，例如should, could, might
第二類：why與why not
第三類：be in doubt whether...
例如我們以在文韜老師的寫作課上開小差是不對的為話題進(jìn)行提問：
第一類：Might students doze off or play mobile games in my writing class? From my point of view, no way!
第二類：Why not mind your behavior and pay close attention to the writing course? In my opinion, young students should learn how to control themselves in class.
第三類：I am in doubt whether my students’ attention is diverted for a moment in class? Fortunately, this situation never occur in my writing class.
三、善用提問法
用好提問法要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：一是注意替換，考生可以使用詞匯替換、變主動(dòng)句為被動(dòng)句等技巧對給定話題進(jìn)行包裝和重述，務(wù)必做到意思相近，但形式不同，以迎合滿分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對語言多樣性的要求;二是字?jǐn)?shù)不足或表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)力度不夠時(shí)，可以針對提問做出多種可能性回答，再亮明自己的觀點(diǎn)，但務(wù)必注意簡潔有力，避免啰嗦。
好的開始是成功的一半。善用提問法可以有效地針對話題表明觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)有利于增強(qiáng)表達(dá)力度、增加文章字?jǐn)?shù)、使全文整體生動(dòng)活潑、不落俗套，各位想要沖刺高分的考生務(wù)必多多練習(xí)，熟練運(yùn)用。
四句話搞定托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭
一般來說，開篇段落的寫作可分為兩大步驟：
第一步就是用簡潔明了的句子對原題目的意思進(jìn)行同義替換;
第二步是提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
這兩大步驟細(xì)化起來可以概括為四句話：
第一句，采用同義替換的方式對原題目的意思進(jìn)行更改，當(dāng)然是“形變神不變”;
第二句，對題目的意思進(jìn)行解釋
第三句，提出自己的觀點(diǎn);
第四句，概括自己所提出觀點(diǎn)的理由，引起下文。
下面我具體用一些客戶常犯的毛病題目來解釋這個(gè)“兩大步，四個(gè)句子”的具體運(yùn)用方法。
案例1：誤解原意思
Do you agree or disagree: Because people are busy with doing so many things, they can do few things well?
Original：
Some people may hold the view that they are able to do things well even if they are busy with doing so many things simultaneously or during a given period. Although plausible at the first glance, I disagree with the statement. Depending on my own personal experience and personality, I firmly maintain that people can do few things well when they are busy with doing so many things. My arguments of this opinion are listed as follows.
解析：
文章第一句話不是對原題目意思進(jìn)行解釋，而是采用采取了和原意思相反的做法來進(jìn)行題目詮釋;第二句表明自己對誤解題目的觀點(diǎn);第三句話對自己的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行近一步的解釋;第四句一個(gè)過渡性的句子。開篇內(nèi)容安排倒是很好，但是作者犯了誤解原題目意思的錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致后面整個(gè)文字都做了無用功。
改后：
When people are engaged in a large extent of work simultaneously, they will not be able to perform all of them perfectly. Just imagine how terrible it will be: too many jobs need to be done by the same person in a given time. Once such a picture appears in my mind, I feel dizzy. To me, it is impossible to do everything well with the limited energy and many others factors .Therefore , I agree with the statement too many things to be done at the same time cause few to be well done . The reasons are as follow.
Revised：
第一句話對原題目意思進(jìn)行了很好的詮釋;第二、三句話進(jìn)一步解釋原題目;第四句話提出自己的觀點(diǎn);第五句話過渡性句子引起下文。
案例2 ：語言羅嗦，繞彎子給出自己觀點(diǎn)，浪費(fèi)時(shí)間
Some young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible. Other young adults prefer to live with their families for a longer time. Which of these situations do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
original：
With the development of science and technology, people’s living standard has been improving day by day. According to the family plan, one couple could have only one child. So child becomes the center of the whole family. Some of them are even spoiled. Therefore, I think it is better if the young adult could live independent from their parents as soon as possible.
解析：
這個(gè)開頭看似沒有任何問題，但是仔細(xì)分析就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多問題。首先，作者繞了個(gè)大彎才給出自己的觀點(diǎn)。其次，觀點(diǎn)是對原題目的抄寫，改動(dòng)的比較少。最后，開篇缺少引起下文的過渡句。更大的錯(cuò)誤是這個(gè)開頭更像是一個(gè)全文主要觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)。
Revised:
As we all know, some young adults have the sense of independence in a special period so that they want to choose to live apart from their family, while others still choose to stay with parents in the family. Family can provide young adults a warm bay where he or she could turn to whenever any problems arise. However, considering the sound development of the young adult both mentally and physically, I think to live independently the earlier, the better. Independence is a lesson that each of us must face one day. The detailed reasons are listed below.
解析：
第一句話詮釋原題目意思;第二句話進(jìn)一步解釋第一句話;第三句話提出自己的觀點(diǎn);第四句話解釋自己的觀點(diǎn)，引出下文。
托福寫作：攻克獨(dú)立寫作開頭段
首先，回顧一下5分作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
? effectively addresses the writing task
? is well organized and well developed
? use clearly appropriate details to support a thesis
? displays consistent facility in the use of language
? demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice, thoughit may have occasional errors
這三大塊的要求(organization, development, language use)對于Introduction的意義在于：1)作文必須有一個(gè)開頭段(這樣才完整呀，就像剛認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)小伙伴，總要問一下“你的名字是?”) 2)好的開頭段要做到引出話題和明確表明作者的態(tài)度。(也許問“你的名字”并不是一個(gè)搭訕的好方式，那怎么辦?)
來個(gè)例子吧~ 下文是TPO10的綜合寫作閱讀文章，沒錯(cuò)!寫作雖然分為兩個(gè)tasks，但都是英語寫作呀~ 筆者一直認(rèn)為這兩篇作文可以一起提高，綜合寫作就是美國人寫的議論分析文章哇~ 接下來，帶著大家分析這個(gè)開頭段，同時(shí)解答如下幾個(gè)問題：
1) 能不能一開始就寫“I agree with the statement.”/“I think ….”?
2) 題目里的文字我就抄一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，一丟丟……就一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，可以嗎?
3) 多少字為宜?
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in watersalong the western coast of North America from California to Alaska.(看了第一句，能猜出作者觀點(diǎn)嗎?當(dāng)然不能，但是我們可以知道這篇文章一定是關(guān)于 seaotter 這個(gè)話題的。)When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coaststarted rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because seaotters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Expertsstarted investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations:environmental pollution or attacks by predators.(兩個(gè)可能的原因，這是可以被質(zhì)疑被反駁的“觀點(diǎn)”哦) Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the morelikely of the two.(作者的態(tài)度明顯就是支持 pollution hypothesis)
到了答疑時(shí)間：
1)第一句話建議大家先引入話題，不要直接簡單粗暴地寫“我覺得……”。除非，你打字速度慢到擔(dān)心后面寫不完……(這種情況下，XDF老師們也有專門幫大家提高打英文速度的方法喲)
2)背景句一般是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，接下來就要針對這個(gè)話題提出一個(gè)爭論點(diǎn)。大多數(shù)時(shí)候，考生會(huì)在此時(shí)選擇改寫題目。問題來了，5分評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice”就需要大家做到表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，且不能重復(fù)。
3)最后必須給出作者的觀點(diǎn)，至于用I think還是In myopinion都不重要，重要的還是這句話整體寫的如何。如果有一個(gè)短語100%比In my opinion更好，并且100%能拿高分，我想這早就不會(huì)是一個(gè)秘密了。希望寶寶們注重提高語言能力!而不是機(jī)械地背短語。
4)整篇文章字?jǐn)?shù)要求是300以上，個(gè)人建議開頭段字?jǐn)?shù)在40-60個(gè)。(個(gè)別打字狂人且腦洞太大的，你想多寫一些我也不攔著。)
接下來，輪到寶寶們自己練習(xí)啦O(∩_∩)O 30min的時(shí)間要好好把握哦!又快又好地創(chuàng)作出開頭段，需要更多指導(dǎo)和方法歡迎面談!很快就又到了new year resolution的時(shí)間了，提前祝各位同學(xué)能盡快和托福君愉快地分手!
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