怎么擺脫托??谡Z(yǔ)結(jié)結(jié)巴巴
對(duì)英語(yǔ)不夠熟練或者心情太緊張都會(huì)導(dǎo)致在托福口語(yǔ)中結(jié)結(jié)巴巴,那么你知道如何去避免這種情況的發(fā)生嗎?下面小編給你支支招。
如何避免在托??谡Z(yǔ)考試中結(jié)結(jié)巴巴?
1. 創(chuàng)造環(huán)境,浸泡其中
如果有人問我:“學(xué)了這么多年英語(yǔ),口語(yǔ)怎么不見提高呢?”我可以非常負(fù)責(zé)任地回答:“這事兒不怪你!”口語(yǔ)是人與人之間的交流方式,沒人找你用英語(yǔ)聊天,你自然就得不到口語(yǔ)的鍛煉,是不是?說(shuō)得專業(yè)一點(diǎn),英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)不見提高的根源就是英語(yǔ)環(huán)境的缺失。英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士的口語(yǔ)習(xí)得方式就是浸泡在英語(yǔ)環(huán)境中,而我們?nèi)鄙俚恼竭@樣的英語(yǔ)環(huán)境。為了解決這個(gè)問題,我們只得自己創(chuàng)造英語(yǔ)環(huán)境,然后“浸泡”其中!如何創(chuàng)造英語(yǔ)環(huán)境?這里有三招。
招數(shù)一:充分利用外教課。上外教課時(shí),你就敞開了說(shuō)吧,咱可是交了學(xué)費(fèi)的!千萬(wàn)別指望哪天在馬路上遇到一個(gè)行色匆匆的外國(guó)人,上去搭訕說(shuō):“Can I practice English with you?”人家的回答基本如下:“Well, How much can you pay?”
招數(shù)二:跟室友設(shè)定English Time。在English Time時(shí)間內(nèi),大家只能用英語(yǔ)交談。比如你們將午飯時(shí)間定為English Time,屆時(shí)大家可以一起用英語(yǔ)聊聊食堂飯菜、社團(tuán)活動(dòng)、聽過(guò)的講座、當(dāng)前的時(shí)事新聞等。開始的時(shí)候你可能會(huì)不適應(yīng),經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)表達(dá)停滯的狀況,甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生放棄的念頭,但是如果堅(jiān)持下去,你的口語(yǔ)就會(huì)有意想不到的效果。
招數(shù)三:經(jīng)常播放英文的經(jīng)典電影、名人演講、談話節(jié)目,讓英語(yǔ)才離你眼,便入你耳。我推薦大家多聽影視對(duì)白或訪談。從各種對(duì)話中,我們會(huì)找到實(shí)用的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)素材;從精彩的對(duì)白中,我們能體會(huì)到英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士的思維方式和幽默感。有很多同學(xué)可能想通過(guò)聽英語(yǔ)新聞報(bào)道提高口語(yǔ),個(gè)人覺得它對(duì)提高聽力水平和積累詞匯非常有幫助,但其語(yǔ)調(diào)與用詞過(guò)于正式,不適合在生活中運(yùn)用,因此對(duì)提高口語(yǔ)水平方面的幫助相對(duì)較小。
2.準(zhǔn)確地道,方成正果
如何修煉才能使自己說(shuō)一口準(zhǔn)確地道的口語(yǔ)?其實(shí)這并非難事。這里同樣有3個(gè)招數(shù)。
招數(shù)一:找外教或去培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的外教口語(yǔ)課堂,通過(guò)跟外教學(xué)習(xí)模仿外教的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)。
招數(shù)二:采用權(quán)威聲像教材模仿、演練?!蹲弑槊绹?guó)》是一套完全值得信賴的教學(xué)影片,先看片段,按照角色背誦人物對(duì)白,模仿人物的動(dòng)作語(yǔ)氣甚至是表情,要模仿得很逼真才能過(guò)關(guān)。這種方法很有趣,完全可以從高中階段的啞巴英語(yǔ)代言人順利成長(zhǎng)為像模像樣的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生。
招數(shù)三:常逛英語(yǔ)博客或論壇,參與感興趣的話題。你可以想象,大家在寫博客或在論壇上發(fā)表見解的時(shí)候,一般語(yǔ)氣較為輕松,不會(huì)使用過(guò)于正式的詞匯。所以,你可以從中學(xué)習(xí)生活中常用的英語(yǔ)表達(dá),用到口語(yǔ)中去。
3.只能模仿,切忌“創(chuàng)造”
大家在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中或多或少地進(jìn)行過(guò)創(chuàng)造,這主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個(gè)方面。
第一,將漢語(yǔ)逐字翻譯成英語(yǔ)。“Give you some color to see see”(給你點(diǎn)顏色看看)的“天才”表達(dá)確實(shí)弄暈過(guò)一大群老外;“One car come. One car go. Two car PENGPENG. One car die”的車禍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)筆錄也著實(shí)讓美國(guó)人領(lǐng)略了一把中國(guó)學(xué)生的“幽默”。但生活多數(shù)時(shí)候是嚴(yán)肅的,你得明白每種語(yǔ)言都有自己的規(guī)則,而且不同語(yǔ)言之間的差異極大。即便你把母語(yǔ)中的每一個(gè)字都準(zhǔn)確地“翻譯”成英語(yǔ),老外也可能會(huì)不知所云。
第二,口語(yǔ)中大量使用書面表達(dá)。你也許學(xué)過(guò)《新概念英語(yǔ)》第三、四冊(cè)。里面的很多句子都是經(jīng)典句子,想著就激動(dòng),不用太可惜!但請(qǐng)慢著,口語(yǔ)中大量使用書面表達(dá)違背了英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士的口語(yǔ)交際原則,因此這種做法也算某種程度的“創(chuàng)造”,需慎用。
如何避免上面所講的兩種“創(chuàng)造”?一方面,考生需多聽英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士如何用詞和如何組織句子結(jié)構(gòu),聽得多了,就能慢慢找到說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的感覺。另一方面,在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)時(shí),我們不要用太復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu), 多用短句來(lái)表情達(dá)意,可借鑒“KISS原則”,即keep it short and simple。例如,如果你想表達(dá)“你完成生物作業(yè)了嗎”,應(yīng)避免用“Have you completed compiling the material for the biology assignment?”這樣的書面表達(dá),而可以使用“Finished your biology assignment?”這樣口語(yǔ)化的表達(dá)。
4.多記短語(yǔ),事半功倍
認(rèn)識(shí)一百個(gè)單詞,你未必能說(shuō)出一句準(zhǔn)確的話;但如果會(huì)一個(gè)短語(yǔ)套話,你就可能會(huì)說(shuō)出一百句準(zhǔn)確的話。道理很簡(jiǎn)單,短語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士長(zhǎng)期使用的習(xí)慣搭配,是已經(jīng)搭配好的表意框架,我們拿來(lái)直接用,即省力氣,又避免了自己造錯(cuò)句的可能性,何樂而不為?下面舉例說(shuō)明。
例1:當(dāng)你對(duì)一件事情的發(fā)生表示“怎么會(huì)這樣”時(shí),只需要掌握“How come + (subject + verb)”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),如下所示。
How come you cannot make a decision? (你怎么能做不了決定?)
How come you always question me? (你怎么老質(zhì)疑我?)
How come we never agree? (我們?cè)趺从肋h(yuǎn)達(dá)不成一致?)
例2:當(dāng)你表示“如果什么情況發(fā)生,結(jié)果會(huì)怎樣”時(shí),只需掌握“What if + (subject + verb)”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),如下所示。
What if someone sees me? (如果有人看見我怎么辦?)
What if no one is home? (如果沒人在家怎么辦?)
What if it rains while we are camping? (我們露營(yíng)時(shí)萬(wàn)一下雨了怎么辦?)
5.習(xí)語(yǔ)累積,會(huì)聽慎說(shuō)
學(xué)習(xí)使用習(xí)語(yǔ)需要長(zhǎng)期的積累。如果你能夠自如使用習(xí)語(yǔ)必將大大增加你口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的生動(dòng)性和地道程度。例如,下面幾個(gè)使用了習(xí)語(yǔ)的句子就顯得很地道而生動(dòng)。
例1:I’ve never met John Franklin, but his name rings a bell。
解析:句中的ring a bell跟“門鈴響”毫無(wú)關(guān)系,它的意思是“聽起來(lái)耳熟”,以后咱們也能酷酷地跟人說(shuō):“The name Oslo rings a bell, but I can’t remember where it is?!?/p>
例2:She arrived at the reception dressed to kill。
解析:句中的dressed to kill可不是“被打扮得殺氣騰騰”的意思,而是指 “穿著極為時(shí)尚出眾以吸引眼球”。
不過(guò),口語(yǔ)剛?cè)腴T的同學(xué)應(yīng)慎用習(xí)語(yǔ)。原因有二:其一,如果你的談話對(duì)象不是英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士,他/她可能聽不懂,這就使溝通出現(xiàn)障礙;其二,如果談話對(duì)象為英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士,他會(huì)很驚喜,以為你英語(yǔ)水平與他相當(dāng),后果是他會(huì)使用更多的習(xí)語(yǔ)跟你交流,弄得你一頭霧水。當(dāng)然,等習(xí)語(yǔ)累積到一定程度時(shí),你就可以想用就用,誰(shuí)攔著跟誰(shuí)急!
6.廣泛閱讀,吸收養(yǎng)分
如果你要想讓自己的口語(yǔ)內(nèi)容具有廣度和深度,那就必須進(jìn)行廣泛閱讀,從閱讀中吸收養(yǎng)分。
有同學(xué)會(huì)有這樣的疑問:文學(xué)作品可以幫助提高口語(yǔ)水平嗎?回答是:“完全可以。”理由是,通過(guò)閱讀文學(xué)作品,考生可以積累大量的習(xí)語(yǔ)。像《圣經(jīng)》與莎士比亞作品中就含有大量的習(xí)語(yǔ)表達(dá),比如由《圣經(jīng)》而來(lái)的“eye for eye, tooth for tooth”(以眼還眼,以牙還牙)和“The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak”(心有余而力不足)便是來(lái)自于《圣經(jīng)》;而習(xí)語(yǔ)“what’s done is done”(既往不咎)和“Truth will come to light”(真相將大白于天下)就來(lái)自于莎士比亞的喜劇作品《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)。
其實(shí)閱讀雜文小品對(duì)提高口語(yǔ)水平也是有幫助的。雜文小品中富含養(yǎng)分,可以借鑒的東西很多,比如廣泛的話題、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫼透黝惐磉_(dá)技巧(數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)、舉例說(shuō)明、因果論證、比較對(duì)比等)。閱讀就是力量,求知若渴的你請(qǐng)抓緊時(shí)間多閱讀英文作品吧!
7.語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào),清晰即可
英語(yǔ)有各種口音,大概可歸納為以下三類:
①英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士的各類口音,如北美口音、英格蘭口音、威爾士口音、澳大利亞口音等;
?、谝杂⒄Z(yǔ)為官方語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家的口音,如印度口音、新加坡口音、南非口音等;
?、垡杂⒄Z(yǔ)為第二語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家的口音,如中國(guó)口音、日本口音、俄羅斯口音等。追求地道的發(fā)音一直同是很多學(xué)所狂熱追求的,要么想練成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英倫腔,要么想表現(xiàn)正宗美國(guó)味。殊不知,口語(yǔ)的核心是“表達(dá)清晰、準(zhǔn)確”。正所謂“華麗的外表可以有,但是內(nèi)涵跟得上才是正道”。
影響中國(guó)學(xué)生托福口語(yǔ)的四種欠佳表現(xiàn)
表現(xiàn)一:對(duì)題型和解題技巧沒有熟悉就匆忙上陣(考托??谡Z(yǔ)就像和敵人打仗,你不知道敵人怎么出招,你也就不知道你自己應(yīng)該出什么招,這樣,你打敗仗就是必然的)。
建議:熟悉考試規(guī)則,掌握答題要點(diǎn)。
表現(xiàn)二:缺乏迅速組織好答案的能力。
原因1、考生在托??谡Z(yǔ)考試中面臨時(shí)間緊、任務(wù)重的壓力。托??谡Z(yǔ)的答案準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間只有15-30秒,答題只有45/60秒,如果沒有接受過(guò)正規(guī)的訓(xùn)練,考生在考場(chǎng)上必將不知所措、語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次。
原因2、要迅速呈現(xiàn)“完整的答案”,這也就要求考生的答案“濃縮精華”,沒接受過(guò)“答案構(gòu)思訓(xùn)練”,“濃縮精華”也是難以做到的。
建議1,獨(dú)立部分:羅列出ETS常出現(xiàn)的熱門話題,做好話題沉淀,并針對(duì)這些話題做出一分鐘的回答。用考試的真實(shí)境況,選擇一道題,準(zhǔn)備1分鐘后,用自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和闡述原由,從而達(dá)到提高口頭表達(dá)能力的目的。
建議2,綜合部分:平時(shí)的教科書就是不錯(cuò)的教材,對(duì)每個(gè)章節(jié)在結(jié)尾處提出的問題給予口頭回答;選讀一篇長(zhǎng)短適中的文章,提煉出綱領(lǐng)性的要點(diǎn),在提煉要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上鍛煉用口頭表述來(lái)進(jìn)行總結(jié);針對(duì)一些相同話題的閱讀和聽力材料進(jìn)行有效練習(xí)。并針對(duì)這些材料做筆記和做以下準(zhǔn)備:學(xué)會(huì)口頭提煉和總結(jié)這些閱讀和聽力材料;在此基礎(chǔ)上口頭表述重要的信息,并解釋其中相互之間的關(guān)聯(lián);針對(duì)閱讀和聽力材料中的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述;對(duì)其中提出的某個(gè)問題,闡述一種解決問題的方案,并給出相對(duì)應(yīng)的理由。
表現(xiàn)三:考場(chǎng)上表現(xiàn)得不夠自信和大方。
原因1、缺乏口語(yǔ)練習(xí),導(dǎo)致考生在答題時(shí)表現(xiàn)得不自信。
原因2、性格過(guò)于內(nèi)斂,導(dǎo)致考生在答題時(shí)表現(xiàn)得不夠張揚(yáng)。場(chǎng)上表現(xiàn)得不夠自信和大方不是形式上的問題,而是本質(zhì)問題,因?yàn)檫@樣一來(lái)考生答題的音量就會(huì)小,發(fā)音就會(huì)模糊,分?jǐn)?shù)也就不可能高。
建議1、“信心來(lái)自實(shí)力。實(shí)力來(lái)自練習(xí)”。
建議2、不論你在平常的性格如何,在考場(chǎng)內(nèi)答題時(shí),你必須表現(xiàn)得開朗、自信、大方。
表現(xiàn)四:口語(yǔ)答案的語(yǔ)言缺乏表現(xiàn)力——英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音不準(zhǔn)確、語(yǔ)調(diào)無(wú)起伏、語(yǔ)言不流利、結(jié)結(jié)巴巴(雖說(shuō)新托福口語(yǔ)主要考查交際、交流能力,但語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)和重音都會(huì)影響到成績(jī))。
建議1、了解語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)方面的知識(shí)(適當(dāng)了解,而不要花太多精力在這方面),提前發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正自己的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)錯(cuò)誤。
建議2、每天堅(jiān)持大聲、清晰、準(zhǔn)確地朗讀一段80-120字的英文段子。
建議3、平時(shí)創(chuàng)造英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的環(huán)境。功夫要從平時(shí)做起。有機(jī)會(huì)就通過(guò)錄像機(jī)、錄音機(jī)或光盤,有意識(shí)或無(wú)意識(shí)地跟聽或跟說(shuō)英語(yǔ),也可以上網(wǎng)與北美人士交流。
針對(duì)中國(guó)人的性格和學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,口語(yǔ)成績(jī)的提高需要一個(gè)不斷努力地過(guò)程,一個(gè)自我認(rèn)可的過(guò)程。托福考試側(cè)重于綜合能力的考察,對(duì)口語(yǔ)的要求會(huì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格,廣大考生一定要對(duì)口語(yǔ)的練習(xí)持之以恒,這樣才能在考試時(shí),發(fā)揮自己的水平。
6大原則讓你的托福口語(yǔ)流利到底
1. 運(yùn)用總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)
Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize what you say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell the listeners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points you want to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:
Introductory statement
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Concluding statement
An example of this pattern is shown below:
Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.
1. way of obtaining specimens
2. spares can be released into the wild
3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected from natural predators
The experience is a learning experience for the collector and a benefit to the species.
2. 運(yùn)用連接詞
Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells your listeners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to your listener that you are going to put events in a sequence, add information, or make a comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point. Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of your ideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. I understood those principles better by doing those experiments.
These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitional expressions as in the following example:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.
3. 解釋或定義陌生概念
In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define a term that you use in your response. Read the following example:
My hobby is telemark skiing.
If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not know what telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage. Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage, but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemark skiing:
That means skiing using telemark skis.
Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still may not understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the same word. To effectively define a word, use a three-part definition:
1. State the word or phrase to be defined.
2. Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.
3. Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the same category.
Read this example of an effective definition:
Telemark is a type of alpine skiing in which the boots are connected to the skis only at
the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to be modified.
4. 正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)
Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if you use parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:
My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivating the students.
The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed different grammatical structures. Does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting and motivating assignments to the students'? In this sentence, interesting and motivating are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave and motivated are parallel verbs.
5. 對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換或同義轉(zhuǎn)換
When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can get confused. Read the following example:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignment was on the chalkboard until the teacher erased the assignment after we had all done the assignment.
This speaker's ideas would be clearer if the repeated words were replaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this example can be improved:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased the board after we had all completed the task.
The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacher with she; and the word chalkboard with board.
6. 時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)量的統(tǒng)一
Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look at the following example:
My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. He put us into groups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bags in turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from the bag.
The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense to the present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. The listener might also be confused by the change from the plural form objects and bags to the singular forms object and bag.
The listener could follow this speaker's ideas better if the speaker were consistent. Look at the way this example can be improved:
One day my teacher put us into five different groups. He gave each group a bag and told us to take turns pulling out an object and telling the other members of the group a story involving that object.
以上就是增加托福口語(yǔ)流利程度的6個(gè)方法,口語(yǔ)的提高重在練習(xí),要有一個(gè)英文環(huán)境對(duì)中國(guó)考生來(lái)說(shuō)并不簡(jiǎn)單,那么我們就需要自己制造環(huán)境,多聽英文歌,多看英文電影等等。
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