英語語法知識點：倒裝句
英語語法知識點：倒裝句
英語最基本的詞序是主語在謂語動詞的前面。如果將句子的主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，這稱之為完全倒裝。如果只將助動詞或情態(tài)動詞移至主語之前，謂語的其他部分仍保留在主語的后面，這稱之為部分倒裝。小編在這里整理了相關(guān)知識，希望能幫助到大家。
疑問句和特殊疑問句要倒裝
Are you cold?
Does he go to school by bike?
注意：若疑問詞在句中作主語或主語的定語時，不倒裝。
Who is your English teacher?
Whose father is a worker?
There be 句型
在There+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+be+主語+地點/時間的句型中，主語在謂語be動詞后面，因此這是倒裝。
There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk.
桌上有一個手機(jī)和一些書。
There are thousands of people gathering on the square.
廣場上聚集著成千上萬的人
注意 ：引導(dǎo)詞there 還可以接appear,exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等詞。
There lived an old fisherman in the village.
村里住著一位老漁夫。
There stand two white houses by the river.
河濱矗立著兩座白房子。
There existed some doubt among the students.
學(xué)生中有些懷疑。
直接引語在句首
“May I come in and take a rest?” asked the poor girl.
“Get out of the room!” shouted the angry woman.
虛擬條件句的倒裝
當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時，如將if省略，則要將had, were, should等移到主語前，構(gòu)成倒裝句：
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
若你昨天來，你就會見到他了。
Should you require anything give me a ring.
如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.
要不是你幫助，我會仍然無家可歸。
注意：省略if后提前的had不一定是助動詞
Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢，我就會買它。
全部倒裝
全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。
1) here, there, now,then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be,come, go, lie, run等表示來去或狀態(tài)的動詞。
例如：
Then came the chairman. 那時總裁來了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
2)表示運(yùn)動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，以out, in, up, down, off, away等副詞開頭，謂語動詞是表示“移動”的go, come, leave等句子里。
例如：
Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐著一個老嫗。
Down went the small boat. 小船沉下去了。
注意:在完全倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)里,如果主語是人稱代詞,則用正常語序。
3)表示地點的介詞詞組位于句首，謂語動詞是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。
South of the lake lies a big supermarket.
湖泊的南邊是一個大超市。
20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool.
我們學(xué)校向東20英里有一個現(xiàn)代化的游泳池。
4) 在there be或者there live(stand, appear, seem, remain, exist….) 句型中。
部分倒裝
1.句首為否定或半否定的副詞或連詞。
如no, not,never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, at no time決不, by no means, on no account, inno case, many a time, under no circumstances, in no way, many a time, not until… 等。
例如：
He cares little about his clothes.
= Little does he care about his clothes.
他不在乎穿著。
I have never seen him before.
= Never have I seen him before.
= Never before have I seen him.
我以前沒見過他。
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
= Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
孩子睡著了，媽媽才離開房間。
(Not until引出的主從復(fù)合句中，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。即：后倒前不倒。注意：如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。)
例如：
Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet.
= Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet.
丘吉爾不僅是個政治家，而且還是個詩人。
I shall by no means give up.
= By no means shall I give up. 我決不放棄。
必背：表示“剛……就……的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain.
他剛要離開，天就下起了雨。
Scarcely had he sat down when his mobilephone rang.
他剛坐下，手機(jī)就響了。
No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes.
他剛交卷就意識到出錯了。
Seldom is my son late for school.我兒子上學(xué)幾乎不遲到。
In no case should you touch it.無論如何你都不能碰它。
2.以否定連詞開頭作部分倒裝
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，前倒后不倒。例如：
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他沒有收下禮物，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛出門，就有個學(xué)生來訪。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她剛出門，就有個學(xué)生來訪。
3. so, neither, nor作部分倒裝
表示另一主語“也…樣”時，用“So +be(have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語”結(jié)構(gòu);而表示另一主語“也不…樣”時，用“NorNeither + be(have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 湯姆會講法語，杰克也會。
If you won't go, neither will I. 你不去，我也不去。
She won’t go. Neither/Nor will I.
她不走，我也不。
注意：如果前面所說的內(nèi)容既有肯定又有否定，或前后的謂語動詞形式不一致時，用“It is the same with +主語”結(jié)構(gòu)或用“So it is with +主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。
4.only+狀語在句首倒裝的情況。
only+副詞;或介詞短語;或狀語從句時，主句倒裝。
例如：
Only then did I see life was not easy.只有那時我才知道生活是不易的。
Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有這樣，你才能學(xué)好英語。(only+介詞短語)
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才來參加會議。
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.(only+副詞)
Only when it began to rain did he finish his job.(only+狀語從句)
注：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
例如：
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重時，他才臥床休息。
5. so… that，such…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中，部分倒裝。當(dāng)so位于句首時，用”so +adj. + 主語+謂語”。
例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，動也不敢動。
So difficult was the exam that most of the students failed to pass it. 考試如此難，以至于大多數(shù)同學(xué)沒能考過。
So stingy is she that none of us likes her.她太小氣，沒人喜歡她。
6. so作“也”講時，引導(dǎo)的句子用倒裝語序，表示前面所說的肯定情況也適用于另一人(或物)。其句型是：So + be(have，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語
She has been to Tokyo. So have I.
她去過東京，我也去過。
He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she.
他能電子郵件給以前的同學(xué)，她也能。
7. as, though引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝
as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句由于語法需要，可將表語或狀語提前(形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。
但需注意：
1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2)句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
例如：
Shortest as/though she is, she is not the richest.(倒裝后，最高級前不用冠詞)
Child as he is, he knows a lot.(倒裝后，單數(shù)名詞前不用a)
Fail as I did, I would try again.(倒裝后，實義動詞提前，在主語后添加助動詞。)
注意：讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
當(dāng)as作“雖然”解，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，必須將表語、狀語或動詞原形提到as前面。
句子的倒裝語序有以下三種形式：
(1). 形容詞或副詞+as+主語+連系動詞be或?qū)嵙x動詞。
例如：
Rich as he is, he never spends a cent on clothes.
雖然他很富有，但他從不花一分錢在衣服上。
Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely.
我雖然佩服他的勇氣，但我認(rèn)為他這樣做是不聰明的。
(2). 名詞+as+主語+連系動詞be (注意句首的名詞不帶冠詞)。
例如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
盡管他是個孩子，但懂很多事情。
Boy as he was, he was chosen king.
盡管他還是個孩子，但卻被立為國王。
(3). 實義動詞+as+主語+助動詞[如果沒有助動詞，則要加上一個do(does或did)]。
例如：
Try as he may, he never succeeds.
盡管他很努力，但總是不成功。
Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support.
即使你改變主意，你也不會得到另外的支持。
8.一些表示頻率的副詞(如many a time, often等)位于句首時。
I have seen her taking a walk alone many a time.
Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.
我多次看到她獨自一人在散步。
She often came to my house in the past.
Often did she come to my house in the past.
過去她常到我家來。
英語句子的種類概述
句子的種類概述
(一)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的：
| 主 + 動（SV） | I work. 我工作。 |
| 主 + 動 + 表（SVP） | John is busy. 約翰忙。 |
| 主 + 動 + 賓（SVO） | She studies English. 她學(xué)英語。 |
| 主 + 動 + 賓 + 補(bǔ)（SVOC） | Time would prove me right. 時間會證明我是對的。 |
| 主 + 動 + 間賓 + 直賓（SVOiOd） | My mother made me a new dress. 我母親給我做了一件新衣裳 |
(二)按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。
1) 陳述句(Declarative Sentences)：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。
Light travels faster than sound.
光比聲速度快。(說明事實)
The film is rather boring.
這部電影很乏味。(說明看法)
2) 疑問句(Interrogative Sentences)：提出問題。有以下四種：
a.一般疑問句(General Questions)：
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按時完成工作嗎?
b.特殊疑問句(W Questions; H Questions)：
Where do you live?
你住那兒?
How do you know that?
你怎么知道那件事?
c.選擇疑問句(Alternative Questions)：
Do you want tea or coffee?
你是要茶還是要咖啡?
d.反意疑問句(Tag-Questions)：
He doesn't know her, does he?
他不認(rèn)識她，對不對?
3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences)：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如：
Sit down, please.--請坐。
Don't be nervous!--別緊張!
4)感嘆句(Exclamatory Sentences)：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：
What good news it is!
多好的消息啊!
(三)句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：
1) 簡單句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句，例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜歡集郵。
(主) (謂)
2)并列句(Compound Sentences)：包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接，例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite.
(主) (謂) (主)(謂)
食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。
3)復(fù)合句(Complex Sentences)：包含一個主句從句和一個或幾個從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
主句 從句
我們到達(dá)電影院的時候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。
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