幫你搞定托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題
托福閱讀有一種題型是細(xì)節(jié)題，下面我們看看如何攻克它吧。
托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題如何解答?
托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題考查的其實(shí)是精確定位，在新托福閱讀考試中，細(xì)節(jié)題其實(shí)不難，但前提是定位的點(diǎn)要對(duì)，做新托福閱讀讀細(xì)節(jié)題，最重要的一點(diǎn)就是要盡量地去精確定位，大家在平時(shí)的托福閱讀備考中要注意把握做細(xì)節(jié)題的這一個(gè)規(guī)律。
例如：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
這是一個(gè)典型的 托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題，在該題題干中，有的考生會(huì)選擇Puget Sound作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，因?yàn)樗菍Ｓ忻~，在文中會(huì)比較顯眼。但是如果一旦選擇了這個(gè)地名，勢(shì)必會(huì)定位在該段的第一句話，托福細(xì)節(jié)題往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，這樣的話考生是選不出正確答案的，因?yàn)槎ㄎ徊痪_。
其實(shí)正確的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是white-tailed deer，這個(gè)用連字符連接的詞在文章中也是比較醒目的，按該詞定位應(yīng)是該段最后一句話。所以根據(jù)它的意思應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)。其中A項(xiàng)與原句意思不符，B和C都與定位句信息無關(guān)。我們?cè)賮砜戳硗庖粋€(gè)否定事實(shí) 細(xì)節(jié)題的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
這個(gè)題大家都會(huì)選擇用climax communities去定位，但在定位過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多問題。首先考生要學(xué)會(huì)跳躍式定位，即根據(jù)文章中特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)以及最醒目的詞來搜索我們真正需要的關(guān)鍵詞。文中的particular是加了陰影的，succession是在引號(hào)里面的，都非常醒目，通過看這兩個(gè)詞我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們附近沒有我們需要的東西;再比較突出的就是數(shù)字及破折號(hào)，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是單數(shù)，與題干關(guān)鍵詞不完全匹配，細(xì)節(jié)題講究的是精確定位，所以我們應(yīng)該選擇500斜下方的Climax communities，即該段的最后一句話。
否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的出題思路有兩種：一是無中生有，即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有一個(gè)沒有提到，這種思路多適用于選項(xiàng)比較簡短的題目;二是張冠李戴，即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容表述，只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與之矛盾，這種思路多適應(yīng)于選項(xiàng)比較長的題目。就這個(gè)例題而言，根據(jù)定位的最后一句話，從表述上來說跟它相關(guān)的只有C和D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)的意思與原句相符，而C項(xiàng)與原句矛盾，所以正確答案是C。
以上即為托福閱讀考試中細(xì)節(jié)題如何解答的解析，細(xì)節(jié)題是托福閱讀備考中大家常常碰到的一種題型，大家可以通過本文細(xì)細(xì)掌握。
托福閱讀中的細(xì)節(jié)題剖析
新托?？荚囍泻芏嗫忌钊菀缀雎缘木褪峭懈ｉ喿x，因?yàn)榻^大部分人會(huì)感覺閱讀是自己的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)。然而不少這樣的考生，自認(rèn)閱讀不錯(cuò)，實(shí)際考出來的分?jǐn)?shù)只有22分左右，這相當(dāng)于把掙分的壓力轉(zhuǎn)移到了大部分人比較弱的聽力、口語、寫作上面。由此可見，閱讀取得高分對(duì)于獲得百分以上的托福成績是一種保證!
托福閱讀中的細(xì)節(jié)題其實(shí)不難，但前提是定位的點(diǎn)要對(duì)，比如下面這個(gè)例題：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer， a lowland， west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington， is now the most common. The other species， the Columbian white-tailed deer， in earlier times was common in the open prairie country， it is now restricted to the low， marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
這是一個(gè)典型的細(xì)節(jié)題，在該題題干中，有的考生會(huì)選擇Puget Sound作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，因?yàn)樗菍Ｓ忻~，在文中會(huì)比較顯眼。但是如果一旦選擇了這個(gè)地名，勢(shì)必會(huì)定位在該段的第一句話，托福細(xì)節(jié)題往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，這樣的話考生是選不出正確答案的，因?yàn)槎ㄎ徊痪_。其實(shí)正確的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是white-tailed deer，這個(gè)用連字符連接的詞在文章中也是比較醒目的，按該詞定位應(yīng)是該段最后一句話。所以根據(jù)它的意思應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)。其中A項(xiàng)與原句意思不符，B和C都與定位句信息無關(guān)。我們?cè)賮砜戳硗庖粋€(gè)否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly， and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community， while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is NOT true of climax communities
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
這個(gè)題大家都會(huì)選擇用climax communities去定位，但在定位過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多問題。首先考生要學(xué)會(huì)跳躍式定位，即根據(jù)文章中特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)以及最醒目的詞來搜索我們真正需要的關(guān)鍵詞。文中的particular是加了陰影的，succession是在引號(hào)里面的，都非常醒目，通過看這兩個(gè)詞我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們附近沒有我們需要的東西;再比較突出的就是數(shù)字及破折號(hào)，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是單數(shù)，與題干關(guān)鍵詞不完全匹配，細(xì)節(jié)題講究的是精確定位，所以我們應(yīng)該選擇500斜下方的Climax communities，即該段的最后一句話。否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的出題思路有兩種：一是無中生有，即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有一個(gè)沒有提到，這種思路多適用于選項(xiàng)比較簡短的題目;二是張冠李戴，即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容表述，只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與之矛盾，這種思路多適應(yīng)于選項(xiàng)比較長的題目。就這個(gè)例題而言，根據(jù)定位的最后一句話，從表述上來說跟它相關(guān)的只有C和D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)的意思與原句相符，而C項(xiàng)與原句矛盾，所以正確答案是C。
以上是專家解析托福閱讀中的例題，托福閱讀是考生的得分項(xiàng)，不可掉以輕心，得不償失。要把基礎(chǔ)打好再考慮如果往高處摸索。綜上所述，做新托福閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)題，最重要的一點(diǎn)就是要盡量地去精確定位。
托?？荚囬喿x細(xì)節(jié)題出錯(cuò)的三大常見原因
幾乎在每次托福考試之后，我都可以聽到某些同學(xué)對(duì)著細(xì)節(jié)題扼腕長嘆道：“我怎么這樣的題也會(huì)錯(cuò)!”是的，我們?cè)谏险n的時(shí)候，反復(fù)聽著老師一遍遍地說細(xì)節(jié)題的解題方法，自以為這些方法都早已爛熟于心，但是在做題的過程中卻屢屢出錯(cuò)。這是為什么呢?
要解答這個(gè)問題，我們首先就要找到出錯(cuò)的地方，然后對(duì)癥下藥。那么接下來，由新東方在線托福教研中心老師為大家介紹考生經(jīng)常會(huì)出錯(cuò)的地方。這些地方大致可以分為以下三種情況：
一、不會(huì)定位
提及定位，恐怕所有的同學(xué)都會(huì)說定位非常簡單。但是，是不是所有同學(xué)都可以準(zhǔn)確定位，并且高效地完成閱讀中的細(xì)節(jié)題呢?其實(shí)不然，我們來看以下這道出自TPO16套的細(xì)節(jié)題：
According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their workers?
有的同學(xué)一看到這個(gè)題目，第一反應(yīng)就是用Middle Eastern shop owners去原文定位，很快可以找到本段的第二句話：Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner.但是，當(dāng)我們讀過這句話之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)它并沒有回答前面的問題，于是我們開始糾結(jié)。在將這句話反反復(fù)復(fù)看了好幾遍卻仍然找不到答案之后，我們才開始繼續(xù)往下看。有些同學(xué)甚至為了尋找答案干脆將整段看一遍。但是，如果大家一開始在定位的時(shí)候，用的是shop owner, treat,和workers來定位，大家就很容易就知道這道題是在問shop owner和workers之間的關(guān)系，在讀原文第二句話時(shí)很快就能發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話并沒有提到任何與關(guān)系相關(guān)的單詞。于是往下尋找和關(guān)系有關(guān)的詞或者句子。我們很快便會(huì)看到后面有一個(gè)In these shops differences of rank were blurred，也就是說在這些shop里等級(jí)區(qū)別模糊了。這不正是說明了owner和worker之間的這種等級(jí)關(guān)系么?因此，不難確定，這句話才是我們要找的答案。
二、糾結(jié)選項(xiàng)
在選項(xiàng)上糾結(jié)的這類同學(xué)，在對(duì)文章的定位上一般不存在問題。他們的問題是，在找到原文之后，卻覺得幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中都出現(xiàn)過，于是一遍遍地再來讀文章。這樣做既費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，又不一定能對(duì)。
對(duì)于這些同學(xué)，新東方在線托福教研中心老師提醒大家，你們需要謹(jǐn)記的就是“符合原文”四個(gè)大字。
例如TPO2中的一道題，假定通過定位我們已經(jīng)找到了原文中答案所在的句子：the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.這道題對(duì)應(yīng)有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)：
A It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.
B It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.
這時(shí)愛糾結(jié)的同學(xué)們又開始糾結(jié)了，兩個(gè)都說cetaceans是mammals，怎么選?親愛的同學(xué)們，你們首先要搞清楚原文到底說的是什么，是說“暗示”還是說“不能掩蓋”?如果是說暗示，那就選a，因?yàn)閍選項(xiàng)清楚的有一個(gè)indicate，如果是說不能掩蓋，那就選b， 因?yàn)閎選項(xiàng)中有一個(gè)cannot conceal。
三、單詞量少
單詞量少是一個(gè)困擾絕大多數(shù)考生的問題。對(duì)于備考托福的同學(xué)來說，攻克單詞這個(gè)難題，只有一個(gè)方法-背!在備考期間大家需要大量地背單詞。但是，即使我們很努力的去背了單詞，依然會(huì)在做題的時(shí)候碰到一些我們不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞。這個(gè)時(shí)候，很多同學(xué)就會(huì)慌了手腳，不知道怎么辦才好。其實(shí)，一篇文章對(duì)我們?cè)斐衫щy的，不是那些人名、地名和專有名詞，而是構(gòu)成我們要理解的這句話的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，如果碰到一句很長的話，里面有一些生單詞，大家不要慌張。只要把這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)弄清楚，你就能讀懂這句話的大致意思了。這樣，所謂的單詞也就不再是你的攔路虎了。我們來看一個(gè)TPO1 里的句子：
Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.
雖然這句話中生僻的詞比較多，但是如果我們能夠找出句子的主干，那么這句話就會(huì)容易很多。整句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：adjacent to timberline, the tundra consists of shrubs and grasses and so on, while rise up, the species and diversities will decrease. 同學(xué)們只要能讀出來這句話的核心意思是“靠近林木線的土地上到處覆蓋著灌木和草，而海拔高度提高的時(shí)候，物種減少直到出現(xiàn)大片的荒地”，我們就能夠理解這個(gè)句子。但是理解的前提是，你必須平時(shí)要好好的背單詞，如果連一些很簡單的單詞，例如blur，stimulate都不認(rèn)識(shí)，那么建議大家還是在背單詞上多下點(diǎn)功夫吧!
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