怎么做好新托福閱讀題型--指代題
指代題是托福閱讀中的一種題型，下面小編就來(lái)分享一下如何才能做好它。
新托福閱讀題型--指代題
Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代題
指代題是比較“雞肋”的一種題，由于它難度不高，現(xiàn)在在托?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)的概率已經(jīng)低了很多。尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇文章，竟然一道指代題都沒(méi)有，這也許說(shuō)明了ETS的一種態(tài)度和出題的動(dòng)向。但是指代題的原理，我們的同學(xué)必須要掌握。因?yàn)殡m然也許你碰到指代題的概率低了很多，但是ETS在插入句子題、簡(jiǎn)化句子題或者推斷題等題目，用代詞來(lái)做主語(yǔ)，你不得不去確定這個(gè)代詞主語(yǔ)到底指代的是前文中的什么才能繼續(xù)解題。所以我們說(shuō)這是一種很雞肋的題型，同學(xué)們可以復(fù)習(xí)一下定語(yǔ)從句以及代詞等方面的相關(guān)語(yǔ)法，分析一些例題，應(yīng)該可以很好地應(yīng)付這種題型。
托福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟
一、問(wèn)題形式
被考的文章中有一個(gè)詞或詞組被加亮，這個(gè)詞通常是一個(gè)代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：
The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to
二、解題步驟
1. 根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案
2. 代入原文驗(yàn)證，看語(yǔ)義、邏輯和語(yǔ)法上是否通順
三、基本原則
1. 就近指代
所謂就近指代，就是被指代對(duì)象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或上一句中。有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如，
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy
本題涉及的是一個(gè)詞組this problem。尋找這一詞組的指代對(duì)象時(shí)只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語(yǔ)the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語(yǔ)義和邏輯，因此第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)和第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都和this problem相距較遠(yuǎn)，而且代入時(shí)語(yǔ)義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項(xiàng)。
2. 數(shù)格一致
被指代對(duì)象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
四、主要思路
1. 主從復(fù)合句中的指代
在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語(yǔ)。例如，
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to
?qualities
?fins
?grooves
?depressions
在這一例子中，從句so that they…中的代詞主語(yǔ)they指代主句的名詞主語(yǔ)the fins，因此第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
如何解答托福閱讀指代題?
托福閱讀指代題目目前出的不是很多，我們只需要按照幾個(gè)常用步驟解題就可以了。基本做法是一：向前找，二：主從句主語(yǔ)一致;三：注意數(shù)格 四：前文概括總結(jié)。
這一節(jié)按照主從一致的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做3個(gè)題目
例一
From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.
12. The word “these” in the passage refers to(2)
○ religious ceremonies
○ descriptions
○ types of ware
○ pots
解析：畫(huà)線句子中，although必然引導(dǎo)從句，所以these 應(yīng)和主句的主語(yǔ)一樣。主句Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots,中，因?yàn)闋钫Z(yǔ)和of之后的后置定語(yǔ)都不是主要,tion又一定是名詞后綴。所以tions一定就是主句主語(yǔ)。因此答案是B. 看似很難的題目，很簡(jiǎn)單就可以得出結(jié)論。
例二
Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.
11. The word “it” in the passage refers to (1)
○ an external cue such as sunrise
○ the daily rhythm of an animal
○ the local solar day
○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours
解這個(gè)題，同樣的道理我們一眼落實(shí)到這個(gè)句子上了Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does。。。;it 肯定和主句主語(yǔ)一致。找一下：not only do but also do明顯是動(dòng)詞，前面的一定是主語(yǔ)。答案a
例三：語(yǔ)序錯(cuò)亂，一樣找
They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
The word “they” in the passage refers to (1)
○ statues
○ gateways
○ temples
○ pillared courts
這個(gè)題我們應(yīng)該落實(shí)到畫(huà)線句子。Where引導(dǎo)的從句是必然了。那主句的主語(yǔ)在哪里?我們看到前面有效標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)或者說(shuō),明顯界標(biāo)性質(zhì)的地方是for instance,而后面不成一句(地點(diǎn)怎么會(huì)是一句話呢)所以我們界定這個(gè)for instance作為插入語(yǔ)是在影響我們思維的，那么刪掉好了。往前找，主語(yǔ)是Other statues，很明顯沒(méi)有跟它爭(zhēng)的了：) 因?yàn)楹竺媸莿?dòng)詞“是”。直接找ABCD里面有Other statues的就好了。A.
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