托福閱讀常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu)
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托福閱讀常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu)
一、英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的原則
1、謂動(dòng)單一性原則 在一個(gè)句子里，有且只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
2、主句單一性原則 在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有一個(gè)主句。(從句可以有若干個(gè))
二、三大從句
1、名詞性從句 主語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)詞 (what/how/that/why/whether)
結(jié)構(gòu) 主語(yǔ)從句
what+VO=n. for eg.
what+SV=n. What you said is right.
形式賓語(yǔ) Make it possible for sb.to do
that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.
That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主語(yǔ)居多)
_形式主語(yǔ)和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別
形式主語(yǔ) It + v + (that +SVO)=n.
n.=it
強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It is/was + A + that + B
SVO=A+B
而且通常情況下 It is/was……是強(qiáng)調(diào)句
同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)的實(shí)質(zhì) n1,n2—n1=n2
S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO
前面的成分不應(yīng)當(dāng)在后面充當(dāng)成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.
可接同位語(yǔ)的名詞多為抽象名詞，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……
_同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
同位語(yǔ)的句子中，前面的成分不應(yīng)當(dāng)在后面充當(dāng)成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.
定語(yǔ)從句中，引導(dǎo)詞充當(dāng)成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。
Example
It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.
人們普遍接受，Pangaea 以一個(gè)特別大的陸地形式存在，后來他被分為兩個(gè)大塊，在南邊的Gondwanaland 和在北邊的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地殼上的大陸分開了并且向不同方向上漂移。
_如何找出復(fù)雜句中的謂語(yǔ)?
先找引導(dǎo)詞，然后去掉隨后的動(dòng)詞，還有動(dòng)詞的話，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是謂語(yǔ)。
2、形容詞性從句=定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)詞 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代詞性)
(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)
結(jié)構(gòu) (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.
This is pig that/which is very fat.
(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.
因?yàn)榇~性的引導(dǎo)詞可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
This is the pig that/which I ate.(作賓語(yǔ)可省略引)
This is the pig from which I make fun.
引導(dǎo)詞前的介詞取決于后面的動(dòng)詞
This is the pig,which is very fast
This is the pig, (which)I ate.
This is the pig, from which I make fun.
(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)+SVO=a.
The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.
This is the place where(=in which 定語(yǔ)從句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是狀從,也有可能是定從。
_具體分析舉例
In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……
看上去該句的based 是一個(gè)n-ed的形式，但是她又是修飾誰(shuí)呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….
因此可以看出，based 修飾that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.
_形容詞性從句的省略
當(dāng)that/which在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可將其省略。
This is the pig that/which I ate.
This is the pig I ate.
當(dāng)that/which在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，且從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可將其同時(shí)省略。
The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.
The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.
_個(gè)別情況下，which/as在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，也指代前面整個(gè)一句話。
As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句話) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句話) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.
_系表倒裝
主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 變成 表系主 結(jié)構(gòu)成為系表倒裝只限于介詞詞組在句首時(shí)
1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.
In Jilin province lies my hometown.
2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.
Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….
3、副詞性從句 =狀語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)詞 when/though/while/although……
結(jié)構(gòu) when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.
When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略的條件 s’=S v’=be
省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.
省略 Other(聯(lián)系同一類的名詞，也就是說前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：碳酸鉀
托福閱讀文本：
Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial NorthAmerica need hardly be stressed.
Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.
The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.
The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.
In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How it was made
(B) Its value as a product for export
(C) How it differs from other alkalis
(D) Its importance in colonial NorthAmerica
2.All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:
(A) They are alkalis.
(B) They are made from sea plants.
(C) They are used in making soap.
(D) They are used in making glass.
3. They phrase "the latter" in line 4 refers to
(A) alkali
(B) glass
(C) sand
(D) soap
4. The word "stressed" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) defined
(B) emphasized
(C) adjusted
(D) mentioned
5. The word "interchangeable" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) convenient
(B) identifiable
(C) equivalent
(D) advantageous
6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North
America because
(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available
(B) making potash required less time than making soda
(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap
(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use
7.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT
(A) wood
(B) fire
(C) sand
(D) water
8. The word "adjunct" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) addition
(B) answer
(C) problem
(D) possibility
9.According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that
(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods
(B) it helped finance the creation of farms
(C) it could be made with a variety of materials
(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking
10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems
for southern settles?
(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.
(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.
(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.
(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.
托福閱讀答案：
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托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：社會(huì)藝術(shù)
托福閱讀文本：
Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.
What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society's art may also reflect the culture's social stratification.
托福閱讀題目：
1.According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are
(A) more difficult to handle than wood and
(B) of their stable social conditions
(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art
(D) available only in specific locations
2. The word "conclusive" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) definitive
(B) controversial
(C) concurrent
(D) realistic
3. The word "apparent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) attractive
(B) logical
(C) evident
(D) distinct
4. Why does the author mention the "supernatural powers of a stone or tree" in line 10?
(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials
(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials
(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs
(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs
5. The word "it" in line 13 refers to
(A) realization
(B) society
(C) extent
(D) influence
6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because
(A) they influenced each other stone
(B) commonly used by artists in all societies
(C) essential to create ceremonial objects
(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways
7.According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT
(A) It is used to create glass.
(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.
(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.
(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.
8. The word "Moreover" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) similarly
(B) in addition
(C) in contrast
(D) frequently
9. The word "preoccupation" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) involvement
(B) separation
(C) relationship
(D) argument
10. The word "primary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) discrete
(B) preliminary
(C) ideal
(D) fundamental
托福閱讀答案：
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