托福閱讀推理題考察點(diǎn)解析
托福閱讀考試中，不同的題型考察的目的和重點(diǎn)是不一樣的。所以在實(shí)際的備考中，針對(duì)各種考試題型，大家也要掌握考察的重點(diǎn)。那么關(guān)于閱讀推理題部分，具體的考察內(nèi)容是什么?下面小編為大家整理了詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容，供大家參考!
托福閱讀 推理題考察點(diǎn)解析
一、托福閱讀推理題的兩大分類(lèi)：有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題。
這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說(shuō)題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類(lèi)題目。對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類(lèi)題型解決的共同策略。
二、托福閱讀推理題的三個(gè)具體的解題思路：
1、一般對(duì)比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對(duì)比特征，問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。這個(gè)比較抽象，我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。
三、解答這類(lèi)題目需要注意的信息點(diǎn)：
1.日期和數(shù)字。
2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may, can , could…;表示過(guò)去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福閱讀：推理題目如何找信息點(diǎn)
托福閱讀推理題的題干中常出現(xiàn)infer，imply，most likely(least likely) 或probably 等詞語(yǔ)。根據(jù)OG， 在IBT閱讀的3篇文章中，每篇會(huì)有0-2道這類(lèi)問(wèn)題，一次考試總共有3-4道推斷題。
一、推理題的兩大分類(lèi)：有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題。
這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說(shuō)題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類(lèi)題目。對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類(lèi)題型解決的共同策略。
二、托福閱讀推理題的三個(gè)具體的解題思路：
1、一般對(duì)比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對(duì)比特征，問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。這個(gè)比較抽象，我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentageof people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuitsexpanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war，with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domainsof transportation， manufacturing， and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passageabout the agricultural sector of the economy after the CivilWar?
(A) New technological developments hadlittle effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the totalpopulation working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the warwere rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperitybecause of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。
三、解答這類(lèi)題目需要注意的信息點(diǎn)：
1.日期和數(shù)字。
2.關(guān)鍵詞：表示多少的副詞：many，some，much of，several，a few ，most…;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may，can ，could…;表示過(guò)去的：used to be，was，were ，at one time，previously ;表示不是唯一的：not only，notexclusively等。
托福閱讀推理題深度解析
推理題的兩大分類(lèi)：有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題。這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說(shuō)題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類(lèi)題目。對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類(lèi)題型解決的共同策略。
推理題大概有三個(gè)解題思路：一般對(duì)比推理、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理、集合概念推理。一般對(duì)比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對(duì)比特征，問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。時(shí)間對(duì)比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。
在這里我們先來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們：19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對(duì)蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命，這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息：19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒(méi)有這次變革之前，也就是在19世紀(jì)以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因?yàn)樽髡咴谡務(wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革，所以這里所說(shuō)的“l(fā)ighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明，其實(shí)也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來(lái)的照明，這一推論出的信息正好與選項(xiàng)C吻合。文章第一句同時(shí)也是一個(gè)時(shí)間的分水嶺，告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的。“在19世紀(jì)早期到中期，蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來(lái)提煉 tallow，提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是 stearin，stearin 比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅(jiān)硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的?！痹谶@里的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項(xiàng)b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usualsmoke(經(jīng)常有煙)，這與選項(xiàng)a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來(lái)處理fallow的材料，在19世紀(jì)以前是沒(méi)有使用的，這與選項(xiàng)d相反。
解答這類(lèi)題目時(shí)要注意這些關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)：日期和數(shù)字、關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may, can , could…;表示過(guò)去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我們?cè)賮?lái)看一道例題：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我們來(lái)對(duì)題目的出題范圍進(jìn)行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters 不一樣的是，whales 的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長(zhǎng)什么樣子。而sea ottter 是和鯨魚(yú)相反，所以選擇A選項(xiàng)，即不難看出第一頭sea otter 長(zhǎng)什么樣子。所以實(shí)際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}的時(shí)候推的過(guò)遠(yuǎn)，基本考察的還是對(duì)原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。
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