托福閱讀做題有何先后順序
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托福閱讀做題有何先后順序
讀一段文章,做相應的題目,然后再讀一段,再做相應的題目;讀文章各段首句,然后看題目,再找文章內(nèi)相應部分做題。
對于多數(shù)人來說,可能“讀文章各段首句,然后看題目,再找文章內(nèi)相應部分做題”的托福閱讀做題順序會比較合適,讀各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和結(jié)構(gòu),做題再看內(nèi)容再做能大大降低“工作量”,但是這種做法不利于對全文的消化吸收,從而不利于做總結(jié)題,也可能會遺漏文章內(nèi)的一些細節(jié)而導致做錯細節(jié)題。
而新托福閱讀目前反饋大都是順序出題的,所以建議練習時就盡量往“讀一段做相應題目,再讀一段再做相應題目”這一順序去靠攏,可以對文章有全面的把握,雖然總量上還是要讀完全文,但是對大腦的短期記憶的負擔要比通讀全文再做題目小很多。
在新托福閱讀中,甚至可以擴展到ETS所有考試的閱讀題目中,如果要用一個詞來概括的話,那就是paraphrase,意譯。無論是題干還是正確選項,大都能在原文中找出一句話來與之相對應。即題目是原文的意譯。這種意譯是通過同義詞來完成的。準確把握意譯,是多數(shù)題目中準確在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑選項中選出正確的那個,都有著重要的作用。
關于先看題目還是先看文章的問題。也就是做題時間安排的問題。由于對問題的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基礎上,每個問題又有足夠的時間返回全文,每個選項都一一進行斟酌。
托福閱讀修飾目的題考察點
托福閱讀題型中的修飾目的題,在一定程度上也叫例證題,它主要考查考生透過表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的是這類題目的主要考察點。一般來說,問題會要求考生理解為什么作者在文章中用某些詞,詞組和句子。在托福閱讀題型的考察中會有以下3-4個這類型題目。
1、修辭目的題的兩種考察形式
在考試中,托福閱讀題型里有這類題目兩種不同的考察形式:一種是給出修辭手段問目的,另一種是給出修辭目的問手段。
其常見的題目形式如下:
The author uses X as an example of…
Why does the author mention X?
Why does the author compare …to …?
Why does the author use the word …in discussing…?
The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…
The author uses X as an example of…
2、解題技巧
找出這些修辭方法所用的關鍵詞,例如定義中所用的同位語;描述事物大小、形狀的形容詞和名詞;舉例用的詞,如,for instance,for example, in other words;用來解釋的詞語,如because, this is why, due to等。
舉例:
One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings,for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.
Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?
To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks
To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux
To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces
To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations
首先分析問題題目,找出其關鍵詞:Bushmen in South Africa。之后回到原文看其前后的句子,找到原文的關鍵詞for example,通過分析知道,這一例子的目的是為了說明它前面的那句話,即這些繪畫的位置令人費解。作者以對比的手法來說明這一點:Bushmen in South Africa的繪畫常位于洞口或洞外,而法國和西班牙的洞穴繪畫(本文所說的繪畫)卻位于遠離最初洞口的深處。由此可見,Bushmen in South Africa的例子是為了說明Lascaux繪畫位置的怪異。第二個選項符合此意,為正確答案。
托福閱讀正誤判斷題解題技巧
正誤判斷題(true or false)是考查讀者根據(jù)文章中闡明的信息,判斷什么信息是正確的,什么信息是錯誤的或文章中沒有提到的??忌娜蝿帐窃谖恼轮姓业较嚓P信息,從而證實四個選項中有三個是正確的,并且/或者有一個選項是錯誤的。
例題:
…although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters, and supports. there is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. the applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. these laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. if a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense…
the passage discusses applied-art objects in relation to all of the following except
a. the techniques used in their construction
b. the ways they have been classified
c. their function
d. the universality of the laws that govern them
[解析]
正誤判斷題實際上也是在考察考生理解文章主要信息的能力,從這一點來講是與factual information(事實信息題)相似的,兩種題型存在的差異就在于正誤判斷題是要求考生從四個選項中篩選出與文章不符或文章中沒有提到的信息。
仔細閱讀這一段,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這一段主要是在討論1,在過去,人們常常是根據(jù)功能來區(qū)分手工藝術(shù)品的,從而產(chǎn)生了“applied arts(應用藝術(shù)品)”這一概念;2,從功能的角度來區(qū)分手工藝術(shù)品,可以把它們分為收納物(container)、遮蔽物(shelter)、支撐物(support);3,應用藝術(shù)品受到laws of physics的限定,不僅限定了制作這些藝術(shù)品的材料也限定了他們所收納的、遮蔽的、支撐的物體。這些laws是防止四海皆準的,在任何文化信仰、世界的任何地方和任何一種氣候條件都是一樣的。比如如果一個沒有底的罐子或是一個在旁邊開口的罐子,就很難被定一位是收納物。
整個段落都沒有提及建造這些藝術(shù)品所使用的技術(shù),所以a是文章中沒有提到的,為正確答案。
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