托福聽(tīng)力舉例細(xì)節(jié)題高頻出題點(diǎn)及解法示例
為了幫助大家備考托福聽(tīng)力,下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福聽(tīng)力舉例細(xì)節(jié)題高頻出題點(diǎn)及解法示例,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
托福聽(tīng)力舉例細(xì)節(jié)題高頻出題點(diǎn)及解法示例
托福聽(tīng)力中細(xì)節(jié)標(biāo)題雜亂,轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)、比照、問(wèn)答、強(qiáng)調(diào)、解說(shuō)等等,全部聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中都需求高度警戒,以防掉入ETS挖的圈套中去。本文就且會(huì)集討論一下細(xì)節(jié)題中多見(jiàn)的一類(lèi):舉例細(xì)節(jié)題。
首先來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)一下舉例細(xì)節(jié)題。舉例細(xì)節(jié)題即是用比方闡明概念,很多時(shí)分ETS會(huì)調(diào)查所舉比方和說(shuō)話人的觀點(diǎn)間的邏輯關(guān)系。所以咱們常??匆?jiàn)的舉例細(xì)節(jié)題是這么的:
Why does the professor mention/say/talk about/discuss…?
或少量時(shí)分,它們也能夠跟重聽(tīng)聯(lián)絡(luò):
Why does the speaker say this?
無(wú)論是那種方式的調(diào)查,要想做好舉例細(xì)節(jié)題,就要聽(tīng)好比方,以及上下文邏輯,這就需求咱們?cè)诼?tīng)聽(tīng)力的時(shí)分要有滿足的預(yù)判才能:哪里有也許呈現(xiàn)這么的標(biāo)題。那咱們就一層一層剝開(kāi)舉例細(xì)節(jié)題的高頻命題點(diǎn):
第一層是對(duì)比顯著的舉例表達(dá),比方:for example, for instance, take … for example, take…, like… 等。只需說(shuō)話者說(shuō)要舉例,就必定留意比方有些,以及比方和上下文的關(guān)系。比方TPO 15 L1第10題:
Why does the professor mention a high way?
A. To compare two experiments designed to study distraction.
B. To give an example of when area V5 might be activated.
C. To describe a limitation in the brain’s processing capacity.
D. To make a point about the effect of distractions on driving.
原文中,教授是這么說(shuō)的:Lavie thinks the solution lies in the brain’ s ability to accept or ignore visual information. She thinks its capacity is limited. It’ s like a highway. When there are too many cars, traffic is stopped. No one can get on. So when the brain is loaded to capacity, no new distractions can be perceived .
筆記順著教授講的思路記下來(lái)的話,Lavie的主意是capacity is limited,然后用like類(lèi)推,limited capacity就和highway建立了聯(lián)絡(luò),而標(biāo)題也恰是調(diào)查這種聯(lián)絡(luò),所以倒著推到like的前一句即是舉例的邏輯答案。選C。
除了對(duì)比顯著的直接用舉例或類(lèi)推的詞句銜接外,舉例細(xì)節(jié)還會(huì)披上另一層馬甲,那即是:“跑題”講故事講自個(gè),或講自個(gè)的故事。每當(dāng)聽(tīng)力中的說(shuō)話者想借助小故事讓自個(gè)的主意更深入淺出的時(shí)分,考生們就不得輕松了,這時(shí)要特別留意他們講的故事和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。比方TPO 34 C1第3題:
Why does the woman mention walking in the woods?
A. It is the possible topic of a story she will write.
B. It is what she does to get inspiration for writing.
C. It is an activity that she enjoys very much.
D. It is the setting of her favorite short story.
在原文中,教授想給學(xué)生解說(shuō)一個(gè)道理:Well, in fact, I’d hope you’d see that. Of course, there are many levels to this story, but what I really want the class to take away from it was that you don’t need to write about the great, exciting world when you write your stories, uh, even writing about a memory can work.
學(xué)生表明理解:Like I could write about one of the times I took a walk in the woods when I was a kid.
教授表明附和: Exactly!
這道標(biāo)題中,學(xué)生自個(gè)的小閱歷I took a walk in the woods when I was a kid恰是對(duì)前面教授想說(shuō)的內(nèi)容的詳細(xì)闡明,所以邏輯關(guān)系即是在前面一句:writing about a memory can work,所以選A答案。而B(niǎo) 答案中的inspiration與memory相差甚遠(yuǎn),所以不選。
再比方TPO 17 L4 第13題:
Why does the professor first mention Proteus?
A. To explain how the octopus got its scientific name
B. To introduce the octopus' exceptional abilities
C. To point out that the octopus played an important role in Greek mythology
D. To provide an example of a mythological character that was part animal and part human
原文中,教授是想講個(gè)故事給學(xué)生:Well, let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteus? Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly. Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. Just like Proteus, the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations.
順著教授的思路聽(tīng)下來(lái)的話,剛開(kāi)端也許會(huì)疑問(wèn),怎樣剛講的是octopus,如今又成了Proteus呢?跑題了吧?這時(shí),“跑題”講故事即是高頻題點(diǎn)了?!芭茴}”的意圖對(duì)應(yīng)后邊的總結(jié)句:Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. 所以選B答案。
最終一層,也是舉例細(xì)節(jié)題對(duì)比難辨認(rèn)的一層,即是教授講課時(shí)把問(wèn)題拋回給學(xué)生的表達(dá),如:if you…, imagine…, consider…, think of…等等。教授在講課時(shí),有時(shí)會(huì)讓學(xué)生設(shè)身處地幻想一些場(chǎng)景,這么講座會(huì)更多樣。聽(tīng)力中若聽(tīng)到相似的表達(dá),必定留意教授為何讓學(xué)生自個(gè)imagine/consider/think。比方TPO 19 L3第8題:
Why does the professor mention reddish mud on the roots of a spartina?
A. To illustrate the high density of salt-marsh soil
B. To explain how spartina rhizomes move through the soil
C. To point out the problems spartinas face in getting fresh water
D. To provide evidence that oxygen is present in the spartina’s roots
原文中教授是這么說(shuō)的:
Soil there is dense and very low in oxygen, so Spartinas have air tubes, air enters through tiny openings on the leaves, the tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots, where it is needed. If you pull up a Spartina, you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots, this is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust.
讓學(xué)生開(kāi)端幻想前,教授談的是spartina怎樣通過(guò)空氣管把氧氣運(yùn)到根部的,所以讓學(xué)生幻想的場(chǎng)景:you might even notice some reddish mud on some of the roots,恰是跟前面的理論the tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves through the stems and into the roots, where it is needed 嚴(yán)厲對(duì)應(yīng)的;而教授在描繪完場(chǎng)景If you pull up a Spartina 以后,又彌補(bǔ)了相似的話:this is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust. 幻想的場(chǎng)景前后都安插了oxygen,所以這道題嚴(yán)厲的邏輯答復(fù)應(yīng)該是D答案。
所以,要霸占舉例細(xì)節(jié)題,要留意三類(lèi)高頻命題點(diǎn):舉例或類(lèi)推for example時(shí),“跑題”講故事時(shí),以及讓學(xué)生幻想一些場(chǎng)景時(shí)。聽(tīng)到相似的命題點(diǎn),留意掌握好比方和它前面的語(yǔ)句、或后邊銜接句的邏輯關(guān)系,這么舉例細(xì)節(jié)題就能方便的解決了。
如何練習(xí)托福聽(tīng)力的跟讀模仿
所謂的基本實(shí)力就是要能聽(tīng)懂聽(tīng)力段子中的所講的內(nèi)容,基本實(shí)力的提高在于平時(shí)的積累。而考試技巧主要指對(duì)題型熟悉以及相應(yīng)題型的出題點(diǎn),這個(gè)可以在短時(shí)間里面得到很好的訓(xùn)練和提升。這里我們就談?wù)勅绾卧谄綍r(shí)提升基本的聽(tīng)力實(shí)力。
在平時(shí)的時(shí)候可以采取聽(tīng)寫(xiě)和跟讀模仿來(lái)對(duì)基本實(shí)力進(jìn)行提升。聽(tīng)寫(xiě)是為了徹徹底底的清除自己的聽(tīng)力盲點(diǎn)和死角。因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)候我們平時(shí)在聽(tīng)完段子后總覺(jué)得自己沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,對(duì)段子懂了,可是發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)我們真正要把自己聽(tīng)到的東西寫(xiě)下來(lái)的時(shí)候卻發(fā)現(xiàn),原來(lái)自己有很多想當(dāng)然的東西居然出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題包括有些詞能聽(tīng)出音,卻不知道什么意思,有些地方只有看到文本的時(shí)候才發(fā)現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象,有些詞在寫(xiě)的時(shí)候會(huì)突然想不起來(lái),這些出問(wèn)題的地方就是我們的聽(tīng)力盲點(diǎn)。聽(tīng)寫(xiě)是掃除這些盲點(diǎn)最直接有效地方法。
在聽(tīng)寫(xiě)完一個(gè)段子之后,所做的就是跟讀模仿,這個(gè)訓(xùn)練主要是為了糾正語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)。畢竟我們學(xué)習(xí)的是人家的語(yǔ)言,如果要地道,只有反復(fù)去模仿人家說(shuō)話的方式。而這種模仿達(dá)到的瘋狂地步就是MP3說(shuō)一句,自己跟著說(shuō)一句,雖然有時(shí)候可能會(huì)跟不上,可能出現(xiàn)只能跟得上幾個(gè)單詞,但是沒(méi)有關(guān)系,只要反復(fù)跟讀,每次哪怕是增加一個(gè)單詞,那也是進(jìn)步,就這樣,不斷跟讀,直到你能完全跟得上MP3的速度。
這個(gè)時(shí)侯,你可能在句子的語(yǔ)調(diào)方面會(huì)得到鍛煉,那么再注意語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象,如連音、略音等,以及每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音。做到這些步驟后,往往會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己似乎只在過(guò)嘴和過(guò)耳,至于MP3說(shuō)的什么,很多情況下并沒(méi)有去想,所以這個(gè)時(shí)候,我們就要做到“一心三用”,即耳、嘴、腦三者同時(shí)開(kāi)工。因?yàn)槎妥煲呀?jīng)得到了鍛煉,再加上腦,明白自己說(shuō)的是什么,那么對(duì)于理解聽(tīng)力段子是非常有益處的。
托福聽(tīng)力切勿當(dāng)做閱讀備考
切不可把托福聽(tīng)力真題當(dāng)成閱讀做。托福聽(tīng)力不需要中英文之間的轉(zhuǎn)換能力。有的老師會(huì)建議考生在聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練中做翻譯。但其實(shí),聽(tīng)懂的步驟是在聽(tīng)到聲音后理解意思,根本不需要翻譯。
口譯訓(xùn)練不適用于托福聽(tīng)力的提高。聽(tīng)力能力由三方面能力構(gòu)成,即語(yǔ)音識(shí)別、語(yǔ)義識(shí)別和結(jié)構(gòu)層次,分別對(duì)應(yīng)單詞、句子和篇章層面。聽(tīng)寫(xiě)本身只解決語(yǔ)音識(shí)別,并不能有助于理解句子意思或是結(jié)構(gòu)層次??忌M(jìn)行聽(tīng)寫(xiě)訓(xùn)練時(shí),不要寫(xiě)下來(lái),因?yàn)闀?huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。即使大家發(fā)現(xiàn)不寫(xiě)下來(lái)就聽(tīng)不懂,也不要做成閱讀,而要強(qiáng)迫自己聽(tīng)。聽(tīng)寫(xiě)要做,但只是一個(gè)最基礎(chǔ)的工作。如果只做聽(tīng)寫(xiě),聽(tīng)力永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法提高,考生不要忘了還有語(yǔ)義識(shí)別和結(jié)構(gòu)層次。
不少考生會(huì)問(wèn),一道托福聽(tīng)力真題需要聽(tīng)?zhēng)妆椴拍苈?tīng)懂。事實(shí)是,如果沒(méi)有提高,聽(tīng)?zhēng)妆槎家粯?。?tīng)的過(guò)程中,考生要去抓層次結(jié)構(gòu)和出題點(diǎn),關(guān)鍵不在遍數(shù),方法對(duì)了,也許聽(tīng)2遍就能有很好的效果。
托福聽(tīng)力不僅需要大量時(shí)間和次數(shù)去聽(tīng),還要有方法。美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)中心從不要求考生聽(tīng)懂每一個(gè)單詞,我們也不要求。單詞是一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)量,考生在聽(tīng)不懂的情況下如何理解一個(gè)文本,這是需要通過(guò)正確的方法才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
托福聽(tīng)力高分考生的秘籍
1.奇怪語(yǔ)氣。這個(gè)也很好判斷,我個(gè)人覺(jué)得有:“結(jié)巴和長(zhǎng)停頓”,“重復(fù)”,“sorry+更正”,“打斷別人說(shuō)話”、“夸張的發(fā)音和語(yǔ)氣的”等。
2.主題題。這啥也不用說(shuō)了,必考,這樣一來(lái),6道題搞定了。
3.即使考不到最后一個(gè),考了很難的“特點(diǎn)匹配”的好幾分的題目,你至少可以用最后一個(gè)分類(lèi)的特點(diǎn)來(lái)排除。所以最后一個(gè)一定要認(rèn)真聽(tīng)。
4.是我自己的感覺(jué)。如果是總分-列舉型的文章(3個(gè)方案,3種方法,3個(gè)階段,3個(gè)類(lèi)別之類(lèi)),最后一個(gè)列舉考到可能性非常大。所以如果前兩個(gè)都沒(méi)聽(tīng)明白,別放棄,因?yàn)樽詈罂赡艹鲱}的是最后一個(gè)。
在完全不知道題目在問(wèn)什么的時(shí)候,根據(jù)一個(gè)詞兒定位,再回憶原文,可能會(huì)有一定的幫助。至于Lecture,一般我會(huì)用線條把草稿紙分割成 “田”或 “用”字的樣式,寫(xiě)下關(guān)鍵詞以后,如果教授說(shuō):我講的這個(gè)東西啊,有三個(gè)類(lèi)別/三個(gè)發(fā)展階段/三個(gè)解決方式,就在“用”字紙張上寫(xiě),左邊每一格寫(xiě)關(guān)鍵分類(lèi)詞,右邊對(duì)應(yīng)格兒寫(xiě)特點(diǎn)和評(píng)價(jià)。
我個(gè)人的習(xí)慣差不多每個(gè)段子都能寫(xiě)一面紙。這里的確有很多內(nèi)容是無(wú)用的,但如果遇到口音重、句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的文章,一邊記一邊聽(tīng)有困難,我就會(huì)放棄大量筆記,只寫(xiě)關(guān)鍵詞。
有例子、學(xué)生提問(wèn)、奇怪語(yǔ)氣的地方打上標(biāo)記。這種情況下一般能網(wǎng)羅一半以上的題目。 順便說(shuō)一句,我覺(jué)得這個(gè)筆記方法對(duì)于口語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)也是適用的,我口語(yǔ)不算高只有26,但后四題都是good,不得不說(shuō)筆記功勞大大的。
記筆記的同時(shí)要判斷出題點(diǎn)。很多人都說(shuō)出題點(diǎn)可以預(yù)見(jiàn),新托福聽(tīng)力部分至少有50%的題目在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候就能判斷了,這部分的分?jǐn)?shù)要拿穩(wěn)。
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