托福聽力中的語法知識(shí)
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃χ械恼Z法知識(shí)，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。
托福聽力中的語法知識(shí)
一、“聽”語法
托福聽力雖然不是直接考語法，但是聽力中處處都隱藏對(duì)托福的語法考查。雖然聽力中的語法比托福閱讀中的語法要簡(jiǎn)單的多，但是閱讀中的語法是可以看可以讀的，而托福聽力中的語法是需要我們聽出來的。聽比讀要難的多，聽力中有吞音，連讀，一個(gè)單詞的失誤就可以影響一句話的意思。所以總的來說托福聽力中的語法是比較難的。
二、文章中語法的考察點(diǎn)
在托福聽力中，常出現(xiàn)的語法點(diǎn)主要包括一般疑問句、but引導(dǎo)的句子、定語從句、狀語從句、表語從句，虛擬語氣。這些句型都是托福聽力中的?？键c(diǎn)，在平時(shí)的備考中不僅會(huì)分析這些句型還要聽出這些句型。在教授與學(xué)生的互動(dòng)中，這些語法都是常見點(diǎn)。
三、選項(xiàng)中語法的考察點(diǎn)
托福聽力考試的順序是先聽音頻然后聽題目看題目解題，所以在題目中疑問句的考法很是頻繁。在選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)定語從句，表語從句，條件狀語從句，以及虛擬語氣，這些語法無處不在。如果練題目都讀不懂題目就不要說能夠做對(duì)題了。
語法是框架，只有了解語法才能更好的聽懂。語法促進(jìn)聽力的提升同時(shí)聽力又加強(qiáng)了語法的練習(xí)，所以托福聽力與語法相輔相成，相互依賴。所以，托福聽力中不是不考語法，而是不直接的考語法，而是間接的考到了所有的基本語法，所以語法對(duì)大家的聽力是否能取得高分有很重要的影響。
托福聽力背景知識(shí)：懷孕與體重
Mother's Pregnancy Weight Linked to Child's Obesity
More than 26 percent of American adults were obese as of 2009—compared with less than 20 percent in 2000, according to a new report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And the number of U.S. states with more than 30 percent of their population topping a body mass index (BMI) of 30 tripled between 2007 and 2009. With this accelerating epidemic, researchers are looking for clues beyond daily diet and exercise to explain our propensity for extra poundage—and many are finding evidence in the very first stages of life.
A growing number of analyses have found a convincing link among a heavier mother-to-be, increases in her baby's birth weight, and the child's later risk of obesity. In many past observational studies, however, basic genetics or environmental factors could be blamed for this association.
A new study of 513,501 mothers and 1,164,750 of their children born across 15 years aimed to take genetics out of the equation by assessing maternal and infant weight only for those women who had more than one child. "By making comparisons of two or more infants born to the same mother, we were able to factor out the role of genetics," says David Ludwig, an associate professor of pediatrics, director of the Obesity Program at Children's Hospital Boston and co-author of the new study.
Women who gained more than 24 kilograms during a pregnancy (which occurred in about 12 percent of pregnancies) added an average of 147.4 additional grams to their baby's birth weight than those who gained about 7.5 to 10 kilograms. In other terms, pregnant women who gained 22.5 kilograms had double the risk of having an infant with a high birth weight compared with those who only gained about nine kilograms. And every kilogram gained during pregnancy increased a baby's weight by about 9.5 grams, according to the analysis, which published online August 4 in The Lancet.
Being heavier at birth increases the odds that an individual will be overweight or obese as a child—as well as an adult. And the excess weight has been linked to a range of chronic conditions, including asthma, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (a group of metabolic risk factors).
Although previous studies had correlated high BMI moms with heavier babies, "the direct effects of excessive weight gain on the fetus have never been conclusively demonstrated," notes Ludwig, who worked on the study with collaborator Janet Currie, a professor of economics at Columbia University.
The importance of grams
The ill effects of undernourishment on fetal development have been well documented. A pregnant woman who does not get ample calories for her and her fetus increases the risk the baby will have stunted physical growth, poor cognitive development, and be more susceptible to diseases. The health risks of too many calories, however, are just beginning to come to light.
To be sure, a heavier fetus will tilt the pregnant mother's scale slightly, and the amount of weight typically put on my moms gaining too much during pregnancy far exceeds the additional ounces their babies typically take on.
Nevertheless, although 0.2 kilogram of additional baby fat might not sound like much, in the context of a three- to 3.5-kilogram infant, every 0.03 kilogram changes the odds ratio, according to Ludwig.
Other research indicates that infant birth weight is also heavily determined by a woman's weight even before she becomes pregnant. A study published in June in the European Journal of Pediatrics reported that being overweight or obese before getting pregnant meant that a mother's future child was 1.4 times more likely to be overweight or obese by age four. "It means preconception health screening and intervention for overweight and obese [women] is extremely important," says Panagiota Kitsantas, an assistant professor of biostatistics and epidemiology at George Mason University's Department of Health Administration and Policy and lead author of the June paper.
Although her investigation did not specifically look at women with more than one child and thus could have been colored by other genetic and environmental factors, Kitsantas says that the results from her work and The Lancet report are complementary. "Both studies pointed to one direction: mothers' body weight affected their offspring's weight."
Underlying changes
Extra birth weight might not be the only change many of these infants face. Excessive maternal weight during pregnancy is also likely changing the metabolic and hormonal environment of the developing fetus, Ludwig says.
Even if an infant has a few extra ounces due to a mother's excessive gestational weight gain, "the infant developed in a metabolically abnormal intrauterine environment," Ludwig explains.
Excessive caloric intake by a pregnant woman can stimulate the overgrowth of fetal tissues, change hormonal balances, alter metabolic pathways, "and perhaps even structures in the brain that regulate appetite and metabolism," he says. And those changes might stay with an individual for life.
Many adults have a difficult time losing weight and keeping it off, and if the body is predisposed to putting on the pounds, fighting obesity on both individual and societal levels will be even more challenging.
Researchers are still working to understand just how some of these pathways and hormones can influence disease risk, primarily through animal studies in the lab. And until more chemical links are found, a direct cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established, Kitsantas notes.
She applauds the new work, noting that Ludwig and colleagues used apt statistical models to try to avoid confounding effects and excluded subjects with other risk factors such as gestational diabetes or extremely high birth weight. Kitsantas is not entirely convinced, however, that genetics can be erased from the picture, and asserts that more lab work remains to be done to parse out nature, nurture and nutrition.
Prepregnancy health
Not every baby born on the heavy side will battle obesity or related chronic diseases. But, Ludwig points out, "on a population basis, [increased birth weight] is shifting risk upward."
The amount of weight pregnant women are putting on has been growing—as has their prepregnancy weight in the past few decades, Ludwig notes. Alongside that trend are signs that average birth weight is also headed upward.
"If we don't stop the vicious cycle at some point, we'll just keep going and going," Kitsantas says. If female babies are born more prone to obesity, the likelihood of their gaining too much weight before or during pregnancy increases, thus putting their offspring at greater risk.
Even though the specific mechanisms at work remain poorly understood and there is still not enough evidence to draw a cause-and-effect conclusion between maternal weight and a child's risk for obesity, Kitsantas says that is not reason enough to delay action. "We really have to jump in based on the findings we have to create specific interventions to fix the problem."
Ludwig acknowledges that the challenge of getting Americans to stay fit is great but says that changing the habits of mothers-to-be might be a little easier. "Women tend to be especially motivated during pregnancy because it's not just their health [that is] at stake—it's their children's," he notes. "Almost every mother instinctively wants to give their children a healthy start in life."
And, along with physical activity, food quality is just as important as quantity, he says. "The higher quality of diet consumed, the easier it is to maintain a health body weight," says Ludwig, who has been working on a new study comparing the effects of two different diets on maternal and infant health. "The best time to begin obesity prevention efforts for the next generation is actually prior to birth," he says.
Kitsantas extends that recommendation, suggesting that all women of childbearing age establish healthy lifestyle habits and healthy weights: "The sooner the better,"
托福聽力背景知識(shí)：?jiǎn)斡H媽媽捐腎救老板
The mother of two from Long Island, New York, who was fired after she donated her kidney to save her boss’ life demanded that the woman return the organ yesterday.
美國(guó)紐約長(zhǎng)島的一位單親媽媽在慷慨地將自己的一個(gè)腎臟捐給老板后，卻因術(shù)后體質(zhì)差慘遭解雇。如今這位女士奮起反抗要求老板將自己的器官歸還。
“You hate me so much, and I’m so despicable — give me my kidney back!” wailed Debbie Stevens, 47. Her employer at Atlantic Automotive Group, Jackie Brucia, 61, thanked Stevens for the gift yesterday — and then “wished her the best.”
當(dāng)事人是47歲的黛比·史蒂文斯，她悲痛地說：“既然你這么討厭我，覺得我這么卑鄙可恥，那就把我的腎還給我!” 她的上司是大西洋汽車集團(tuán)的經(jīng)銷商，現(xiàn)年61歲的杰姬·布魯西亞。布魯西亞在昨天感謝了她慷慨付出，然后說“ 祝她一切都好”。
“I will always be grateful that she gave me a kidney,” Brucia told 1010 WINS-AM radio. “I have nothing bad to say about her. I will always be grateful to her — she did a wonderful thing for me.”
“我非常感謝她給了我一顆腎，”布魯西亞對(duì)1010wins廣播之聲的記者表示。“我從來沒說過她的壞話，我一直很感謝她。她對(duì)我做了件很偉大的事情”。
For Stevens to get her organ back wouldn’t be easy — and would involve at least four surgeries. Stevens donated her kidney to the national pool because she and Brucia weren’t a perfect match. That gave Brucia a better shot at getting a speedy transplant. Stevens’ kidney actually was transplanted into a patient in St. Louis, and Brucia’s came from San Francisco.
史蒂文斯想要拿回她的器官可沒那么容易，至少需要進(jìn)行四次手術(shù)。盡管史蒂文斯的腎和布魯西亞不是最佳匹配，但史蒂文斯還是將她的腎捐入了全國(guó)性的捐贈(zèng)庫(kù)，這樣布魯西亞可以在器官捐贈(zèng)名單上排位靠前。史蒂文斯的腎臟其實(shí)移植給了遠(yuǎn)在圣路易斯州的陌生人，而布魯西亞的腎源則來自舊金山。
The scorned Stevens also insisted yesterday that the only reason Brucia rehired her in the first place is because she was a “Plan B” — in case another organ donor fell through, she said. “She used her power to manipulate me,” Stevens claimed.
史蒂文斯還堅(jiān)持聲稱布魯西亞起初之所以會(huì)雇傭她，只是將她當(dāng)備胎，萬一沒有等到合適的合適捐贈(zèng)，就可以考慮史蒂文斯。“她濫用職權(quán)操控我”，這位單親媽媽這樣控訴道。
The Post yesterday revealed that, according to a state Human Rights Commission complaint that Stevens filed on Friday, Brucia began to harass her shortly after she donated her left kidney in the fall of 2010 — and eventually helped fire her in April 2011.
史蒂文斯上周五紐約州人權(quán)委員會(huì)提交了一份正式的控訴書。根據(jù)《紐約郵報(bào)》昨日的報(bào)道，在控訴書中史蒂文斯表示在2010年秋天捐掉左腎后不久，布魯西亞對(duì)她的態(tài)度就很惡劣，然后在2011年4月最后將其解雇。
The two previously worked together at the dealership and forged a friendship in 2009. Stevens returned from Florida in 2010 and Brucia rehired her.Now, Stevens says her health-insurance coverage will soon run out — leaving her unable to pay future medical and psychiatric bills related to the transplant. “I don’t know what I’m going to do,” she said.
史蒂文斯和布魯西亞以前曾在代理商處供職，在2009年發(fā)展出一段友誼。2010年，她從佛羅里達(dá)搬回長(zhǎng)島，布魯西亞又重新雇傭了她。而現(xiàn)在，史蒂文斯表示她的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)保障馬上就要用光了，她付不起腎臟移植手術(shù)帶來的醫(yī)院和神經(jīng)科賬單?！拔腋静恢涝撛趺崔k”，她這樣說道。
“I can’t afford it; it’s a lot of money. I may have a hard time getting insurance because I donated a kidney. I thought I would be at that job until I retired.” The car dealership called Stevens’ claims “groundless.”
“我付不起，那筆錢太多了。我捐掉了一顆腎，想得到保險(xiǎn)可能比較難，我原以為我會(huì)在這份工作上做到退休的?！?大西洋汽車集團(tuán)的經(jīng)銷商表示史蒂文斯的指控“毫無根據(jù)”。
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