托福閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)劃分最全解讀
托福閱讀如何才能快速又高效呢?本文將詳細(xì)解答托福閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)劃分，幫助正在備考托福中認(rèn)為托福閱讀索然無趣的同學(xué)，快速找到解答托福閱讀的方法。
托福閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)劃分 最全解讀
在官方指南當(dāng)中，ETS給出了托福閱讀的常見四種結(jié)構(gòu)，下面我們就來分別看一看：
第一種，因果類文章結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是全文都是圍繞著某個(gè)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。典型文章desert formation，在文章開頭的第一段就出現(xiàn)這樣的內(nèi)容：The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. 首先對沙漠的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了描述，緊接著就趕緊扣題下定義，告訴我們什么是沙漠化?，F(xiàn)象交代完了之后，出題段的第三段就迅速展開了原因的描述，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)第三段和第五段開頭分別是這樣的：Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. 以及There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.這樣就交代了兩個(gè)原因，分別是loss of vegetation和soil’s ability to absorb water. 同學(xué)們讀到這里就要開始有預(yù)判斷了，預(yù)料下面是否開始說一些其他的原因呢?帶著這樣的疑問去看，發(fā)現(xiàn)第六段說的是：Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. 第九段針對overirrigation展開論述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接著第十段就是對沙漠化的前景進(jìn)行展望。至此整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就很清楚了。了解了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)對于接下來的文章會(huì)有預(yù)判斷，讀起來就會(huì)前后連貫，會(huì)有效減少文章閱讀的心理難度。
第二種文章結(jié)構(gòu)是分類，最典型的例子就是aggression。開頭第一段交代了When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people. 于是我們大概知道文章是對aggression的研究方法進(jìn)行闡述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑體字標(biāo)注出了三種研究方法，分別是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach.至此文章結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然，我們很清楚知道文章分成了三個(gè)部分，每一部分之間是并列關(guān)系。最為典型的是artisan and industrialization. 整篇文章也是分為了兩個(gè)部分，前兩段都在說手工作坊時(shí)代的生產(chǎn)方法，從第三段開始介紹機(jī)器大工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的情況以及帶來的工人罷工。雖然整篇文章共有6段，但是我們?nèi)绻梢耘袛喑鑫恼碌慕Y(jié)構(gòu)就可以輕易地將文章分為兩個(gè)部分，而且兩部分之間還是比較對比的關(guān)系，就將一篇長文章讀短了，降低閱讀難度。
最后一種文章結(jié)構(gòu)是問題解決方法型，典型文章是Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer，前四段介紹了Ogallala含水層的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及使用過度帶來的問題，后兩段就開始介紹治理的方法。這種文章的結(jié)構(gòu)不如因果類的明顯，但是也可以通過這樣的思路將文章前后串起來，降低閱讀難度。
當(dāng)然，隨著官方真題Official的不斷更新，越來越多的文章結(jié)構(gòu)開始出現(xiàn)，比如時(shí)間順序，或者一篇文章中出現(xiàn)多種文章結(jié)構(gòu)雜糅，無論是何種樣貌出現(xiàn)，同學(xué)們都要能夠?qū)⒆髡叩膶懽魉悸氛页鰜?，將文章展現(xiàn)的散落一地的珍珠串成更易于佩戴的珍珠項(xiàng)鏈。這樣在做題目的時(shí)候就更加成竹在胸，也會(huì)覺得眼前的文章不再冗長地讓人煩躁。
托福閱讀：指代題型舉例分析
無論是OG還是Delta，都把閱讀的題目分成十類，即：Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases(Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.
還有很重要的一點(diǎn)，做題的時(shí)候，無論考試還是練習(xí)，不光要分析對的選項(xiàng)為什么對，更要分析錯(cuò)的選項(xiàng)為什么錯(cuò)。有時(shí)候分析錯(cuò)誤的原因更為重要。有助于你把握出題的思路，培養(yǎng)感覺。這是非常有用的。
三、指代定位
顧名思義，這種題是要問考生文中的代詞具體指代的是什么丁冬，說專業(yè)點(diǎn)叫做先行詞antecedent.基本可以分為四類。第一是人稱代詞或者物主代詞，如I，you，our，mine;第二類是從句中的引導(dǎo)詞，如what，which，who;第三類是指示代詞，this，that(包括其指示的名詞，如問this reason， that purpose之類的);第四類是其他的代詞，all，most，some，many，the former，the latter之類。代詞需要遵循的首要原則是就近原則。從前面找離它較近的那個(gè)詞。找到以后把意義代回到原句中看合適不合適就可以了。OG還特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了，注意先行詞和代詞必須人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)一致。總體來說這種題難度都不大。
用OG上的幾個(gè)例子說明：
先行詞，先行詞，顧名思義，一般應(yīng)該在代詞前面。根據(jù)就近原則就找出來postal service.代回去看看合適不合適，A，distribution有65個(gè)office;B銷售有65個(gè)office，C報(bào)紙有65個(gè)office，D，郵政服務(wù)有65個(gè)office.其他幾個(gè)都太荒誕了。這種題難度相對不大，也就不多說了。
托福閱讀真題1
Often enough the craft worker's place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement. At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters' quarters were situated on the cities' outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.; its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln's temperature during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear, the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized that they did not share in the concerns of the other.
The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes. Some sixth- and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means — as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify.
1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its
(A) production techniques
(B) similarity to other crafts
(C) unusual materials
(D) resemblance to earlier pottery
2. The phrase regardless of in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) as a result of
(B) no matter what
(C) proud of
(D) according to
3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were
situated
(A) in city centers
(B) on the outskirts of cities
(C) where clay could be found
(D) near other potters' workshops
4. The word marked in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) original
(B) attractive
(C) noticeable
(D) patterned
5. The word confine in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) adapt
(B) train
(C) restrict
(D) organize
6. It can be inferred from the passage that terra-cotta had which of the following advantages
(A) It did not break during the firing process.
(B) It was less expensive than other available materials.
(C) Its surface had a lasting shine.
(D) It could be used for many purposes.
7. The word presumably in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) practically
(C) preferably
(D) probably
8. The word they in line 24 refers to
(A) molds
(B) particular effects
(C) products
(D) vessels and figurines
9. According to the passage , all of the following are true of ancient Greek potters and vase
painters EXCEPT:
(A) Their functions were so specialized that they lacked common concerns.
(B) They sometimes produced inferior ware.
(C) They produced pieces that had unusual color and shine.
(D) They decorated many of their works with human images.
PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA
托福閱讀真題2
PASSAGE 58
Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000 B.C. (during the Neolithic period), some hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their sustenance. Others continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The real transformation of human life occurred when huge numbers of people began to rely primarily and permanently on the grain they grew and the animals they domesticated.
Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished, fashioning an energetic, creative era. They were responsible for many fundamental inventions and innovations that the modern world takes for granted. First, obviously, is systematic agriculture — that is, the reliance of Neolithic peoples on agriculture as their primary, not merely subsidiary, source of food.
Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancient world and the basis of all modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and eventually cities. Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could consume, and their surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. Population growth in turn created an even greater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain the increased numbers of people. Since surpluses of food could also be bartered for other commodities, the Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods. In time the increasing complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.
The transition to settled life also had a profound impact on the family. The shared needs and pressures that encourage extended-family ties are less prominent in settled than in nomadic societies. Bonds to the extended family weakened. In towns and cities, the nuclear family was more dependent on its immediate neighbors than on kinfolk.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why many human societies are dependent on agriculture
(B) the changes agriculture brought to human life
(C) How Neolithic peoples discovered agriculture
(D) Why the first agricultural societies failed
2. The word precarious in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) uncertain
(B) humble
(C) worthy
(D) unusual
3. The author mentions seeds and fruits in line 2 as examples of
(A) the first crops cultivated by early agricultural societies
(B) foods eaten by hunters and gatherers as a secondary food source
(C) types of food that hunters and gatherers lacked in their diets
(D) the most common foods cultivated by early agricultural societies
4. The word settled in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) advanced
(B) original
(C) involved
(D) stable
5. According to the passage , agricultural societies produced larger human populations because
agriculture
(A) created more varieties of food
(B) created food surpluses
(C) resulted in increases in leisure time
(D) encouraged bartering
6. According to the passage , all of the following led to the development of writing EXCEPT the
(A) need to keep records
(B) desire to write down beliefs
(C) extraction of ink from plants
(D) growth of social complexity
7. The word chronicle in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) repeat
(B) exchange
(C) understand
(D) describe
8. According to the passage , how did the shift to agricultural societies impact people's family
relationships?
(A) The extended family became less important.
(B) Immediate neighbors often became family members.
(C) The nuclear family became self-sufficient.
(D) Family members began to wok together to raise food.
9. The author mentions all of the following as results of the shift to agricultural societies EXCEPT
(A) an increase in invention and innovation
(B) emergence of towns and cities
(C) development of a system of trade
(D) a decrease in warfare
10. Which of the following is true about the human diet prior to the Neolithic period?
(A) It consisted mainly of agricultural products
(B) It varied according to family size.
(C) It was based on hunting and gathering.
(D) It was transformed when large numbers of people no longer depended on the grain they grew
themselves.
PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC
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托福閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)劃分最全解讀
