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TPO4托福閱讀Passage2原文+題目+答案解析

TPO4托福閱讀Passage2原文文本

Cave Art in Europe

The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.

The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.

The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.

TPO4托福閱讀Passage2題目

Question 1 of 14

The word “marked ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. considerable

B. surprising

C. limited

D. adequate

Question 2 of 14

Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?

A. It is much older than painting in Australia.

B. It is as much as 28,000 years old.

C. It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.

D. It is much more than 30,000 years old.

Question 3 of 14

The word “principal ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. major

B. likely

C. well protected

D. distinct

Question 4 of 14

According to paragraph 2, what makes some researchers think that certain cave paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?

A. The paintings were located where many people could easily see them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.

B. Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.

C. Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.

D. The paintings were found in hard-to-reach places away from the inhabited parts of the cave.

Question 5 of 14

The word “trappings ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. conditions

B. problems

C. influences

D. decorations

Question 6 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.

B. Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.

C. If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

D. Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.

Question 7 of 14

According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that

A. Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen

B. the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting

C. the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls

D. Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting

Question 8 of 14

Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing ”?

A. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce

B. To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting

C. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period

D. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period

Question 9 of 14

According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.

B. People preferred these animals for their meat and for their skins.

C. The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.

D. People feared these animals because of their size and speed.

Question 10 of 14

According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?

A. Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.

B. Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reindeer because of their size and speed.

C. Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.

D. Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.

Question 11 of 14

According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the Upper Paleolithic?

A. This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.

B. This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.

C. This new art no longer consists mostly of representations of animals.

D. This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.

Question 12 of 14

According to paragraph 5, which of the following has been used as evidence to suggest that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and conscious awareness of their environment?

A. They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.

B. They may have used engraved signs to record the phases of the Moon.

C. Their figurines represented the human female in exaggerated form.

D. They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed..

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity’s earliest artistic efforts.

A.Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.

B.The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.

C.Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.

D.The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.

E.Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.

F.Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.

TPO4托福閱讀Passage2解析

Question 1 of 14

正確答案：A

題目解析：mark: 標(biāo)記，marked: 明顯的，顯著的。對應(yīng)原文：We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill.所在句的上半句講我們認(rèn)為artistic efforts是比較粗劣的，后面來了個轉(zhuǎn)折，說他們應(yīng)該有怎么樣的技巧，considerable相當(dāng)?shù)模_。limited感情色彩反了，surprise意思太夸張，而且surprise也不一定是好，adequate意思過了。

Question 2 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：B 此題答案中的關(guān)鍵詞很容易找，故使用排除法，從答案中都可以推斷出問的是畫的年代。原文一共提到了三個地方巖畫的年齡，南非28000年前，歐洲和南非一樣，澳洲30000年前，所以澳洲老，A錯，同時D也錯;B說28000年前，原文既然說歐洲和非洲一樣，當(dāng)然也是28000年前，所以B對;C剛好和原文說反，錯。

Question 3 of 14

正確答案：A

題目解析：principal: 主要的。A是主要的;B是可能的;C是很好地保護(hù);D是獨特的，明顯的。所以A的major是答案。對應(yīng)原文：The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe…說研究人員找到了三個什么樣的地方存在巖畫，這道題三個錯誤答案帶進(jìn)去都對，所以這個就是靠認(rèn)識的了。

Question 4 of 14

正確答案：D

題目解析：D 以magical-religious activities做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三個位置，inner reach和difficult to access都說明D是正確的，因為四個答案中只有D提到了hard-to-reach places。

Question 5 of 14

正確答案：D

題目解析：D trappings: 裝飾。trap最常見的意思是捕獵或者陷阱，但注意trappings，而且只有復(fù)數(shù)的時候有一個意思是裝飾物。

Question 6 of 14

正確答案：C

題目解析：C 原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是舊石器時代的人相信blablabla，如果真是這樣，blablabla。A選項缺了如果真是這樣那部分，缺失重要信息，錯;B也犯了同樣錯誤，而且B還偷換了原文的陳述對象，原文說upper Paleolithic的人怎么怎么樣，被B換成了現(xiàn)代人怎么怎么樣;C正確;D剛好說反了，不是不能解釋，而是這個是可能的解釋，錯。

Question 7 of 14

正確答案：D

題目解析：問作者解釋了chips in the painted animal figures是為什么，往前找：Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.找到之前的another explanation那句，說這些人把畫的重點放在動物身上是為了提升自己在打獵時候的運(yùn)氣，所以D正確。B在倒數(shù)第二句有提到，但是這冥想是另外一個觀點，從前一句的But知道，這已經(jīng)和前文形成了轉(zhuǎn)折，所以不是例子想要支撐的觀點;AC在原文未提及。

Question 8 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：功能目的題，例子所在的那句說當(dāng)獵物變少的時候，這樣的巖畫達(dá)到了高峰，往前看，之前一句說人們之所以畫這樣的畫是因為想得到更多的獵物，所以這句話就是證明畫畫是想要更多的獵物，答案B正確。

Question 9 of 14

正確答案：C

題目解析：C 排除法，所有答案集中在這段的二四兩句，第四句說到A和D兩個答案，第二句說到B答案，原文只是說大的動物多畫，沒說是因為畫畫的人喜歡大動物的美，C沒說，選。

Question 10 of 14

正確答案：A

題目解析：A 以deer和reindeer做關(guān)鍵詞定位至原文第五句，接上題，說大的動物比諸如deer和reindeer這類小動物更多出現(xiàn)在巖畫上，前文說因為怕那些大動物的很多方面才畫，所以A對，B將兩個概念雜合到一起，而且原文沒說獵人對deer不感興趣，錯;9題B項說對，所以10題C項錯;原文說有horn的是大型動物，不是deer，D錯

Question 11 of 14

正確答案：C

題目解析：以following the upper Paleolithic做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后兩句：But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals. 這句話說：當(dāng)獲取食物不再依賴于捕獵大型動物，這個繪畫藝術(shù)就不在專注于展現(xiàn)動物，C正確;A錯，原文并沒說不畫大動物之后，就轉(zhuǎn)向小型動物;還是反映生活的，B錯;D從來沒說。

Question 12 of 14

正確答案：B

題目解析：B，以complex thought and conscious awareness做關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段第四句，因為有個代詞it，說明這句跟前面的第三句有聯(lián)系，前一句的具體例子是記錄月相，B正確。

Question 13 of 14

正確答案：C

題目解析：C 三個過渡點，hunting說明D選項不可能，排除掉;some other explanation說明之前必須有其他的解釋，但這個沒用上;第三個就是therefore所表示的因果關(guān)系;A選項后的this與上文的指代關(guān)系明顯，所以A排除;B選項之前有spears thrown at drawings，之后有having been speared，過渡緊密，排除，所以只有C正確，代入發(fā)現(xiàn)后面果然是另外一個explanation，所以C對。

Question 14 of 14

正確答案：AEF

題目解析：文章標(biāo)題暗示有幾種展開方向：藝術(shù)的特點(現(xiàn)象描述)/藝術(shù)的發(fā)展(歷史敘述)/為什么畫這些藝術(shù)(現(xiàn)象解釋) 首段說舊石器時代藝術(shù)水平高，年代久，算是背景介紹 二段進(jìn)入主題，說藝術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)的3個位置。 三段說一個特點，主要畫動物，給出解釋，各有褒貶。 四段說兩個人的觀點，給出正面支持。 五段從主題引申，扯到其他藝術(shù)。 引出句概括首段內(nèi)容，正確答案應(yīng)概括以后各段大意。 A(researchers have proposed)選項對應(yīng)整個第三段，提出了三個主要畫動物的解釋，正確。 B(the art)選項文章沒有說，不選。 C(some researchers believe)選項文章沒有說，不選。 D(the cave)選項原文沒說，不選。 E(some researchers have)選項對應(yīng)原文第四段，正確。 F(besides)選項對應(yīng)第五段，正確.

托福閱讀材料：有關(guān)房間的整理　　

英國一項調(diào)查顯示，七成調(diào)查對象沒時間在家中打掃衛(wèi)生，近六成覺得家里臟亂差，自己仿佛住在“豬圈”中。

專家建議，不妨每天花幾分鐘清掃家中一部分，便可輕松維持整潔，更益身心健康。

七成人沒時間收拾家里

清潔用品企業(yè)海綿制造公司調(diào)查2000名英國人的家庭衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣。結(jié)果顯示，大約七成調(diào)查對象沒時間做除塵、掃地、清潔浴室等日常清掃工作。

調(diào)查對象中，42%從未給家里來一次全面大掃除。即便是勤快人，上一次大掃除也是在大約5個月前。

調(diào)查對象中，超過一成已至少一個月未清理浴室，另有一成一年多未熨衣服;一成至少一個月未使用真空吸塵器;5%從不擦窗戶;5%上一次拖地還是一年前;5%從不洗衣服。

調(diào)查對象中，63%覺得家中衛(wèi)生狀況不盡如人意;60%承認(rèn)自己家從來沒有一塵不染的時候;57%覺得自己家仿佛“豬圈”;三分之一因家中臟亂差遭親戚朋友批評;超過半數(shù)因家中亂糟糟與伴侶發(fā)生口角。

九成人自認(rèn)講究整潔

家中如此情況如何見人?調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，73%的調(diào)查對象常在客人到訪前把雜物塞在墊子下或沙發(fā)后;60%鎖上某間房，以免客人看到一團(tuán)亂;超過兩成曾因為家中一團(tuán)亂而將他人拒之門外。

至于原因，超過三成認(rèn)為自己太忙，實在沒有時間打掃衛(wèi)生;另有39%坦承自己不喜歡清掃;21%則覺得自己不善于打掃。大約四分之一的調(diào)查對象認(rèn)為，相對家中衛(wèi)生狀況，還有更重要的事情要做。

不過，無論家中臟亂成什么樣，九成調(diào)查對象認(rèn)為自己是講究整潔的人。

海綿制造公司發(fā)言人建議化整為零，利用小塊時間打掃局部，積少成多。

“家庭衛(wèi)生”英語怎么說?

domestic hygiene

雙語例句

1. This indicated fully that public's domestic hygiene consciousness is generally high. 這充分表明，公眾的家庭衛(wèi)生意識普遍較高。

2. Founded in 1994 with the focus on research and development of anti-insect product for family health. 創(chuàng)辦與1994年，專注于家庭衛(wèi)生殺蟲系列產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營。

3. The textile articles are sterilized by boiling or other method for personal and family hygiene. 為了個人和家庭衛(wèi)生，紡織品可以通過沸煮或其它方式消毒。

4. Philips Charts Course for Future of Healthcare with Focus on Home Healthcare Solutions. 飛利浦圖表為未來的醫(yī)療保健，重點是家庭衛(wèi)生保健解決方案。

5. Should attach importance to the family and kindergarten children's mental health problem. 家庭和幼兒園都應(yīng)重視幼兒的心理衛(wèi)生問題。

托福閱讀材料：超市如何“偷走”我們的錢　

Do you ever wander through the grocery store and end up spending more than you were budgeting for? Don't beat yourself up over it — supermarkets actually have several different strategies to trick customers into blowing bucks. Be on the alert and watch out for the sneaky psychology tactics these stores will try to use on you.

你有過在超市里逛來逛去，最后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)買的比預(yù)計要多嗎?對此你不用自責(zé)——事實上，超市為了誘導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者買更多東西，有很多不同的策略。對這些超市試圖用在你身上的心理學(xué)詭計，你可要保持警惕。

1. 10 For

1. 10元錢買10樣

10 for sounds like a great deal. However, you'll get the same savings even if you only buy one item, according to the New York Times. A grocery store survey recently found that people bought way more items when they see 10 for deals vs. five for and one for class="main">