分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容
托福閱讀只了解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)是不能解決所有問(wèn)題的，因?yàn)楹芏鄦?wèn)題是需要在每個(gè)段落的具體內(nèi)容中找到，所以今天我們就來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)說(shuō)文章段落的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律，話不多說(shuō)，咱們直接進(jìn)入主題。
分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容
段落結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律是“TS+D”
TS:即topic sentence 主旨句，表達(dá)段落的主旨。
D:即detail 細(xì)節(jié)，為了說(shuō)明段落主旨，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容。
主旨句一般在段落的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾句群(也就是前1-2句或者是倒數(shù)1-2句);細(xì)節(jié)又可以由explanation/elaboration/example/evaluation等組成，當(dāng)然每個(gè)段落不一定這四項(xiàng)都有，或許只有example，或許是explanation+example，也或許是elaboration+example等等。同時(shí)在讀每個(gè)段落的細(xì)節(jié)部分的時(shí)候，需要注意一些標(biāo)志詞，比如：first, second, third...，on the one hand...on the other hand...,some...others...
接下來(lái)，我們一起在文章中看看這一規(guī)律的可靠性吧。
還是以TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy為例，我們?cè)谏洗纹陆Y(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，把段落主要內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充完整。
TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy原文
【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics andcontinental drift, mountain building, andearthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electricgenerators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form whenunderground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface regionof hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water isusually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; lesstypically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water isbrought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
第一段：介紹地?zé)崮埽遣⒘械恼撟C段落。
1.地?zé)崮艿膩?lái)源及應(yīng)用(注意第2句的also)
2.地?zé)崮鼙焕玫倪^(guò)程
【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively lowtemperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in thistemperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, andindustrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm undergroundwater drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital ofIceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generatingelectricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; naturalhot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surfacewater seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by therecent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs atThe Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity tomeet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then inits third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because ofover development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were inoperation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about amillion people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
第二、三段：地?zé)崮艿睦?/p>
第二段：地?zé)崮苡糜谌∨?
1.最豐富的地?zé)崮苄问浇橛?0到180攝氏度(引出新的論述點(diǎn))。
2.在此溫度范圍內(nèi)的熱儲(chǔ)內(nèi)循環(huán)的水可以用于取暖。
3.列舉如何利用地?zé)崮?討論范圍的縮小-暗示舉例)
第三段：地?zé)崮苡糜诎l(fā)電
1.溫度高于180攝氏度的地?zé)醿?chǔ)集層可用來(lái)發(fā)電(引出新的論述點(diǎn))。
2.這類地?zé)醿?chǔ)集層所在的主要地區(qū)及三種主要形式。
3.就最后一種形式進(jìn)行舉例并說(shuō)明其問(wèn)題(概念由抽象到具體-舉例)。
4.地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電應(yīng)用范圍依然很廣。
【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks mustbe fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. Therocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under wayto develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmentalproblems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without beingreplaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returnedto the ground from which they were removed.
第四、五段：地?zé)崮芩a(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題
第四段：地?zé)崮艿拈_(kāi)發(fā)所面臨的問(wèn)題
1.一個(gè)更大的難題：巖石需要裂縫才能讓水流通，且水必須是人工提供的(引出新的論點(diǎn))。
2.解決難題的方法：通過(guò)泵入高壓水可以將巖石斷裂;此實(shí)驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行之中。
第五段：地?zé)崮艿拈_(kāi)發(fā)所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境問(wèn)題
1.地?zé)崮芫哂幸恍┉h(huán)境問(wèn)題(引出新的論點(diǎn))。
2.如果抽取地下熱水而又不泵回，地表就會(huì)下沉。
3.地?zé)峒訜岬乃袕臒釒r中溶出的鹽分和有毒物質(zhì)，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生處理方面的問(wèn)題。
(2.3都是對(duì)1的列舉論述)
【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawnout of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geologicalprocesses by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)theresource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. Atpresent, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy canmake important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and theeconomics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermalenergy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until wellinto the twenty-first century, if ever.
第六段：地?zé)崮荛_(kāi)發(fā)利用的前景
1.地?zé)崮軐?duì)世界能源未來(lái)的貢獻(xiàn)是難以估量的。
2.地?zé)崮茉谀撤N意義上講是不可再生的，并解釋為何不可再生。
3.轉(zhuǎn)折說(shuō)很多地區(qū)地?zé)崮軆?chǔ)量很大。
4.再轉(zhuǎn)折：利用地?zé)崮苄问接邢?，所以地?zé)崮苤荒茏龀鼍植控暙I(xiàn)。
5.做出預(yù)測(cè)：估計(jì)要到二十一世紀(jì)才能對(duì)世界的能源預(yù)算做出大的貢獻(xiàn)。
(2-5對(duì)1展開(kāi)論述)
這樣的分析之后，你是否發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)這篇文章是不是已經(jīng)完全被你拿下了?在分析段落主要內(nèi)容的過(guò)程中，哪怕有生詞難句，我們也都可以進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，實(shí)現(xiàn)快速準(zhǔn)確的閱讀。不僅如此，這樣的分析，還可以幫你訓(xùn)練良好的寫作思路，你想想，在獨(dú)立寫作的主題論述段落，我們是不是完全可以模仿這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，使你的作文取得高分啊!試著去用一下吧!
新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：達(dá)達(dá)派
達(dá)達(dá)派(Dada)
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后, 達(dá)達(dá)派(Dada)由瑞士向歐洲蔓延了出來(lái). 當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他還有立體派, 表現(xiàn)派, 未來(lái)派等畫派在歐洲盤據(jù)地盤, 但每一個(gè)都逃不出達(dá)達(dá)派的批判. 因?yàn)檫_(dá)達(dá)派如表現(xiàn)派般厭惡戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)而厭惡過(guò)去, 但程度上比未來(lái)派還要激進(jìn). 他們大膽的摧毀一切舊有的傳統(tǒng), 而采取無(wú)理性的表現(xiàn)方式. 達(dá)達(dá)派的表現(xiàn)方式著重在天然形成與自由涂寫. 他們喜歡用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成為一個(gè)新的藝術(shù). 例如, 把色紙剪成塊狀(有一點(diǎn)兒像野獸派大師馬蒂斯后期的表現(xiàn)方法)然后讓他們自由飄散在地上, 而取得靈感. 達(dá)達(dá)派的文學(xué)家把報(bào)紙的字母寫下, 然后抖動(dòng)他們?cè)僖雷帜傅淖匀慌帕谐闪艘皇仔略?shī)(這又有點(diǎn)像臺(tái)灣的乩童在上身后鬼畫符一番, 之后再由旁人解說(shuō)). 所以達(dá)達(dá)派的創(chuàng)作是象征的且無(wú)定形的呈現(xiàn)(因?yàn)樗麄円膊恢蓝锻旰髸?huì)成什么樣子). 我想達(dá)達(dá)派最大的成就, 應(yīng)該是讓當(dāng)時(shí)的人有完全逆向思考的機(jī)會(huì). 大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后, 德國(guó), 法國(guó), 甚至隔海的美國(guó)都有不少人從事此風(fēng)格的創(chuàng)作.
新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義
超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義(Surrealism)
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)完畢后的幾年, 人們開(kāi)始懷疑理性主義, 雖理性主義然使歐洲的文化, 政治達(dá)到頂峰但還是發(fā)生了恐怖一次大戰(zhàn). 雖然達(dá)達(dá)派(Dada)的藝術(shù)風(fēng)靡了當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲畫壇. 但是把印了字的紙片灑在地上作詩(shī), 似乎太過(guò)消極了. 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義(Surrealism)這時(shí)開(kāi)始萌芽了. 1924年, 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的創(chuàng)始人, 也是達(dá)達(dá)派的詩(shī)人與評(píng)論家-安德烈布爾頓發(fā)表了"超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是結(jié)合了意識(shí)的和無(wú)意識(shí)的精神領(lǐng)域在每天的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中而完成世界的美夢(mèng)與幻想. 簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō), 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義不但重視人類意識(shí)的思考, 另外更重視下意識(shí)的范疇. 他們用科學(xué)的方法研究人在無(wú)意中畫出的圖畫, 信手寫出的字, 小孩或瘋子的圖畫, 結(jié)合心理學(xué)與精神病學(xué)的原理, 配合上人的夢(mèng)境與幻想. 結(jié)論是: 美是在解放了的意識(shí)中那些不可思議的幻象與夢(mèng)境. 所以超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是一種超理性, 超意識(shí)的藝術(shù). 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的畫家不受理性主義的限制而憑本能及想象, 表現(xiàn)超現(xiàn)實(shí)的題材. 他們自由自在的生活在一種時(shí)空交錯(cuò)的空間, 不受空間與時(shí)間的束縛, 表現(xiàn)出比現(xiàn)實(shí)世界更真實(shí)更有意義. 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義首先在法國(guó)展開(kāi), 立即受西班牙畫家的歡迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是單純的美術(shù)改革運(yùn)動(dòng), 不久也影響到了文學(xué), 雕刻, 戲劇, 戲劇舞臺(tái), 電影, 建筑等其它的應(yīng)用藝術(shù), 所以超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義可以說(shuō)是影響全世界的新文藝運(yùn)動(dòng). 但在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí), 大量的藝術(shù)家遷往美國(guó), 同時(shí)影響美國(guó)超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的風(fēng)行. 1945年后"新具象"在藝術(shù)之都巴黎興起, 超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義才漸漸沒(méi)落
新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：polymer gels
polymer gels一種聚合凝膠
The following information was part of our display for the SET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.
A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.
The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.
This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.
In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.
Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.
The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.
分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容相關(guān)文章：
★ 托福閱讀拿分秘訣
★ 托福閱讀高分錦囊
分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容
