雅思作文經(jīng)濟(jì)類詞匯
寫作需要大量的詞匯為基礎(chǔ),下面小編為了助力大家備考雅思寫作,給你們分享一些經(jīng)濟(jì)類的詞匯,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
雅思大作文必備單詞社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)類
market economy市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì);
market failure市場(chǎng)失靈;
inflation通貨膨脹;
microeconomics微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué);
macroeconomics宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué);
import進(jìn)口;
export出口;
quantity demanded需求量;
quantity supplied供給量;
surplus過剩;
shortage短缺;
urbanization城市化
centralization集中化
imbalance不平衡
in the long run從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)角度而言
infrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
booming繁榮發(fā)展的
tertiary industry第三產(chǎn)業(yè)
tranquility寧靜
revenue稅收
commercialization商業(yè)化
traffic congestion交通擁擠
water scarcity水短缺
the environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染
over-industrialization過度工業(yè)化
over-crowdedness過度擁擠
unemployment失業(yè)
wealth distribution財(cái)富分配
social instability社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩
urban construction城市建設(shè)
population explosion人口激增
a rising crime rate犯罪率上升
drain of energy and resources能源和資源消耗
offer more job opportunities提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)
a rapid pace of life快節(jié)奏生活
stress-related illnesses與壓力有關(guān)的疾病
2016年10月29日雅思考試大作文范文(經(jīng)濟(jì)類題材)
Task:Is it a good thing for the senior managers to have better salaries than other workers in a company or organization?To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Sample answer:
If Karl Marx was still alive in the word, chances are that he would frown upon the widening disparity between the well-paid senior staff, who are in charge of lifeblood of the company and other workers who are heavily exploited of the view that the salary should be in line with the hierarchy of staff in their companies.
The staff who are in the relatively high level in companies assume more accountability of the operation of companies, which justifies the status qua that are supposed to be better rewarded. The senior members' responsibilities do not only confine in the office trifles such as printing the files for the meeting, or work out a balance sheet for the financial quarter. Instead, they are under the massive pressure to be insightful policy makers who are seemingly at ease with daunting tasks, because one of the their minor mistakes is likely to trigger a blunder, bringing inevitable financial loss to their companies.
On the other hand, the high salary of the senior staff can also serve as incentive to their subordinates. Monetary reward, materialistic as it might be, can stir more motivation of staff, because it is a conspicuous fact that a decent salary is the foundation of the daily life. With the seductive payback, workers are more willing to fulfill their duties with higher quality and the talent of the able would be fully tapped to the benefit for companies and themselves.
Of course, the dark sides cannot be neglected due to its advantages the high salary brings. Certain senior members share the lion’s share of benefit and the rest of it is then allocated to majority of junior employees. This income gap is a dormant factor that can damage the rapport of the members and undermine the overall moral and collaboration of different levels of staff.
In conclusion, the principle of “no pain no gain” still works as a maxim in the modern companies. Egalitarianism is only a Utopian depiction, while utilitarianism has the final say.
雅思寫作提高--轉(zhuǎn)變思維是唯一辦法
如果說有什么方法可以提高雅思寫作成績(jī),我想從根本上提高的唯一辦法就是轉(zhuǎn)變思維方式,也就是把中式思維向英式思維靠攏,只有這樣才能符合雅思考官的喜好,才能得高分。本文中,將具體介紹一下中式思維和英式思維的區(qū)別,以及怎樣才能寫出更符合雅思考官要求的作文。
事實(shí)上,如果腦袋里有一個(gè)中文的概念或者想法,要用英文來表達(dá)的時(shí)候總是免不了緊張,因?yàn)橛捎谥杏蓢?a href='http://www.yishupeixun.net/zixun/wenhua/' target='_blank'>文化不同,很多東西無法表達(dá)----非??赡懿皇且?yàn)榭忌恼Z言問題,而是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)中國的概念在英文里面根本就不存在。有數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)過中英兩國語言的詞匯量只有40%能互通(所謂的equivalent),而這就意味著剩余的60%的表達(dá)肯定是和原文有很大出入的。
甚至很多我們生活中經(jīng)常使用的語言,不假思索就能說出的概念,在英語文化里很可能根本就沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá),例如“熱鬧”這個(gè)詞,考生們可以試試能否在英文單詞中找到讓你滿意的對(duì)得上號(hào)的詞?!斑@個(gè)地方很熱鬧”這句話,根據(jù)語境可以有不同的翻譯,但是總體而言,“熱鬧”作為一個(gè)詞來說,在英文里幾乎是沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的。
正因?yàn)槿绱?,我們才?qiáng)調(diào),寫英語作文,說英語口語,要用英語思維,不要用中式思維。這對(duì)于很多人來說是個(gè)很空洞的概念,只有當(dāng)你真正用英語與外國人交流的時(shí)候才會(huì)體會(huì)到英式思維的重要性。
這的確很難,因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谥惺剿季S里面扎根的太深了。事實(shí)上,這也和兩國語言本身的特點(diǎn)有關(guān)。魯迅就說過,中文和外文比,吃虧就吃在不夠精確,具體到單詞水平,就是“詞匯量少”。因?yàn)樵~匯量少,因此中文特別講究“上下文”,一個(gè)模糊的詞只有在一個(gè)特定的語境里面才能讓讀者感到一個(gè)特定的意思。
相比而言,英文在這方面就不是這樣,具體的說,大部分英語詞都是有著非常確定的意思的,因此,那些在中文里面需要聯(lián)系上下文才能端倪出的細(xì)微差別,也許在英文里面只是另一個(gè)單詞而已。記住這點(diǎn),筆者下面所說的也許會(huì)對(duì)諸位有用,在這里,筆者提供一個(gè)方法,就是如果你腦袋中有一個(gè)想法的話,仔細(xì)想想你到底想精確說的是什么意思。比如,當(dāng)你想說某一個(gè)命題錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候,你最好想清楚它到底錯(cuò)在哪里,“illogical, irresponsible, biased, prejudice, fallacy, untrue”這些詞之間都有著或大或小的差別,所以主要想看你到底想說的是什么。
所以,諸位想鍛煉寫作的話,建議要做的第一樣功課,就是求精細(xì)。只有你自己求精細(xì)了,才能發(fā)現(xiàn)報(bào)刊、書籍中對(duì)相近的概念的不同表達(dá)法的精妙之處,才會(huì)由衷地為某篇文章的一個(gè)用詞會(huì)心一笑。寫作就是思維表達(dá)的一種形式。西方人直線式的思維方式體現(xiàn)在語言上就是西方人說話寫文章喜歡開門見山,把關(guān)鍵性的話放在開頭,然后再論及其它次要的內(nèi)容。
而寫作涉及到語言的方方面面,從語言的結(jié)構(gòu)上來說最基本的因素包括遣詞、造句和篇章。螺旋與直入的思維差異就會(huì)影響到這些方面,具體包括修飾語與中心詞、句子和篇章。
修飾語與中心詞
英語的修飾語,如介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、定語從句等皆放在被修飾語的后面;而漢語的修飾語無論長(zhǎng)短、繁簡(jiǎn),皆置于被修飾語的前面。體現(xiàn)了直入與螺旋的不同的思維方式。例如:
1. The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from the pollution by all kinds of industrial harmful waste gases.
漢語“全世界的科學(xué)家”,修飾語在前,中心詞在后,而英語則是中心詞在前,修飾語在后?!皟艋諝?、防止空氣受到各種有害工業(yè)廢氣污染的有效方法”同樣是修飾語在前,中心詞在后,而英語則相反。
2. We appreciate your words about the relations between our two countries.
漢語“有關(guān)我們兩國關(guān)系的談話”,修飾語在前,中心詞在后,而英語則是中心詞在前,修飾語在后。“有關(guān)我們兩國關(guān)系”,同樣是修飾語在前,中心詞在后,而英語則相反。
3. The hungry boy ate up everything he could have his hands on from the refrigerator.
“他從冰箱里所能拿到的吃的東西”,修飾語在前,中心詞在后,而英語則是中心詞在前,修飾語在后。
4. The problem arose of how to fairly distribute the world natural resources.
比較而言,該句主語太長(zhǎng),謂語太短,構(gòu)成了不連續(xù)性修飾語,不過還是有些突兀,但修飾語還得后置。而漢語“怎樣合理分配世界自然資然的問題”仍是修飾語在前,中心詞在后。
句子
英語句子開門見山,其主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是全句的“綱”,其余成份是“目”,一般先下結(jié)論,后敘事,從近到遠(yuǎn),新近發(fā)生的事先出現(xiàn),重心落在句首。漢語句子一般以邏輯關(guān)系和時(shí)間的先后順序排列,一般先敘事,后下結(jié)論,由遠(yuǎn)及近,重心落在句尾。這種差異體現(xiàn)了直入與螺旋的不同的思維方式。
中國學(xué)生在英語寫作時(shí)往往會(huì)受漢語思維的影響,寫出下面的句子:
1. When I stayed in Guangzhou last month, you helped me. I am grateful for that.
2. Tom’s mother died when he was only two years old, so he did not remember her.
3. After we left China in 1959, the natural calamities happened one after another for three years in the country. While we read about it at home, we had been dismayed.
4. It looked rain that evening, yet Dad came all the same. That made us very joyful.
如果按英語直入的思維方式,以上幾句要改寫成:
1. I am very grateful for your help to me during my stay in Guangzhou last month.
2. Tom did not remember his mother who died when he was only two years old.
3. We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that happened one after another for three years after we left China in 1959.
4. It looked rain that evening, yet to our great joy, Dad came all the same.
這種思維方式的轉(zhuǎn)換要是更復(fù)雜一點(diǎn),對(duì)中國學(xué)生來說,是需要操練的。例如:
1. 我認(rèn)為如果他們初次相識(shí)時(shí),她很窮,他未必會(huì)愛她。這位女性由于對(duì)他有好感而幫助他,使他心存感激,這種感激之情很容易發(fā)展成為真摯的愛情。
I do not suppose he would have loved her if she had been poor when he first knew her, but the gratitude which he felt for the help which he owed to her kindly interest in him easily developed into a sincere affection. (條件關(guān)系和多層因果關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)換)
2. 她去深圳參加一個(gè)會(huì)議,會(huì)議結(jié)束后,她就到香港去購物,昨天才回來。
She came back yesterday from Hong Kong where she had gone shopping after the meeting in Shenzhen.(時(shí)間順序的轉(zhuǎn)換)
段落篇章
總體而言,英文篇章,一般都采用直線型的形式,尤其是說明文和議論文,更是一般——具體式的。英語篇章是a writer-responsible pattern, 即作者在篇章中有責(zé)任、有義務(wù)向讀者交代其主旨或目的。為使讀者省時(shí)高效,英語篇章開門見山,一開頭就直接點(diǎn)明段落的主題句 (topic sentence) 或全文的中心思想 (thesis statement), 即亮明作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、看法等;或者以引言開門,即“首先用一個(gè)熟悉的事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、故事、引言等開頭,然后直接見到作者全文的觀點(diǎn)思想”。
由以上分析可知,西方人的直線式思維和中國人的螺旋式思維存在明顯的差異,體現(xiàn)在語言中,幾乎滲透到語言的各個(gè)單位,包括詞匯、句子、段落和全篇。當(dāng)然,筆者無意說思維模式孰好孰壞,正如我們不能斷言文化模式孰好孰壞一樣。但作為學(xué)英語的中國人,學(xué)原汁原味的語言是我們要達(dá)到的最高境界。自然,這里的語言也應(yīng)包括discourse或text。
因此考生們要知道,一種思維是一種文化長(zhǎng)期的積淀,它已進(jìn)入該民族的潛意識(shí),根深蒂固,如果只學(xué)語言本身,不會(huì)知其所以然,一旦到了使用語言時(shí),漢語思維自然突現(xiàn),寫出Chinglish, 渾然不知。此外,建議考生多背誦和模仿英語經(jīng)典文章,如《新概念英語》第三冊(cè)上的文章,筆者認(rèn)為皆為語言的精華,不但文詞優(yōu)美,每課都是一篇范文,原汁原味,多讀這樣的文章,一定會(huì)有所啟發(fā)。由此看來,老生常談而又令人費(fèi)解的“學(xué)會(huì)用英語思維”,倒不如換個(gè)說法——學(xué)會(huì)英漢思維轉(zhuǎn)換,即懂得英漢思維的差異,在平時(shí)讀書的時(shí)候去真實(shí)地領(lǐng)悟,久而久之,就能寫出地道的英文來,至少不會(huì)寫出那么多的Chinglish。
綜上所述,想要取得雅思寫作7分甚至更高的分?jǐn)?shù),單靠所謂的模板和復(fù)雜的句式是做不到的,只有從寫作思維模式上進(jìn)行改變,才有可能取得好的寫作成績(jī)。而中式思維的根深蒂固必定會(huì)對(duì)正確的英語寫作思維產(chǎn)生阻力,因此,臨摹英式思維的文章以及閱讀海外學(xué)術(shù)著作對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)變寫作思維有著至關(guān)重要的作用。
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