托福獨立寫作論證方法之因果論證
為了幫助大家備考托福，提高托福寫作分?jǐn)?shù)，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈＊毩懽髡撟C方法之因果論證，希望大家喜歡!
托福獨立寫作論證方法之因果論證
首先明確，在托福獨立寫作中怎樣的論證稱得上一個“好論證”呢?如果你的論證可以說服考官，那么這就是一個成功的論證。如果考官讀完你的論證，覺得言之無理甚至還想反駁，那就是一個比較失敗的論證，你的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)也就只能拿到20分左右。
如果你的論證整體符合邏輯，僅僅有一些小的論證瑕疵，那么寫作分?jǐn)?shù)會拿到25分左右，也就是大部分同學(xué)的目標(biāo)寫作分?jǐn)?shù)段。這5期音頻課，我會為大家講解如何做好獨立寫作中的“論證”。
首先介紹獨立寫作中常用的論證方法：因果論證;對比論證;舉例論證;數(shù)據(jù)論證;多事例論證。今天先介紹第一種論證方法：因果論證。
因果論證的邏輯關(guān)系非常直白：因為……所以……。但是很多同學(xué)都難以構(gòu)建合理的因果邏輯鏈條。比如這道題：
Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.
如果你的topic sentence是“每天布置作業(yè)可以提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績”，后面的論證就是要解釋這句話成立的原因。很多考生的的邏輯論證是：每天做作業(yè)有利于復(fù)習(xí)，因此考試可以取得高分。
這是一個中規(guī)中矩的論證，只能被評價為“說得通”，但是不會讓考官贊同為“很有道理”。那么怎樣的因果邏輯才會得到考官的青睞呢?
首先來講一個最簡單的邏輯論證套路：三段論。這是邏輯學(xué)上最簡單的一個邏輯判定過程，分為大前提、小前提以及結(jié)論三部分。舉個例子：
大前提：胖子都愛吃肉;
小前提：小明是個胖子;
結(jié)論：小明愛吃肉。
這就是一個三段式邏輯論證鏈條。這種邏輯方式成立的前提是：大前提和小前提都要在普遍認(rèn)知里是基本正確的。那我們來驗證一下以上的這個論證邏輯。
大前提“胖子都愛吃肉”的論斷不夠有說服力;小前提“小明是個胖子”是一個合理的判斷;最后得出的結(jié)論“小明愛吃肉”的說服力也就不足。
以上的這個邏輯判斷，在邏輯上雖然沒有問題，但是在推理上是有問題的，因為大前提難以成立。這種邏輯判斷在獨立寫作中就不是一個成功的論證。
下面回歸我們最開始提出的題目：
Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.
如果將論證邏輯比喻成一次旅途，那么完整的邏輯鏈條就是到達(dá)目的地的過程。如果在論證中沒有到達(dá)目的地而是中途下車，那么這個邏輯鏈條就不夠完善。上面的題目要如何利用三段式論證方法進(jìn)行論證呢?
大前提：學(xué)生每天要學(xué)習(xí)很多科目的新知識，因此一定會有所遺忘;
小前提：每天的作業(yè)可以幫助學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)，避免這種遺忘;
結(jié)論：做作業(yè)讓學(xué)生可以更好的掌握學(xué)過的知識點，因此可以提高考試成績。
再試一道題目:
Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, while other people think this way is distracting and waste time. What’s your opinion?
如果你的觀點是同意“視頻游戲課”很有效，首先就要對“effective”這個詞進(jìn)行拆解，視頻游戲課對哪方面的課程學(xué)習(xí)有效。比如你認(rèn)為視頻游戲課對于培養(yǎng)孩子的學(xué)習(xí)興趣很有效，那么這就是你要構(gòu)建的因果邏輯鏈條的首末端。下面我們用三段論方式串起來。
大前提：孩子們對于聲音、圖片以及移動的形象比較感興趣;
小前提：游戲的設(shè)計通常包含了有趣的聲音、圖片以及移動形象等吸引孩子們的要素;
結(jié)論：游戲?qū)τ谔岣吆⒆觽兊呐d趣很有效。
總結(jié)一下，三段論的方式就是，先將大前提和你的論證目的建立聯(lián)系，隨后再將小前提和你的論證目的建立聯(lián)系，這樣得出的結(jié)論就比較有說服力。
托?？荚囎魑姆段?有錢就算成功嗎
托?？荚囎魑念}目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托?？荚囎魑膮⒖挤治觯?/p>
不同意此觀點。金錢不是衡量成功的唯一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，成功的定義更應(yīng)該基于社會貢獻(xiàn)。從多角度論證金錢不是萬能的。
托福考試作文范文參考：
Since people's criteria for success differ, there is much debate over whether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I am concerned, in today's society that stresses on individual achievement, money provides the best evaluation of one's accomplishment.
To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one's achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one's earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one's success. Each year, Fortune Magazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful people throughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are no other methods to rely on.
In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one's hard work and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny the sources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual values and then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves no money at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changed my opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for in his way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms of time, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental and physical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way for self-accomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.
Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one's lifetime. As everyone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to be satisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without a certain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her material demand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificent houses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do a lot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people. All these will not only satisfy one's need for personal fulfillment, but also add grandness to one's success.
In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one's achievement. But we should keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use it to benefit the society are really successful.
托?？荚囎魑姆段?孩子是否應(yīng)該參加家務(wù)
托福考試作文題目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托?？荚囎魑膮⒖挤治觯?/p>
(1)同意孩子參加家務(wù)的人群認(rèn)為能夠讓兒童理解父母;讓兒童發(fā)展一些家務(wù)技能，還能夠讓兒童體會到成功和失敗的樂趣。本文是此觀點。
(2)不同意讓孩子做家務(wù)的人群認(rèn)為讓孩子過早參與家務(wù)勞動，而不顧孩子的承受能力，可能會導(dǎo)致孩子的逆反心理，反倒達(dá)不到教育目的。
托?？荚囎魑姆段膮⒖迹?/p>
Should children be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so? People have different opinions. Some people think that parents can do all the household tasks without children's help, children are still too young to do house work and sometimes they even make things worse. Other people, however, argue that it is very useful for children to take part in the household work. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the second opinion.
In the first place, children may have the sense of contribution when they take part in household tasks. After a child was born, the parents are always the part that gives, such as feeding, changing clothes, and bathing the baby. Others help children because they are too young to do these tasks. When they grow up, they will gradually have the ability to do something, such as washing clothes for themselves, cleaning the room for themselves. If they are required to do what they can do, after finishing their jobs and looking at the result of their jobs, such the clean clothes and the clean room, children will have a strong sense of contribution and success, which will help them form a good personal character.
In the second place, participating the household tasks will teach children how to cooperate with other people. For instance, when doing a house cleaning, one person cannot finish it all by oneself. Different tasks should be divided among several people. For example, dad cleans the windows, mom cleans the kitchen, boys clean the floor and girls decorate the wall. Gradually, children will get to know that they need to cooperate with others to make things done better and faster.
托?？荚囎魑姆段?穿校服的弊端
托福考試作文題目：Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
托?？荚囎魑膮⒖挤治觯?/p>
(1)闡述了穿校服的弊端
(2)本文觀點為同意穿校服，理由是可以保證學(xué)生的平等，對塑造學(xué)生品質(zhì)有好處;可以保證學(xué)生可以更加關(guān)注于學(xué)習(xí);還能夠維護(hù)學(xué)校的形象。
托?？荚囎魑姆段膮⒖迹?/p>
I hate uniforms! It makes all the students look the same. When I am trying to find my friend from a group of student, I always make mistake because I cannot tell the difference among the girls who are all wearing the same clothes. Moreover, I am always nervous about my uniforms since I may not have another one to change into. The other one is still waiting to be washed or is still wet. After P. E., you cannot identify which coat is mine, so I just take one that looks like it. I am sure the coat I am wearing now is not the one I had first. That is my life with uniforms.
Because everyone is against it, my school revoked this rule. Then, we could wear everything we want to. But new problems came up. Everyone began to buy new, brand name, expensive clothes and the campus because a big stage in no time. At last, the uniforms came back to our lives.
Undoubtedly, everyone has the freedom to choose what to wear and, of course, everyone wants to make himself/ herself good-looking. But when we are just students, study is our first important thing to do. Paying too much attention to attire can influence our study. Furthermore, we may spend too much money that is not earned by ourselves but come from our parents' hard working.
The reasons above cause more and more schools make a rule to forbid trendy dresses or make students wear uniforms. It is not a good way but an effective way to solve these problems.
If we want to get rid of uniforms forever, we must solve these problems by ourselves instead of the schools rule. We should earn school's trust by our behavior, then we can thoroughly say goodbye to uniforms!
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