備考雅思寫(xiě)作必備的大綱
在備考雅思寫(xiě)作考試的時(shí)候，各位考生有準(zhǔn)備大綱嗎?或者在我們寫(xiě)任何一篇文章的時(shí)候都有列提綱嗎?我們都知道，一個(gè)合理優(yōu)秀的提綱會(huì)不僅會(huì)減少寫(xiě)作時(shí)間，更能明確自己要寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容。所以寫(xiě)作大綱是我們每一個(gè)考試生都必須要會(huì)的技能。下面我們來(lái)看看到底該怎么準(zhǔn)備一篇寫(xiě)作大綱，學(xué)習(xí)啦整理如下。
備考雅思寫(xiě)作必備的大綱
了解雅寫(xiě)作考試的內(nèi)容和模式
雅思Writing Task 2所占的分?jǐn)?shù)比例比Writing Task1高，難度和對(duì)于英語(yǔ)水平的要求都比較高。花在Task1的建議時(shí)間是20分鐘，而花在Task2的建議時(shí)間是40分鐘，但也應(yīng)留小量時(shí)間在最后階段作最后檢查。在Task2這一部份，必須寫(xiě)一篇至少250字的評(píng)論或報(bào)告，測(cè)試的不只是考生的寫(xiě)作能力，同時(shí)考察考生的思考和判斷能力，因此考生們應(yīng)該對(duì)一些社會(huì)新聞和常識(shí)有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)和見(jiàn)解。
二、明確寫(xiě)作步驟
1. 分析題目
Writing Task2的問(wèn)題可分為兩類。第一類問(wèn)題需要以討論形式作答，需要講出正反兩面雙方的論點(diǎn)和自己的立場(chǎng)?？梢栽O(shè)想這是一場(chǎng)辯論比賽，但要為兩方發(fā)言，考生要寫(xiě)出足夠的證據(jù)支持自己的論點(diǎn)和反駁對(duì)立的論點(diǎn)。第二類問(wèn)題是以報(bào)告形式作答，需要多描述和發(fā)掘有關(guān)題目的處境，并不需要太著重寫(xiě)自己的意見(jiàn)，應(yīng)描述有關(guān)題目的處境和發(fā)掘事件的成因。雖然并不需要支持正/反一方的論點(diǎn)，但應(yīng)在真實(shí)的處境上提出真實(shí)的證據(jù)。
2. 考慮答案
在考慮答案時(shí)，應(yīng)能想到兩個(gè)或以上的論據(jù)支持自己的論點(diǎn)，這步驟被稱為“Brainstorming”?？忌稍谝粡埌准埳蠈?xiě)下所有在腦中浮現(xiàn)的文字，先不用理會(huì)寫(xiě)下的是否有用，可將題目也寫(xiě)在紙上，然后在圍繞題目的地方將所寫(xiě)下的文字分門(mén)別類。在第一類問(wèn)題上，應(yīng)至少想到2個(gè)或以上的支持論據(jù)，而在第二類問(wèn)題上，也應(yīng)至少想到2個(gè)或以上可供討論的話題，但無(wú)論是回答哪一類問(wèn)題，不建議寫(xiě)超過(guò)4個(gè)論據(jù)或話題，否則由于字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，文章會(huì)變得太空泛。
3. 計(jì)劃和組織答案
考生或許沒(méi)有時(shí)間完整寫(xiě)出計(jì)劃，但必須在心里組織和安排好答案。主要需要安排好4部分：
1)題目和問(wèn)題-要認(rèn)清題目的要求和找出題目中想問(wèn)的問(wèn)題;
2)介紹-這是用來(lái)表達(dá)文章的大意，如果要寫(xiě)的是一篇評(píng)論文，筆者的方向也要在這里表達(dá)出來(lái);
3)主體-如主體分為三段的話，通常前兩段是觀點(diǎn)和理由，后一段是用來(lái)平衡討論的相反觀點(diǎn);
4)結(jié)論-會(huì)包括一點(diǎn)比較次要的觀點(diǎn)。
4. 寫(xiě)答案
在一篇250字的文章中，介紹文應(yīng)占大約40個(gè)字而結(jié)論文應(yīng)占大約30個(gè)字。當(dāng)計(jì)劃好后，便可以開(kāi)始作答。
1)介紹(Introduction)
介紹文是一篇文章的“地圖”，用來(lái)提導(dǎo)讀者方向。介紹文中第一句的作用是用來(lái)說(shuō)明整篇文章的總義和介紹文章的主題。之后的一至兩句則是用來(lái)表達(dá)自己的個(gè)人意見(jiàn)(評(píng)論文)或支持論點(diǎn)的客觀事實(shí)(報(bào)告)，通常介紹文的最后一句是用來(lái)引出主體文。
2)主體(Body)
與介紹文一樣，主體文每段的第一句都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明整段的大意，之后的內(nèi)容可用連接詞(如However, Although, Not only, Also, Even though, Consequently, In addition等等)或順序詞(Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly...)連貫在一起。
在一篇文章中，連接詞盡量不要重復(fù)。如提出了一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，在同一段落里必須有支持這個(gè)論點(diǎn)的理由和證據(jù)，每段的最后一句通常用來(lái)總結(jié)整段的意思。在一篇評(píng)論文中，必須有一段相反論點(diǎn)以平衡整個(gè)討論，在這一段里，必須能有理地反駁這些相反論點(diǎn)，講出為什么要持相反意見(jiàn)?？蓮?qiáng)烈地、溫和地或只是部分地反對(duì)。
3)結(jié)論(Conclusion)
結(jié)論文的開(kāi)始通常都會(huì)用一個(gè)特別結(jié)論句式(In general, To sum up, To conclude, In conclusion等等)來(lái)串聯(lián)整段。在結(jié)論文中，條件句(Conditional sentence)(If...., ....)是非常有用的。當(dāng)然，在文章的其他位置也可以用條件句，使用條件句時(shí)，須注意有沒(méi)有文法錯(cuò)誤。
雅思寫(xiě)作范文：記者的品格
We can get knowledge from news, but some people think we can't trust the journalist, what do u think? And what do you think are the important qualities that a journalist should have?
我們能從新聞中學(xué)到知識(shí)，但有人認(rèn)為我們不能相信記者，你的看法呢?你認(rèn)為記者應(yīng)該有哪些重要的品格?
思路解析：
問(wèn)題1： 過(guò)于依賴網(wǎng)絡(luò)，不出去挖掘和發(fā)現(xiàn)新聞，總是拷貝和轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)別人的文章，缺乏原創(chuàng)性。
問(wèn)題2： 不客觀。舉例，很多記者草率的使用那些來(lái)源不可靠的信息，這會(huì)造成謠言四起。
問(wèn)題3： 缺乏職業(yè)道德。舉例，很多記者受賄了。他們隱瞞真相，誤導(dǎo)大眾，這嚴(yán)重破壞了社會(huì)媒體的民主和公平。
素質(zhì)1： 要有熱情。記者應(yīng)該到事件現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去深入了解情況，掌握第一手的資料。
素質(zhì)2： 要有責(zé)任心。舉例，記者應(yīng)該參與到第一線來(lái)收集新聞和線索，這有利于還原真相。
素質(zhì)3： 要有職業(yè)操守。舉例，記者應(yīng)該把社會(huì)利益放到自我利益之前，富貴不能淫。
參考范文：
Nowadays, the journalists are losing the prestige in the public because fewer people trust them. In my opinion, this trend is caused by some ill behaviors of them. The reasons and the good qualities of a journalist will be presents as below.
I have to concede that a large proportion of journalists are under the standards of journalism ethics, which leads to the public concerns of the qualities of news in media. Firstly, with the great convenience provided by the Internet, journalists can have an easy access to acquiring all kinds of information. Some of them then begin to repetitively copy or reproduce the news report from certain websites only by clicking the mouse in the office, instead of going outside for practical research. That is to say, these journalists are too lazy to write the original and in-depth news reports.
In addition, the lack of responsibility among journalists also contributes to the news crisis. For example, some of them write and report news by depending on unreliable information sources, so that newspapers and TVs are full of data mistakes and lies. Moreover, influential media are viewed as rumormongers, because they spread false news of natural disasters, social epidemics or terrorist attacks, incurring unnecessary panics in the public. The most worrying aspect is news objectiveness. In many cases of news crimes, bribed news editors cover and twist the truth of social issues, which misleads the public judgment, as well as damages the equity and democracy of social media.
In order to recover the faith and confidence of audience for news media, many good standards of journalist should be built up and tested. Firstly, journalists should have the professional dedication, which means a strong willing to go into the frontline of events, and make efforts of exploring and collecting the firsthand news materials. By this way, the high values of news reports can be ensured. Secondly, high-level work moralities are a must, including honesty, integrity, and law-abiding awareness. These traits can improve the immunity of news practicers from the lure of money. Besides, journalists should learn to give the priority to the social benefits, over the individual media benefits. In other words, what they report on media should be accurate, objective and accountable, rather than publishing untrue news only for attracting more audience.
In conclusion, there are many reasons why massive news media become more untrustful in the public, mainly including the loss of work passion and obligation. For the purpose of curing these ill journalists, some good qualities should be cultivated and encouraged, like the dedication, righteousness and carefulness.
(429 words)
雅思寫(xiě)作范文：青少年罪犯是否該判刑
Task：Young people who commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
思路解析：
1. 應(yīng)該，嚴(yán)肅的法律能起到一種威懾作用，讓青少年們不敢再次犯罪。舉例，今天我們對(duì)于青少年罪犯的法律懲罰實(shí)在是不痛不癢，甚至是太仁慈了，這讓年輕人藐視法律，他們會(huì)想，即使犯罪也沒(méi)什么大不。所以像成年人那樣懲罰他們很必要，比如說(shuō)關(guān)監(jiān)獄，而不是簡(jiǎn)單地口頭教導(dǎo)。這些痛苦的懲罰讓年輕人不敢隨便挑戰(zhàn)社會(huì)法規(guī)。
2. 然而，年輕人的司法體系應(yīng)該更加靈活一些，這是因?yàn)槟贻p人很年輕，不成熟，他們的犯罪動(dòng)機(jī)很可能不是那么邪惡。舉例，成年罪犯的搶劫動(dòng)機(jī)很明確，就是通過(guò)襲擊他人來(lái)獲取財(cái)富。相比之下，青少年傷害他人的行為很可能只是因?yàn)閬?lái)自同伴的壓力，或是因?yàn)橐粫r(shí)沖動(dòng)?？紤]到他們并不是有意要犯罪，所以給他們較輕的判罰是可以理解的。
參考范文：
Should young criminals be punished on the same level of adults, as some people argue? Personally, I agree with is assertion partially, while it underestimates the importance of a flexible judgment on youngsters.
The main reason of using the same standard to punish the youth is, it deters them from further crimes. Today, the main cause of juvenile crimes increasing is a lenient juvenile judicial system and milder punishments like lighter sentences, shortened prison terms, or even probation. Youngsters think they can always get off easily, regardless the seriousness of crimes. Therefore, it is necessary for juvenile offenders to be tried as strictly as adults, which lets these youngsters know that they are not exempt from heavy penalties, and not given any special consideration because of their age factor. By this way, their desires of making illegal activities would be inhibited.
However, to a large extent, juvenile judicial system should be flexible. Psychologically speaking, youngsters under the age of 18 are immature, with less social experience and concepts about social rules, or with no recognition about the consequence. In many cases, young criminals have no idea that what they do is illegal. For example, compared with adult criminals who have the definite plans and goals to make money by hunting or killing victims, the testimony of many teenage thieves and robbers proves that their movements are purposeless, and the main reasons for them to do so are no more than peer pressure and impulsiveness. Therefore, when it comes to the fact that adult criminals are intentional but young ones are unintentional, it is reasonable to treat and trial them differently.
In conclusion, a flexible juvenile judicial system should be encouraged. Although a strict punishment to young offenders as adults might be a profound education for young generations, sentences on young offenders should be lighter, considering the fact that their intentions of breaking law are fundamentally different from that of adults.
(320 words)
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