托福寫作怎么練習(xí)翻譯句子
大家都知道文章是由句子組成的，能寫出沒有語法錯誤的句子、用上好的亮點(diǎn)詞匯，是日常練習(xí)托福寫作的基礎(chǔ)。那么現(xiàn)在來學(xué)習(xí)幾個亮點(diǎn)連接詞和短語，并做一些翻譯句子練習(xí)吧。
托福寫作怎么練習(xí)翻譯句子
l Not only…but also…
用法：not only X but also Y，XY是兩個對等的成分(詞性、短語、句子)
翻譯練習(xí)：
旅游業(yè)(tourism)不但給政府帶來稅收(tax revenue)而且給很多人提供了就業(yè)機(jī)會。
賭博(gambling)不但對健康有害，而且會影響家庭和睦(harmony)。
打工不但能讓學(xué)生賺零花錢(pocket money/allowance)，而且還能讓他們學(xué)到人際交往的能力(interpersonal skills)。
現(xiàn)在很多學(xué)校的校服(school uniform)不但貴，而且還難看，質(zhì)量不好。
政府不但要多建一些公路，還要鼓勵(encourage)人們多使用公交車。
答案：
Tourism not only brings tax revenue to the government but also provides many people with job opportunities.
Gambling not only harms people’s health but also damages family harmony./Gambling is detrimental to not only people’s health but also family harmony.
Taking part-time jobs enables students to not only earn pocket money/allowance but also learn interpersonal skills.
Nowadays, many school uniforms are not only expensive/pricy but also poor in their looking and quality.
The government should not only build/construct more roads but also encourage people to use public transport.
l 最近：Currently/recently/these days/nowadays/in the modern society/in recent years
例句：現(xiàn)在越來越多的人開始相信學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識能直接幫助他們獲得工作就會或提升的機(jī)會。
Recently, an increasing number of people have begun to believe that learning new skills and knowledge can help them to get the opportunities of job or promotion.
翻譯練習(xí)：
現(xiàn)在越來越多的人認(rèn)為政府不但應(yīng)該要多建一些公路，還要鼓勵人們多使用公交車。
現(xiàn)在越來越多的人開始相信賭博不但對健康有害，而且會影響家庭和睦。
在當(dāng)代社會，越來越多的人認(rèn)為打工不但能讓學(xué)生賺零花錢，而且還能讓他們學(xué)到人際交往的能力。
近些年來，越來越多的人相信旅游業(yè)不但給政府帶來稅收而且給很多人提供了就業(yè)機(jī)會。
賓語從句介紹觀點(diǎn)：
Some people/experts say that…
Other people say that…
It is clear to me that…
The professor/writer/lecturer
says/states/explains/believes/holds that…
It is said/stated/explained/believed/held by the professor that…
翻譯練習(xí)：
這個演講者說學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識能直接幫助人們獲得工作機(jī)會或提升的機(jī)會
專家認(rèn)為政府不但應(yīng)該要多建一些公路，還要鼓勵人們多使用公交車。
這個作者相信賭博不但對健康有害，而且會影響家庭和睦。
這個演講者解釋說打工不但能讓學(xué)生賺零花錢，而且還能讓他們學(xué)到人際交往的能力。
這個教授說旅游業(yè)不但給政府帶來稅收而且給很多人提供了就業(yè)機(jī)會。
托福綜合寫作的能力要求
我們先簡單摘要綜合作文題的題目要求中的若干重點(diǎn)信息.
Read a passage about an academic topic and listen to a lecture about the same topic寫作考試前,考生需要閱讀一篇250單詞左右的文章和聽一篇相同題材類似長度的聽力材料;
A question about the relation between the lecture and the reading passage考生需要書寫一篇文章以說明該閱讀材料和聽力材料之間的關(guān)系;
Use information from the reading passage and the lecture but no personal opinion考生在寫作過程中應(yīng)合理的使用聽力和閱讀材料中的信息并不得加入個人的意見和觀點(diǎn);
Be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content考生文章的優(yōu)劣評判將基于其行文的質(zhì)量和文章內(nèi)容的完整和準(zhǔn)確性.
快速搞定托福綜合寫作之結(jié)構(gòu)分析法
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections。
可以看出，ETS并沒有規(guī)定一篇綜合寫作應(yīng)該使用某種固定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，而只是從信息點(diǎn)的準(zhǔn)確提煉，信息組織的條理性和語言的準(zhǔn)確性這幾個角度定義了一篇滿分作文。然而實(shí)踐中，這樣的指導(dǎo)性建議太為籠統(tǒng)。學(xué)生還是期望教師能夠給出一種易于理解的，安全有效的且操作性強(qiáng)的結(jié)構(gòu)，在考試時依照這個結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)建文章的主體，并以此為基礎(chǔ)填充細(xì)節(jié)，從而快速高效地完成作文。
經(jīng)過一段時間的教學(xué)，總結(jié)出兩種適合新托福綜合寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，為了形象理解，稱為“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”型和“面對面”型的結(jié)構(gòu)，本文就將對這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析和比較。
一、“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)
“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)指的是把綜合寫作中的閱讀材料和聽力材料的每一個對應(yīng)點(diǎn)都單獨(dú)提煉出來用一個段落加以闡述。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以把閱讀文章和聽力材料的對應(yīng)關(guān)系更細(xì)致地進(jìn)行說明，使文章層次感強(qiáng)，同時反映出考生提煉信息和對比信息的能力更高。
二、“面對面”的結(jié)構(gòu)
“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)指是最理想的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式，但有時候考生并不能準(zhǔn)確地尋找到閱讀和聽力材料之間的對應(yīng)點(diǎn)。這有可能是因?yàn)殚喿x和聽力材料之間的對應(yīng)點(diǎn)本身就不是很明顯，或者由于考生自身的能力問題，沒有完全聽懂或看懂，則要寫成“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式，難度會比較大。遇到這種情況，建議考生可以嘗試使用“面對面”的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式。它與“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式的區(qū)別在于，“面對面”作文的結(jié)構(gòu)并不是逐條闡述對應(yīng)點(diǎn)，而是在總得闡明聽力和閱讀文章之間的關(guān)系后，分別總結(jié)聽力材料或閱讀材料的要點(diǎn)，從“面”上闡述聽力和閱讀材料之間的聯(lián)系。
可以看出，“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”和“面對面”的結(jié)構(gòu)有各自的特點(diǎn)，但總得來說“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)在“對比型”的新托福綜合寫作中要更適用一些，因?yàn)樗馨衙茳c(diǎn)逐一呈現(xiàn)，更細(xì)致地體現(xiàn)了聽力和閱讀材料之間的關(guān)系。但掌握“面對面”的結(jié)構(gòu)也很有必要，因?yàn)樗梢赃m用一些聽力和閱讀材料之間的關(guān)系是一致、延伸或解釋型的考題。此外，在考生無法尋找到所有的對應(yīng)點(diǎn)時，用“面對面”的結(jié)構(gòu)也算是一種補(bǔ)救措施。
附：新托福綜合寫作sample answer 兩篇，針對的是同一個考題，第一篇用的是“點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)”結(jié)構(gòu)，第二篇用的是“面對面”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Sample answer 1
Urban sprawl is defined as the growth of cities in an unplanned manner, spreading outward rather than upward. Although urban sprawl brings some positive influence to our lives such as new homes and businesses, better schools, less noise and crime, etc., many people, especially environmental campaigners, see it as harmful to human life and the nature, as it robs people of nature, wiping out parks and farmland, and also brings traffic congestion to roads linking cities and suburbs。
The New Urbanism movement is designed to address urban sprawl, and communities such as Celebration in Florida, which is constructed applying New Urbanism principals, have proved very effective in solving this problem. The first principle of New Urbanism is to provide effective transportation system and environmental protection. To achieve this, the town of Celebration has a large area of greenbelt dedicated to wildlife preservation. It also has buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. New Urbanism’s second principle is to provide housing and jobs that are close together. This is reflected in Celebration’s office and apartment buildings which are all densely constructed in a small area to avoid sprawling. Finally, New Urbanism requires neighborhoods to have both single and multi-family residences, and this is exactly what can be seen in the town of Celebration, where residents live close together and find it easy to socialize。
Urban sprawl is low-density, outward growth and mostly single-family residences. Its negative effects are robbing us of our nature and having us meeting traffic jams between cities and suburbs, while its positive effects are providing home construction, new business and better schools, making less noise and causing less crime。
Sample Answer 2
New urbanism has emerged to solve the problem of urban sprawl. Regions have to create transportation systems and environmental protection; Cities need to offer housing and jobs that are close together; Neighborhoods should have single- and multi-family housing where residence can walk to stores, public transportation and parks。
Take the community of Celebration for example. It meets the goal of social and civic interaction by setting up a central market street district and housing including single- and multi-family residences. It also meets the goal of environment preservation with its good environmentally-friendly town design, and with high-rise offices and apartment buildings which help reduce the population density。
New urbanism like celebration will bring new changes to urban sprawl。
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