劍橋雅思閱讀5翻譯及精講(test4)
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劍橋雅思閱讀5原文(test4)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-3
Reading Passage 1 has three sections, A-C.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
I The expansion of international tourism in recent years
Ii How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness tourism
Iii Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there
Iv Traditional methods of food-supply in fragile regions
V Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism
Vi The economic benefits of mass tourism
1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section C
The Impact of Wilderness Tourism
A
The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.
Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘a(chǎn)dventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.
B
Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.
In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?
The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.
C
Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.
In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.
Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.
Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.
Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.
Questions 4-9
Do the following statements reflect the opinion of the writer of Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 4-9 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the opinion of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
4 The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries.
5 Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile.
6 Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas.
7 The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted in a fall in the amount of food produced locally.
8 Traditional food-gathering in desert societies was distributed evenly over the year.
9 Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering.
Questions 10-13
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
The positive ways in which some local communities have
responded to tourism
People/Location Activity
Swiss Pays d’Enhaut
Arctic communities
Acoma and San lldefonso
Navajo and Hopi Revived production of 10……………
Operate 11……………businesses
Produce and sell 12……………
Produce and sell 13……………
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass
On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.
Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated — by sunlight, for example — the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.
One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A class="main">
劍橋雅思閱讀5翻譯及精講(test4)
Questions 14-17
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 Brain Waldron
15 Trevor Ford
16 Graham Dodd
17 John Barry
List of Statements
A suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed
B regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failure
C closely examined all the glass in one building
D was involved with the construction of Bishops Walk
E recommended the rebuilding of Waterfront Place
F thinks the benefits of toughened glass are exaggerated
G claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual
H refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure
Questions 18-23
Complete the summary with the list of words A-P below.
Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.
Toughened Glass
Toughened glass in favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as 18…………… when it breaks. However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter 19…………… . This fault is a result of the manufacturing process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very 20…………… . The outer layer 21…………… before the inner layer, and the tension between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger However, if the glass contains nickel sulphide impurities, crystals of nickel sulphide are formed. These are unstable, and can expand suddenly, particularly if the weather is 22…………… . If this happens, the pane of glass may break. The frequency with which such problems occur is 23…………… by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticated equipment.
A numerous B detected C quickly
D agreed E warm F sharp
G expands H slowly I unexpectedly
J removed K contracts L disputed
M cold N moved O small
P calculated
Questions 24-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
24 Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.
25 Toughened glass has the same appearance as ordinary glass.
26 There is plenty of documented evidence available about the incidence of nickel sulphide failure.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
The effects of light on plant and animal species
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.
Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds’ breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).
The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.
Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.
28 Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.
29 Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.
30 Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.
31 Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.
32 Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abitifolia’s seasonal rhythm.
33 Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.
Questions 34-40
Complete the sentences.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
34 Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where …………… are unpredictable.
35 Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as…………… .
36 Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of …………….
37 Plants that flower when days are long often depend on …………… to help them reproduce.
38 Desert annuals respond to …………… as a signal for reproduction.
39 There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as …………… .
40 Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the …………… of plants in forestry and horticulture.
劍橋雅思閱讀5原文參考譯文(test4)
TEST 4 PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：
The Impact of Wilderness Tourism
荒野旅游的影響
A
The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.
A偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的旅游市場從未曾像現(xiàn)在這么火爆。世界各國都積極地向高消費(fèi)游客推廣它們的“荒野”地區(qū)——如髙山、極地、沙漠、小島和濕地。這些地區(qū)的吸引力是顯而易見的：從定義上看，荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投資。但是，這并不意味著發(fā)展荒野旅游不需要付出任何代價。正如1992年聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會指出的那樣，這些地區(qū)是非常脆弱的(即：在異常壓力下是極容易被破壞的)，而這種破壞不僅是就當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)學(xué)而言，而且還會影響到當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦?a href='http://www.yishupeixun.net/zixun/wenhua/' target='_blank'>文化。在以上方面以及就其所覆蓋的地表面積的比例來說，最重要的三種脆弱環(huán)境是沙漠、高山和極地。這些地區(qū)的一個重要的特征就是顯著的季節(jié)性，在每年的很多月份里都以惡劣的環(huán)境為主。因此，包括旅游在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)人類活動都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些時候。
Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘a(chǎn)dventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.
游客來到這些地方是因為他們被優(yōu)美的自然風(fēng)景和當(dāng)?shù)厝霜?dú)一無二的文化所吸引。這些地區(qū)與外界隔絕，當(dāng)?shù)刎毟F的政府很歡迎“冒險游客”的到來，這讓他們獲得了一種新的財政收人來源，尤其是游客帶來的硬通貨。近幾年來，旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)成為尼泊爾和不丹的主要外匯收入來源。對于諸如拉普蘭和阿拉斯加等北極地區(qū)和包括澳大利亞艾爾斯巖石地區(qū)和亞利桑那紀(jì)念碑山谷在內(nèi)的沙漠地區(qū)而言，旅游業(yè)也是當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的主要來源。
B
Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.
B一個地區(qū)一旦被確定為主要的旅游目的地，其對當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的影響是意義深遠(yuǎn)的。比如，當(dāng)農(nóng)夫在幾個星期內(nèi)幫外國背包客搬運(yùn)行李掙的錢多于在田里工作一年的收入時，很多農(nóng)夫放棄種田也就不足為奇了。因此，種田的工作就被轉(zhuǎn)移到家庭其他成員身上。在--些丘陵地區(qū)，這種變化導(dǎo)致了糧食產(chǎn)量的嚴(yán)重下降和當(dāng)?shù)仫嬍车母淖?，因為沒有足夠的勞力去維持梯田和灌溉系統(tǒng)以及照管農(nóng)作物。因此，這些地區(qū)的很多人已經(jīng)依靠外部供給的米和其他食物為生。
In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?
傳統(tǒng)上，在北極和沙漠地區(qū)的社區(qū)，全年的生存都依靠打獵捕魚和在相當(dāng)短的收獲季節(jié)采摘果實(shí)。然而，當(dāng)一些居民開始參與旅游業(yè)之后，他們不再有時間去捕獵采摘野果，這讓他們更加依賴于購買的食物和賣食物的商店。旅游業(yè)并不是隱藏于這些變化背后惟一的“罪魁禍?zhǔn)住保核懈缎劫Y的勞動，或者政府的救濟(jì)物都趨向破壞傳統(tǒng)生存系統(tǒng)。不管原因是什么，困境卻總是相同的：如果這些新的外來的收入來源枯竭了該怎么辦?
The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.
旅游者對環(huán)境的影響是另一個與荒野旅游的發(fā)展有聯(lián)系的嚴(yán)重問題。人們在主要的破壞問題上已經(jīng)投入了很大的注意力，但也許更重要的是濫伐問題和旅游者由于做飯和洗澡對水資源產(chǎn)生的影響。不管是在高山還是沙漠地帶，慢生型樹木通常是燃料的主要來源，而水資源也有可能由于使用過量而嚴(yán)重緊缺。
C
Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.
C過去幾年里，旅游業(yè)所帶來的問題越來越多。但是這沒有必要成為一個問題。雖然旅游業(yè)不可避免地影響著旅游地，這些脆弱的環(huán)境和當(dāng)?shù)匚幕冻龅拇鷥r可以降到最低。實(shí)際上，旅游業(yè)甚至可以成為加速當(dāng)?shù)匚幕瘡?fù)興的快車，就像尼泊爾昆布山谷的雪帕族和一些阿爾卑斯山的村莊一樣。越來越多的冒險旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)營者正在努力，以便確保他們的活動從長期來看有益于當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窈铜h(huán)境。
In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.
在瑞士阿爾卑斯地區(qū)，社區(qū)決定他們未來將依靠旅游業(yè)與當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)更有效的整合。瑞士貝伊東地區(qū)對于持續(xù)增加的別居開發(fā)采取了強(qiáng)制措施以限制其發(fā)展。這個地區(qū)的公共干酪產(chǎn)量也得到了大幅回升，給當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁┝瞬灰揽客鈦碛慰偷母煽康氖杖雭碓础?/p>
Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.
很多北極地區(qū)的旅游目的地是被外來公司開發(fā)的。這些公司雇用短期工，將大部分利潤轉(zhuǎn)移到自己國家的公司總部。但是，現(xiàn)在一些北極社區(qū)正在自主運(yùn)作旅游生意，因此能確保增加當(dāng)?shù)氐氖找?。例如，阿拉斯加本地的公司雇用本地人開展從安克雷奇到扣贊伯的空中之旅，在那里游客可以吃到北極的食物，走在苔原上，并觀看當(dāng)?shù)匾魳芳液臀璧秆輪T的表演。
Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.
美國西南部沙漠地區(qū)的當(dāng)?shù)厝艘膊扇×讼嗤牟呗?。他們鼓勵游客到印第安村莊和保留地參觀并購買質(zhì)量上乘的手工藝品和藝術(shù)品。阿科馬和珊以爾德凡索這兩個印第安村莊發(fā)展了高利潤的陶器生意，那瓦侯和候皮這兩個印第安地區(qū)在珠寶業(yè)方面也獲得了類似的成功。
Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.
當(dāng)旅游業(yè)進(jìn)入自己的家鄉(xiāng)時，居住在脆弱環(huán)境地區(qū)的很多人失去了對經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和環(huán)境的控制。因為人們想見識新地方的強(qiáng)烈愿望并不會消失，所以僅僅限制旅游業(yè)并不能消除這種不平衡。處于脆弱環(huán)境的社區(qū)必須要取得對旅游業(yè)的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅游業(yè)的要求和當(dāng)?shù)厝说男枨蠛涂释?。越來越多的社區(qū)表明，通過強(qiáng)有力的社區(qū)決策，實(shí)現(xiàn)這種平衡是完全可能的?，F(xiàn)在最棘手的問題是這種平衡的實(shí)現(xiàn)能否成為規(guī)范，而不僅僅是特例。
TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass
殘缺美：鋼化玻璃的問題
On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
1999年8月3號，天氣異常炎熱，在英國小鎮(zhèn)賽倫塞斯特上，位于主教街的一家購物中心屋頂上的一大片鋼化玻璃在沒有任何征兆的情況下突然裂成碎片并掉了下來。隨即，其生產(chǎn)者——大型玻璃制造商Pilkington公司的專家對掉落的碎片進(jìn)行了分析。經(jīng)過分析，專家?guī)缀醮_定這次事故是由玻璃內(nèi)部硫化鎳的微型晶體引起的。
‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.
“玻璃行業(yè)已經(jīng)意識到了這個問題。”英國貿(mào)易協(xié)會之一——玻璃及玻璃裝配協(xié)會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會主席，同時也是Pilkingtcm公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展官員的Brian Waldron宣稱。但是他堅持認(rèn)為這種情況只不過是滄海一粟罷了。“這是非常罕見的現(xiàn)象?！彼f。
Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’
但不同意見也同時存在。參與主教街事件調(diào)查的咨詢工程師Barrie Josie宣稱，“平均每個月我都會看到一兩幢建筑物遭遇類似的硫化鎳問題?！逼渌麑＜乙仓v述了類似經(jīng)歷。位于倫敦的Sanberg公司的咨詢工程師Tony Wilraott以及來自漢普西爾的CladTech協(xié)會的Simon Armstrong均聲稱自己了解大量此類情況?！肮娝赖闹徊贿^是冰山一角罷了，”昆士蘭州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃專家Trevor Ford說道。他認(rèn)為原因很簡單：“沒人想要壞新聞?！?/p>
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
鋼化玻璃被廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車、候車亭以及世界各地數(shù)以千計的建筑物上的窗子、墻面和屋頂。原因很簡單，鋼化坡璃的強(qiáng)度是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎時裂成細(xì)小顆粒而不是鋒利的大塊碎片。大塊的鋼化坡璃可以拼成透明的玻璃墻，用它做屋頂和地面也很方便，所以建筑師對鋼化玻璃情有獨(dú)鐘。
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.
鋼化玻璃是由普通玻璃制成的：把一塊普通玻璃加熱到大約620攝氏度，使之輕度軟化、結(jié)構(gòu)膨脹，然后用冷氣流迅速將其冷卻。這導(dǎo)致玻璃的外層先于內(nèi)部收縮和凝固。玻璃內(nèi)部最終冷卻并凝固后對玻璃外層產(chǎn)生拉力作用，使之始終處于壓力之下，它還會使玻璃內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生張力.裂縫最容易在有壓力的物體中擴(kuò)張，所以要防止玻璃破晬就必須消除玻璃表面的壓力，使之不容易破碎。
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
當(dāng)玻璃含有硫化鎳雜質(zhì)時，問題就出現(xiàn)了。痕量的鎳和硫通常出現(xiàn)在制作玻璃的原材料中，熔化過程中鎳合金碎片也會增加玻璃的鎳含量。玻璃被加熱之后，這些原子相互作用形成了微型的硫化鎳晶體。熔爐中0.1克的鎳就會產(chǎn)生多達(dá)5萬個晶體。
These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
這些晶體以兩種形式存在：髙溫下穩(wěn)定的密度較大的α相和室溫下穩(wěn)定的密度小一些的β相。強(qiáng)化過程中的高溫把所有的硫化鎳晶體都轉(zhuǎn)化成高密度的α相。但是接下來的冷卻過程如此迅速，以至于硫化鎳晶體沒有足夠的時間重新轉(zhuǎn)化成β相。這在玻璃中遺留下不穩(wěn)定的α相晶體，它就像被壓縮的彈簧一樣隨時可能毫無征兆地重新轉(zhuǎn)化為β相。
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated — by sunlight, for example — the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.
當(dāng)硫化鎳晶體由α相轉(zhuǎn)化成β相時，體積膨脹4%。如果α相晶體位于張力最大的玻璃中央，膨脹產(chǎn)生的壓力可以使整塊玻璃破裂。破裂時間無法預(yù)測，可能是生產(chǎn)出來的幾個月后也可能是幾十年后，盡管玻璃被日光加熱會加快晶體的轉(zhuǎn)化速度。Graham Dodd，倫敦Arup顧問建筑師說：“具有諷刺意味的是，因為含有硫化鎳而導(dǎo)致破裂的‘歷史最悠久’的鋼化玻璃是蘭開夏郡拉蘇的Pilkington公司的玻璃研究大廈的玻璃，使用時間是27 年。”
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.
能夠表明硫化鎳問題的規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)幾乎無法找到。硫化鎳晶體總是成批出現(xiàn)，使問題更加復(fù)雜。所以，即使平均每7噸的玻璃里只有一個雜質(zhì)，但是，只要有一個硫化鎳晶體發(fā)生破裂，這就意味著這個建筑物中不止一塊鋼化玻璃存在著問題。Josie說，在過去的十年間，他參加建造的建筑物超過15個，因為硫化鎳產(chǎn)生問題的建筑物數(shù)量達(dá)到兩位數(shù)。
One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A class="main">
劍橋雅思閱讀5翻譯及精講(test4)
一個最糟糕的例子就是建于1990年的Waterfront Place。在建成后的10年間，這個位于布里斯班的40層的大樓經(jīng)歷了一系列的毀壞。在專家最終到來之前，因為硫化鎳雜質(zhì)的問題，有80塊鋼化玻璃破碎。昆士蘭大學(xué)的硫化鎳專家Barry分析了大廈所有的鋼化玻璃。攝影師乘吊車用室內(nèi)攝像機(jī)拍下了毎一塊鋼化玻璃，之后這些照片被放在改良縮微膠片閱讀機(jī)上掃描以檢測硫化鎳的痕跡?！拔覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)至少還有120塊鋼化玻璃存在可能導(dǎo)致危險的雜質(zhì)，這些玻璃都需要更換，”Bairy說：“這是一個昂貴的、非常耗費(fèi)時間的過程，大約需要6個月的時間才能完成?！彪m然這項工程花費(fèi)了160萬澳幣(相當(dāng)于70萬英鎊)，但重新修復(fù)整個大廈所需的花費(fèi)將會是這個費(fèi)用的10倍。
TEST 4 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
The effects of light on plant and animal species
光對動植物的影響
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.
光對于生物體的重要性是由于兩個不同的原因。第一，光被動植物用作日常時間和季節(jié)節(jié)奏的暗示;第二，光有助于植物生長。
Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds’ breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
大多數(shù)生物體的繁殖都只發(fā)生在一年中的某些時候，因此，需要一個可靠的提示來引發(fā)繁殖行為。日照長度就是非常好的提示，因為它提供了一個極好的可預(yù)測的一年之中變化的模式。在溫帶的春季，一天與一天之間氣溫波動很大，但是日照長度卻按照可預(yù)測的數(shù)量穩(wěn)步增加。受季節(jié)性影響的日照長度在生理學(xué)上的反應(yīng)叫做光周期現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象的試驗證據(jù)的數(shù)量相當(dāng)可觀。例如，僅僅通過人工增加日照長度，一些鳥類甚至在冬至的時候都會被誘發(fā)繁殖(Wolfson, 1964年)。在植物中也有光周期的例子。當(dāng)日照低于一定的臨界長度，短日照植物會開花。而當(dāng)日照超過一定的臨界長度時，長日照植物就會開花。在這兩個例子中，臨界日照長度因物種的不同而存在差異。那些不受光周期影響，經(jīng)過一段時間的生長之后便開花的植物叫做日中性植物。
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
諸如鳥類等動物的繁殖期占據(jù)了一年中其后代最有可能生存下來的時間。在繁殖期開始之前，必須儲存足夠的食物以支持繁殖過程中的能量消耗，并且需要為還在巢中和剛長羽毛不久的小鳥提供食物。因此，很多溫帶的鳥類將春季日照長度的增加當(dāng)作開始筑巢周期的提示，因為在這個時候能保證有足夠的食物來源。
The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.
植物對光周期現(xiàn)象的適應(yīng)性也很明顯。溫帶地區(qū)的短日照植物在春天開花以便在生長季節(jié)讓幼苗長得最快。長日照植物會選擇能夠得到昆蟲授精或者使種子有較長成熟期的時期。溫帶的短日照植物秋季開花，這樣能夠在生長季節(jié)建立食物儲備，也能以種子的形式度過冬天。日中性植物有進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢。對于它們而言，繁殖的最好季節(jié)和日照長度之間并沒有必然的關(guān)系。例如，對于沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合適的雨水，它們就會生長、開花、結(jié)果，不受日照長短的影響。
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).
一些植物的生殖期會拖得特別長。竹子是多年生植物，在很多年的時間里都保持生長狀態(tài)，然后突然開花、結(jié)果、死亡(Evans, 1976)。1884年，牙買加島上的Chusquea abietifolia竹子全部開花、結(jié)果、死亡。下一代的這種竹子在1916年到1918年間也都開花、死亡了，這喑示這種竹子的生長期大約為31年。這種花期循環(huán)的氣候誘因目前還不清楚，但是其適應(yīng)性卻是很清楚的。大量的竹子同時育種(在一些例子中，種子在地下12到15厘米深)，種子的數(shù)量超過了這一時期以種子為食的動物所能吃掉的全部數(shù)量，這樣，一些種子就能存活下來，長成下一代(Evans, 1976)。
The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
光對于生物體來說很重要的第二個原因是由于它對光合作用至關(guān)重要。光合作用是植物通過太陽能將土壤或水中的碳轉(zhuǎn)化成供生長所需的有機(jī)物質(zhì)的過程。通過計算植物對碳的吸收速率可以計量出光合作用的速率。光合作用對植物的影響因為光照強(qiáng)度的不同有很大的區(qū)別，一些植物在1/4全光照的時候能達(dá)到光合作用最高值;而另外一些植物，比如甘蔗，從來不能達(dá)到最髙值，但是隨著光照強(qiáng)度的增加，光合作用的速率會持續(xù)增高。
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.
總體而言，植物可以被分為兩種：耐陰類和喜光類。這一分類在林業(yè)和園藝業(yè)中廣泛使用。耐陰植物光合作用的速率低，因此生長速度低于喜光植物。植物物種會逐漸適應(yīng)生活在某一特定的環(huán)境中，并在此過程中產(chǎn)生一系列的特性，這些特性會阻止它們?nèi)フ紦?jù)別的環(huán)境。Grime (1966)指出，光照可能是指導(dǎo)這些適應(yīng)性的主要因素之一。例如，東方的芹葉鉤吻幼苗是耐陰植物，它們可以生存在森林中光照很少的林下葉層，因為它們的光合作用速率低。
劍橋雅思閱讀5原文解析(test4)
Test 4 Passage1
Question 1
答案: iii
關(guān)鍵詞: fragile regions; reasons
定位原文: A部分首段第5句: “As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Envi?ronment…” 第2段首句: “Tourists are drawn to these regions…”
解題思路: 原文A部分首段第5句的“正如在1992年聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會上指出的那樣，這些地區(qū)是非常脆弱的(即在異常壓力下是極度容易被破壞的)?！钡?段首句又說道：“游客來到這些地方是因為他們被優(yōu)美的自然風(fēng)景和當(dāng)?shù)厝霜?dú)一無二的文化所吸引?！彼源鸢笐?yīng)為選項iii。
Question 2
答案：v
關(guān)鍵詞: effect
定位原文: B部分第1段的首句: “Once a location is established…”
解題思路: 原文B部分第1段的首句的表述是：“一旦一個地區(qū)被確定為主要的旅游目的地，對當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的影響是意義深遠(yuǎn)的。”因此答案應(yīng)為選項v。
Question 3
答案：ii
關(guān)鍵詞: balance their own needs with the demands
定位原文: C部分的最后1段 的第2句、第3句: “Merely restricting tourism… Instead, communities in fragile environments must…”
解題思路: 原文C部分的最后1段的前幾句話簡要地做了總結(jié)，說到: 僅僅限制旅游業(yè)并不能消除這種不平衡, 處于脆弱環(huán)境的社區(qū)必須要取得對旅游業(yè)的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅游業(yè)的要求和當(dāng)?shù)厝说男枨蠛涂释Ｒ虼舜鸢笐?yīng)為選項ii。
Question 4
答案：YES
關(guān)鍵詞: low financial cost
定位原文: 原文A部分首段第3句: “The attraction of these areas is…”
解題思路: 題目：荒野旅游低廉的成本使得它對許多國家都極具吸引力。原文：“這些地區(qū)的吸引力是顯而易見的：在從定義上看，荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投入。”因此答案為YES。
Question 5
答案： YES
關(guān)鍵詞: deserts, mountains and Arctic regions, ecologically, culturally
定位原文: 原文A部分首段第2句: “Countries all across the world are…” 及第5句: “As the 1992 United Nations Conference…”
解題思路: 題目：生態(tài)環(huán)境和文化環(huán)境都很脆弱的例子有沙漠、高山和極地。
原文：“世界各國都積極地向高消費(fèi)游客推廣它們的“荒野”地區(qū)——比如高山、極地、森林、小島和濕地。……這些地區(qū)是非常脆弱的(即，在異常壓力下是極度容易被破壞的)，而這種破壞不僅是就當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)學(xué)而言，而且還會影響到當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦奈幕??！币虼舜鸢笧閅ES。
Question 6
答案：NO
關(guān)鍵詞: through the year, fragile areas
定位原文: 原文A部分首段最后1句: “Consequently, most human activities…”
解題思路: 題目：脆弱地區(qū)全年任何時候均可進(jìn)行荒野旅游。
原文：“包括旅游在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)人類活動都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些時候。”因此答案為NO。
Question 7
答案：YES
關(guān)鍵詞: hill-regions, food
定位原文: 原文B部分首段第3句: “In some hill-regions…”
解題思路: 題目：一些丘陵地區(qū)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)?shù)丶Z食產(chǎn)量的下降。原文：“在一些丘陵地區(qū)，這種變化導(dǎo)致了糧食產(chǎn)量的嚴(yán)重下降和當(dāng)?shù)仫嬍车母淖?。”因此答案為YES。
Question 8
答案：NO
關(guān)鍵詞: food-gathering, over the year
定位原文：原文B部分第2段第1句: “In Arctic and desert societies…”
解題思路: 題目：沙漠地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的食物采集工作全年平均分配。原文：“處在北極和沙漠中的社區(qū)，傳統(tǒng)上，全年的生存都依靠打獵捕魚和在相當(dāng)短的季節(jié)里采摘果實(shí)。然而，當(dāng)一些居民開始參與旅游業(yè)之后，他們不再有時間去采摘野果，這讓他們更加依賴于購買的食物和賣食物的商店?！币虼舜鸢笧镹O。
Question 9
答案：NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞: government handouts, food-gathering
定位原文：原文B部分第2段第4句: “All kinds of wage labour, or government…”
解題思路: 題目：政府的救濟(jì)物對傳統(tǒng)的食物采集模式造成的傷害比旅游業(yè)對其造成的傷害更大。
原文：“旅游業(yè)并不是隱藏于這些變化背后惟一的“罪魁禍?zhǔn)住保核懈缎劫Y的勞動，或者政府的救濟(jì)物都趨向破壞傳統(tǒng)生存系統(tǒng)?！痹闹袥]有提到題目中的比較關(guān)系，因此答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 10
答案：cheese
關(guān)鍵詞: d’Enhaut
定位原文：定位到原文C部分第2段末句: “There has also been a renaissance in…”
解題思路: 原文提到了 “cheese production in the area”，所以填cheese。
Question 11
答案：tour/tourism/tourist
關(guān)鍵詞: Arctic communities
定位原文: 原文C部分第3段第2句: “Arctic communities are now operating…”
解題思路: 原文提到了 “are now operating tour businesses”，所以填“tour”。
Question 12
答案: pottery
關(guān)鍵詞: Acoma and San lldefonso
定位原文: 原文C部分第4段末句: “The Acoma and San…”
解題思路: 原文提到：“阿科馬和珊以爾德凡索這兩個印第安村莊發(fā)展了高利潤的陶器生意”。所以填pottery。
Question 13
答案：jewellery
關(guān)鍵詞：Navajo and Hopi
定位原文：原文C部分第4段末句: “The Acoma and San…”
解題思路: 原文提到：“瓦侯和候皮這兩個印第安地區(qū)在珠寶業(yè)方面也獲得了類似的成功”，所以填jewellery。
Test 4 Passage2
Question 14
答案： G
關(guān)鍵詞: Brain Waldron
定位原文: 原文第2段末句: “But he insists that…”
解題思路: 原文：“這是非常罕見的現(xiàn)象?！盉rianWaldron說。因此答案為選項G。
Question 15
答案：A
關(guān)鍵詞: Trevor Ford
定位原文: 原文第3段最后兩句 “What you hear is only the…He believes the reason…”
解題思路: 原文：“公眾所知道的只不過是冰山一角罷了?！崩ナ刻m州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃專家Trevor Ford說道。他認(rèn)為原因很簡單：“沒人想要壞新聞?！币虼舜鸢笧檫x項A。
Question 16
答案：H
關(guān)鍵詞: Graham Dodd
定位原文: 原文第8段倒數(shù)第2句: “Ironically, says Graham Dodd…”
解題思路: 原文：Graham Dodd，倫敦Arup顧問建筑師說，“具有諷刺意味的是，因為含有硫化鎳而導(dǎo)致破裂的‘歷史最悠久’的鋼化玻璃是蘭開夏郡拉蘇的Pilkington公司的玻璃研究大廈的玻璃，使用時間是27年?！?因此答案為選項H。
Question 17
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞: John Barry
定位原文: 原文末段第4句: “John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide…”
解題思路: 原文：昆士蘭大學(xué)的硫化鎳專家Barry分析了大廈所有的鋼化玻璃。因此答案為選項C。
Question 18
答案: F
關(guān)鍵詞: break
定位原文: 原文第4段第3句: “This glass has five times…”
解題思路: 原文：“鋼化玻璃的強(qiáng)度是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎時裂成細(xì)小顆粒而不是鋒利(razor-sharp)的大塊碎片。”因此答案為選項F。
Question 19
答案：I
關(guān)鍵詞: shatter
定位原文: 原文第8段第3句: “The time that elapses before failure…”
解題思路: 原文：“破裂時間無法預(yù)測(unpredictable)……”因此答案為選項I。
Question 20
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞: Heated, cooled
定位原文: 原文第5段第1句: “It is made by heating…”
解題思路: “鋼化玻璃由普通玻璃制成：把一塊普通玻璃加熱到大約620攝氏度，使之輕度軟化、結(jié)構(gòu)膨脹，然后用冷氣流迅速(rapidly)將其冷卻?！币虼舜鸢笧檫x項C。
Question 21
答案：K
關(guān)鍵詞: out layer, inner layer
定位原文: 原文第5段第2句: “This causes the outer layer…”
解題思路: 原文：“這導(dǎo)致玻璃的外層先于內(nèi)部收縮(contract)和凝固?！币虼舜鸢笧檫x項K。
Question 22
答案： E
關(guān)鍵詞: expand suddenly
定位原文: 原文第8段第4句: “It could happen just months after…”
解題思路: 原文：“盡管玻璃被日光(heated)會加快晶體的轉(zhuǎn)化速度?！币虼舜鸢笧檫x項E。
Question 23
答案：L
關(guān)鍵詞: glass experts
定位原文: 原文第2段末句: “It’s a very rare phenomenon…” 及第3段第1句: “Others disagree.”
解題思路: 原文中Brian Waldmn宣稱這是非常罕見的現(xiàn)象，而其他人如Barrie Josie等則持否定意見，由此可見專家對于問題發(fā)生的幾率有爭議，因此答案為選項L。
Question 24
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞: doubt, Bishops Walk
定位原文: 原文首段最后1句: “When fragments were analysed by experts…”
解題思路: 題目：關(guān)于主教街的購物中心的事故原因幾乎沒有疑問
原文：“經(jīng)過分析，專家?guī)缀醮_^次亊故是由玻璃內(nèi)部硫化鎳的微型晶體引起的?！币虼舜鸢笧門RUE。
Question 25
答案：NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞: ordinary glass
定位原文: 無
解題思路: 題目：鋼化玻璃和普通玻璃外觀相同。原文中沒有出現(xiàn)相對應(yīng)的比較。因此答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 26
答案： FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞: documented evidence, nickel sulphide failure
定位原文: 原文倒數(shù)第2段首句: “Data showing the scale…”
解題思路: 題目：關(guān)干硫化鎳問題可以找到充足的可考證的證據(jù)。原文：“能夠表明硫化鎳問題的規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)幾乎無法找到?！币虼舜鸢笧镕ALSE。
Test 4 Passage 3
Question 27
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞: scientific evidence, photoperiodism
定位原文: 原文第2段笫4句: “The seasonal impact of day
解題思路: 題目：支持光周期現(xiàn)象的科學(xué)證椐十分充分。原文：“受季節(jié)性影響的日照長度在生理學(xué)上的反應(yīng)叫做光周期現(xiàn)象，這種現(xiàn)象的試驗證據(jù)的數(shù)量相當(dāng)可觀。”因此答案為TRUE。
Question 28
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞: bird, breed, season
定位原文: 原文第2段第5句: “For example, some species of…”
解題思路: 題目：一些鳥類能夠被誘發(fā)在非繁殖季節(jié)進(jìn)行繁殖。原文：“僅僅通過人工增加日照長度，一些鳥類甚至在冬至的時候被誘發(fā)繁殖(Wolfson, 1964年)。”因此答案為TRUE。
Question 29
答案：NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞：photoperiodism, geographic areas
定位原文: 無
解題思路: 題目：光周期現(xiàn)象被限制在一些特定地區(qū)。原文沒有提到題目的內(nèi)容，因此答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 30
答案：FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞: desert annuals, long-day plants
定位原文: 原文第4段最后兩句: “Day-neutral plants have… For example…”
解題思路: 題目：沙漠植物屬干長日照植物。
原文：“日中性植物有進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢。對于它們而言，繁殖的最好季節(jié)和日照長度之間并沒有必然的關(guān)系。例如，對于沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合適的雨水，它們就會生長、開花、結(jié)果，不受日照長短的影響?！庇纱丝梢娚衬参飳儆谌罩行灾参锒情L日照植物。因此答案為FALSE。
Question 31
答案：FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞: bamboo
定位原文: 原文第5段第2句: “Bamboos are perennial grasses…”
解題思路: 題目：“竹子在其生命周期中開好幾次花?！?/p>
原文：“竹子是多年生植物，在很多年的時間里都保持生長狀態(tài)，然后突然開花、結(jié)果、死亡(Evans, 1976)。”因此答案為FALSE。
Question 32
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞: Chusquea abietifolia
定位原文: 原文第5段第3句至第5句
解題思路: 題目：科學(xué)家還沒有確定關(guān)于Chusquea abietifolia竹子季節(jié)性周期的線索。
原文：“1884年，牙買加島上的竹子全部開花、結(jié)果、死亡。下一代的這種竹子在1916年到1918年間也都開花、死亡了，這暗示這種竹子的生長期大約為31年。這種花期循環(huán)的氣候誘因目前還不清楚……” 因此答案為TRUE。
Question 33
答案： FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞: Eastern hemlock
定位原文: 原文末段第3句: “Shade-tolerant plants have…”及倒數(shù)第2句: “For example, eastern hemlock seedlings…”
解題思路: 題目：東方的芹葉鉤吻幼苗是一種生長快速的植物。
原文：“耐陰植物的光合作用速率低，因此生長速度低于喜光植物?！瓥|方的芹葉鉤吻幼苗是耐陰植物，它們可以生存在森林中光照很少的林下葉層，因為它們的光合作用速率低?！币虼舜鸢笧镕ALSE。
Question 34
答案：temperatures
關(guān)鍵詞: Day length, cue
定位原文: 原文第2段笫1句至第3句: “Breeding in most organisms occurs during… Day length is… In the temperate zone…”
解題思路: 題目：在__不可預(yù)測的地區(qū)，日照長度是繁殖的有用提示。
原文：“大多數(shù)生物體的繁殖都只發(fā)生在一年中的某些時候，因此，需要一個可靠的提示來引發(fā)生育行為。日照長度就是非常好的提示，因為它提供了一個極好的可預(yù)測的一年之中變化的模式。在溫帶的春季，一天與一天之間氣溫(temperatures)波動很大，但是日照長度卻按照可預(yù)測的數(shù)量穩(wěn)步增加?！币虼舜鸢笧閠emperatures。
Question 35
答案：day-neutral
關(guān)鍵詞: Do not respond to light
定位原文: 原文第2段末句: “Plants which flower after…”
解題思路: 對光周期沒什么反應(yīng)的植物被稱為__。
原文：“那些不受光周期影響、經(jīng)過一段時間生長之后便開花的植物叫做日中性植物(day-neuteal)?！币虼舜鸢笧閐ay-neutral。
Question 36
答案：food
關(guān)鍵詞: Birds, nesting
定位原文: 原文第3段末句: “Thus many temperate-zone birds…”
解題思路: 溫帶的鳥類將日照長度與筑巢和__聯(lián)系起來。
原文：“因此，很多溫帶的鳥類將春季日照長度的增加當(dāng)作開始筑巢周期的提示，因為在這個時候能保證有足夠物(food)來源。”因此答案為food。
Question 37
答案：fertilization by insects
關(guān)鍵詞: Plants, days are long
定位原文: 原文第4段第3句: “Long-day plants are adapted for…”
解題思路: 題目：長日照植物依靠__幫助其繁殖。
原文：“長日照植物會選擇能夠得到昆蟲授精(fertilization by insects)或者使種子有較長成熟期的時期?！币虼舜鸢笧閒ertilization by insects。
Question 38
答案: rainfall
關(guān)鍵詞: Desert annuals
定位原文: 原文第4段末句: “For example, desert annuals germinate…”
解題思路: 題目：沙漠植物將__視為繁殖的信號。
原文：“對于沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合適的雨水(rainfall)，它們就會生長、開花、結(jié)果，不受日照長短的影響?！币虼舜鸢笧閞ainfall。
Question 39
答案：sugarcane
關(guān)鍵詞: Photosyn?thetic
定位原文: 原文第6段末句: “Some plants reach maximal…”
解題思路: 題目：沒有光合作用率限制的植物包括__。
原文：“一些植物在1/4全光照的時候能達(dá)到光合作用最高值;而另外一些植物，比如甘蔗(sugarcane)，從來不能達(dá)到最高值，但是隨著光照強(qiáng)度的增加，光合作用的速率會持續(xù)增高?！币虼舜鸢笧閟ugarcane。
Question 40
答案：classification
關(guān)鍵詞: Tolerance to shade，forestry, horticulture
定位原文: 原文末段第2句: “This classification is commonly used in…”
解題思路: 題目：能否耐陰是林業(yè)和園藝業(yè)對植物__的一個評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
原文：“總體而言，植物可以被分為兩種：耐陰類、不喜光類。這一分類(classification)在林業(yè)和園藝業(yè)中廣泛使用?！币虼舜鸢笧閏lassification。
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