劍橋雅思閱讀10答案精講(test1)
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劍橋雅思閱讀10原文(test1)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13，which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Stepwells
A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention — the stepwell — goes beyond its utilitarian application.
Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.
As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated.
Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.
Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north?western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.
However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.
In Patan, the state’s ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queen’s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.
Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps.
Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells.
One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori，which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.
In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of India’s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically it’s perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.
Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.
Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north?-western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.
2 Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.
3 The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere.
4 It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells.
5 The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell altered during the course of a year.
Questions 6-8
Answer the questions below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet
6 Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people?
7 What type of serious climatic event, which took place in southern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the article?
8 Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays?
Questions 9-13
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet
Stepwell Date Features Other notes
Rani Ki Vav Late
11th
century As many as 500 sculptures decorate the monument Restored in the 1960s
Excellent condition, despite the 9 _______ of 2001
Surya Kund 1026 Steps on the
10 ______ produce a
geometrical pattern
Carved shrines Looks more like a 11 _______than a well
Raniji Ki Baori 1699 Intricately carved monument One of 21 baoris in the area commissioned by Queen Nathavatji
Chand Baori 850 AD Steps take you down 11 storeys to the bottom Old, deep and very dramatic
Has 12 _____ which
provide a view of the steps
Neemrana Ki Baori 1700 Has two 13 ______
levels Used by public today
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number，i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet
List of Headings
i A fresh and important long-term goal
ii Charging for roads and improving other transport methods
iii Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
iv Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns
v The environmental costs of road transport
vi The escalating cost of rail transport
vii The need to achieve transport rebalance
viii The rapid growth of private transport
ix Plans to develop major road networks
x Restricting road use through charging policies alone
xi Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission
14 Paragraph A 19 Paragraph G
15 Paragraph B 20 Paragraph H
16 Paragraph C 21 Paragraph I
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
Example Answer
Paragraph F vii
EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
1990-2010
What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?
A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.
B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a ‘stock’ economy to a ‘flow’ economy. This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.
C The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport system which encourages rail, the distribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998，road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although — and this could benefit the enlarged EU — it is still on average at a much higher level than in existing member states.
D However, a new imperative — sustainable development — offers an opportunity for adapting the EU’s common transport policy. This objective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years’ time, that is by 2040.
E In 1998，energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2，the leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020，compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.
F At the same time greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favour of road. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.
G The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures available to revitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
H The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, but road transport would keep the lion’s share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance.
I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated approach would allow the market shares of the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance. It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
22 The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.
23 To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant consumers.
24 Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.
25 The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.
26 By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion tonnes.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
The psychology of innovation
Why are so few companies truly innovative?
Innovation is key to business survival，and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesn’t make them feel at all creative. And there are those who don’t have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.
For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies don’t succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employee’s values and a company’s values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, they’re still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.
One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock’n’roll emphasises Ciaidini’s views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun’s ‘million-dollar quartet’ could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn’t inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.
The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species，behave differently, ‘When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.’ Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter?intuitive — they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.
Managing innovation is a delicate art. It’s easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it’s also easy for small ‘pockets of innovation’ to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You can’t brief people just by saying, ‘We’re going in this direction and I’m going to take you with me.’
Cialdini believes that this ‘follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. ‘It’s been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.’ To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. ‘When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren’t the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, “was so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.’
Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. ‘The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don’t even recognise it,’ says Cialdini. ‘If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it.’ Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss’s speech.
Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual’s engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: ‘I like Kellogg’s Com Flakes because… .’ The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.
Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls ‘captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs’. He calls it captainitis because, he says, ‘crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision’. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.
At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom ‘the only rule was that there were no rules’. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.
Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: ‘Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.’ The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 The example of the ‘million-dollar quartet’ underlines the writer’s point about
A recognising talent.
B working as a team.
C having a shared objective.
D being an effective leader.
28 James Watson suggests that he and Francis Crick won the race to discover the DNA code because they
A were conscious of their own limitations.
B brought complementary skills to their partnership.
C were determined to outperform their brighter rivals.
D encouraged each other to realise their joint ambition.
29 The writer mentions competitions on breakfast cereal packets as an example of how to
A inspire creative thinking.
B generate concise writing.
C promote loyalty to a group.
D strengthen commitment to an idea.
30 In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that it is important for employees to
A be aware of their company’s goals.
B feel that their contributions are valued.
C have respect for their co-workers’ achievements.
D understand why certain management decisions are made.
Questions 31-35
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet
31 Employees whose values match those of their employers are more likely to
32 At times of change, people tend to
33 If people are aware of what they might lose, they will often
34 People working under a dominant boss are liable to
35 Employees working in organisations with few rules are more likely to
A take chances.
B share their ideas.
C become competitive.
D get promotion.
E avoid risk.
F ignore their duties.
G remain in their jobs.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.
37 Most people have the potential to be creative.
38 Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.
39 It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.
40 A manager’s approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文參考譯文(test1)
Passage 1 參考譯文：
梯水井
一千年前，對存活于印度最干旱的地區(qū)的生命來說，階梯水丼是非常重要的。理査德·考克斯到印度的西北部記錄過往時代的驚人歷史遺跡。
6世紀和7世紀期間，生活在印度西北部現(xiàn)稱之為吉拉特邦和拉賈斯坦邦的居民發(fā)明了一種在干旱時節(jié)獲得干凈、新鮮的地下水的方法，供飲用、洗澡、飼養(yǎng)動物和灌溉。然而，這項發(fā)明一梯水井的重要性——超出了它的實用性應用。
階梯水井是這個地區(qū)獨有的，它們一般建造復雜，在尺寸和形狀上差別很大。在它們的全盛期，它們是聚集的場所，是娛樂放松的場所，是除了底層階級以外村民拜神的場所。大多數(shù)的階梯水井被發(fā)現(xiàn)散落在吉拉特邦(他們稱之為vav)和拉賈斯坦邦(他們稱之為baori)的沙漠地帶，還有少量的在德里被發(fā)現(xiàn)。一些坐落在村莊里或者村莊附近，作為居民的公共空間;一些是在公路旁，作為旅行者的休息場所。
就像他們的名字所說的，階梯水井由一系列的石頭臺階組成，這些石階從地面下降到水源(通常是一個地下蓄水展)，因為它隨著雨水后退。當水位高的時候，使用者只需要下降幾個臺階就能夠觸及它，當水位低的時候，就需要越過數(shù)個臺階。
一些井是巨大的露天大坑，有著上千的臺階鋪設在每個斜坡上，通常是按層排列。其他的更精致一番，有著長的階梯式的走席，通過好幾層到達水源。由石頭建造，梁柱支撐，其中還包括亭子，使得拜訪者免受無情高溫的炙烤。但是也許最讓人印象深刻的特點是那錯綜復雜的雕塑裝飾著眾多的水井，這些雕塑展示了一系列活動，比如打架、跳舞和一些日常的活動，比如婦女梳頭和攪拌黃油。
往后的世紀，數(shù)以千計的水井被建造，遍布于印度西北，但是現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)都不再使用了;許多被遺棄了，變得干枯。因為地下水已經(jīng)被轉為工業(yè)使用，水井水位再也不能到達地下水位它們的狀況并沒有因近期的干旱期得以改善：拉賈斯坦邦的南部在1996到2004年間遭受了長達八年的干旱。
然而，一些在吉拉特邦的重要的遺址最近經(jīng)歷了主要的修復，州政府在去年6月宣布計劃修復整個州的階梯水井。
在帕坦，這個州古老的首都，Rani井(皇后的階梯水井)也許是當前最出色的例子。它是在11世紀的晚期由烏達雅瑪?shù)偻鹾蠼ㄔ臁?13世紀期間，一場洪水之后，它被沙泥覆蓋了。 然而在20 世紀60年代，印度考古研究所才開始修復它，如今恢復了它原始的狀態(tài)。 65米長，20米寬，27米深，整個皇后的階梯木井周身壁龕里雕刻著500個雕塑。令人難以置信的是，在2001年1月，這座古老的建筑在里氏震級7.6級的地震中得以保全。
另一個例子是在吉拉特邦北部，太陽神廟附近，在Modhera的Siuya由國王彼斯瑪一世奪1026年建造用來紀念太陽神蘇里亞。實際上它更像一個池塘(kund的意思是蓄水池或者池塘)而不是一個水井，但是卻展現(xiàn)了階梯水井建筑的特點，包括它的四面都有通向底部的極好的幾何學構造的臺階。這些平臺覆蓋了108個小的、雕刻精美的在階梯間的神龕。
拉賈斯坦也有很多的水井。它坐落在齋普爾以南200公里，是本迪的一個古老的城市，因其建筑風格而聞名，其中也包含階梯水井。其中最好的例子是由這個地區(qū)的女王Nathavatji在1699年所建。 46 米深，20米寬，40米長，這個復雜雕刻的歷史遺跡是本地區(qū)21個Nathavatji委任制造的水井之一。
在Abhaneri古老荒廢的城鎮(zhèn)中，齋普爾以東大約95公里處，是Chand Baori水井印度最古老、最深的水井之一;美學角度來講它可能是最引人注目的了。在大約公元850建造，女神廟附近，月亮水井包含許多許多之字形臺階，這些臺階向它的三面延伸，陡峭的下行11層，從遠處看，是驚人的模式。在第四面，由華麗的柱子支撐的游廊可以俯瞰這些臺階。
現(xiàn)在公眾仍然使用的是Neemrana Ki Baori，它就坐落在齋普爾的不遠處德里的高速公路上。在大約1700年建造，它有九層深，最后兩層在水下。在地面上，有86個有柱廊的通路，從那里游覽者走下170個臺階到達最深處的水源。
今天，在被忽視數(shù)年之后，這些中世紀的許多工程的古跡被印度考古研究所挽救，他們意識到了保護它們作為豐富歷史的一部分的重要性。旅行者們蜂擁而至印度西北遙遠的角落里的水井，在驚奇中去凝視這些百年前的建筑傳奇，這些傳奇起著古老文明獨創(chuàng)性和藝術性的暗示作用，也提醒著水對于人類生存的價值。
Test 1 Passage 2 參考譯文：
1990年到2010年歐洲的交通體系
歐洲交通體系過去的趨勢是什么?前景又如何?
A.很難想象，在沒有有效率的交通體系下，經(jīng)濟能迅速發(fā)展。盡管現(xiàn)在信息技術能夠通過促進 遠程辦公和遠程服務降低物理運輸?shù)男枨螅墒菍煌ǖ男枨罄^續(xù)在上升。在這種趨勢的背后有兩個關鍵因素。對于客運來說，決定性因素是汽車使用的驚人增長。在1990到2010年間，歐盟道路上的汽車數(shù)量每一年都會經(jīng)歷三百萬的增長，并且在接下來的十年中，歐盟車隊會經(jīng)歷更進步的大幅增長。
B.至于貨物運輸，它的增長在很大程度上是由于歐洲經(jīng)濟和它的生產(chǎn)體系的改變。在過去的20 年里，因為內部邊界已經(jīng)廢除，歐盟已經(jīng)從“存貨”經(jīng)濟變成了“流動”經(jīng)濟。這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)被一些工業(yè)的遷移突出了，尤其是一些勞動力密集型的工業(yè)，為了降低生產(chǎn)成本，即便生產(chǎn)地距離裝配廠或者用戶幾百甚至上千米遠。
C.在那些歐盟的候選國家，預期的經(jīng)濟大幅增長也將會增加交通流動性，尤其是公路交通運輸。在1998年，部分國家出口量已經(jīng)超過1990年的兩倍多，而進口量是1990年的五倍多。盡管很多候選國沿襲了鼓勵鐵路的交通體系，可是自從20世紀90年代，運輸模式的分布狀況還是大大地向公路運輸傾斜了。在1990年到1991的8年間，公路運輸增長了 19.4%，然而在同時期，故鐵路運輸降低了43.5%，盡管——這可能使擴大的歐盟受益——與歐盟現(xiàn)有成員國相比，這一比例平均水平比較下仍然較高。
D.然而，一個新型必要事務——可持續(xù)發(fā)展——為適應歐盟共同的交通政策提供了一個機會。這個哥德堡歐洲理亊會已經(jīng)通過的目標必須通過把環(huán)境因素整合到社區(qū)政策來實現(xiàn)，并且改變交通狀況的平衡是其戰(zhàn)略的核心。這個遠大的目標只能到2020年才能完全實現(xiàn)，但是提出的措施是通向一個可持續(xù)交通體系的必要的第一步，理想狀態(tài)下，這個交通體系將在30年內完成， 也就是2040年。
E.在1998年，交通領域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的28%，二氧化碳是一種主要的溫室氣體。 根據(jù)最新的估計，如果不采取措施去逆轉交通增長的趨勢，與記載的1990年的7390億噸相比，到2020年，二氧化碳的排放量將會增長50%，達到1,1130億。重申一下，公路運輸是主要的元兇，因為它自己就占了因交通而產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳的84%。因此，使用替代燃料和提高能源利用率既 是生態(tài)必要，也是一個技術挑戰(zhàn)。
F.與此同時，必須付出更多的努力來實現(xiàn)模式的轉變。如此大的改變不可能在一夜之間實現(xiàn)，在經(jīng)歷了公路優(yōu)化所帶來的半個世紀的持續(xù)惡化之后，全改變更不可能。這已經(jīng)傾斜到了某種程度，以至于現(xiàn)在的鐵路貨物運輸服務正面臨著邊緣化，只有8%的市場份額，并且國際鐵路貨物運輸?shù)乃俣葤暝谄骄?8km/h。三個可能的選擇已經(jīng)浮現(xiàn)了。
G. 第一種方法會包括對公路運輸?shù)年P注，僅僅用定價來實現(xiàn)。這個選擇不會附加其他交通模式的配套措施。短期來看，由于運輸價格增加，它會通過更好的車輛貨物承載率和預期的客運車輛的使用率來抑制公路運輸?shù)脑鲩L。然而，其他運輸方式缺乏恢復動力這個事實將會使更具有可持續(xù)性的交通模式變得不可能。
H.第二種方法聚焦在公路運輸?shù)膬r格上，但是伴隨著提高其他方式故率的措施(更好的服務質量、物流、科技)。然而，這種方法既不包括在新的基礎設施上投資，也不能保證更好的地域銜接。與第一種方法相比，它能夠達到一種更好的拆分，但是公路運輸能夠保持它最大的市場份額，并且能繼續(xù)成為飽和動脈，盡管它是最污染的模式。因此，它是不能夠保證平衡的必要轉變。
I. 第三種方法不是新的，包含了一系列措施，從價格到重興可替代的交通模式，并且以投資歐盟交通網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)作為目標。這個整合的措施將使其他的市場份額回到他們1998年的水平，能夠達到一個平衡的轉變。這遠比它看起來更有野心，請牢記過去50年公路運輸不平衡的歷史，但它將在公路交通運輸和經(jīng)濟增長之間獲得一個顯著的突破，而不用限制人和貨物的流動。
Test 1 Passage 3參考譯文：
創(chuàng)新心理學
為何很少公司能夠真正地創(chuàng)新?
創(chuàng)新是商業(yè)存活的關鍵，公司投入大量的資源以激勵員工產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)新想法。然而，那些在一個奢侈的、設計成藝術中心似的、以促進創(chuàng)新的地方工作的人，發(fā)現(xiàn)這個環(huán)境并不能讓他們覺得自己有創(chuàng)造力。而那些沒有很多預算，也沒有很寬敞的地方的人卻能夠創(chuàng)新成功。
Robert B Cialdini，亞利桑那州大學的一名心理學教授，他認為，一些公司不那么成功的原因之一是錄取員工的問題，因為創(chuàng)新的第一步在于員工的錄用。研究表明，員工的價值和公司的價值之契合度在于員工做了什么貢獻以及兩年以后他們是不是仍然在這家公司。 在哈佛商北學院進行的研究表明，盡管一些人會比另外一些人更加有創(chuàng)造力，但是如果人們處于正確的環(huán)境，每一個人都會有創(chuàng)造力。
最為知名的一個關于搖滾故事的照片證明了Cialdini的觀點。1956年關于歌手Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash和Jerry Lee Lewis在Memphis的太陽工作室亂憚鋼琴的一張照片講述了一個不為人知的故事。太陽的“百萬美元四重唱組合”本來可以成為五重唱組合的。照片里沒有的是Roy Orbison，一個比Lewis、Perkins 或者Cash更加有天賦的歌手。 Sam Phillips,太陽工作室的擁有者，想要用融合了黑白音樂、鄉(xiāng)村和藍調音樂的結合體來革新流行樂。Presley，Cash, Perkins和Lewis直覺上就理解了Phillips的野心而且充滿信心。Orbison 對于這一目標并不感冒，而且與太陽公司僅僅實現(xiàn)了一次合作。
價值觀是否合拍很重要，Cialdini說，因為創(chuàng)新在一定程度上也是改變的過程，在這種壓力下，我們，作為一種物種，會有不同的表現(xiàn)，“事情有所改變的時候，我們很自然地就會選擇安全的行動方式”。因此管理者應該采取一種看起來反直觀的方式——他們應該解釋一下如果公司不抓住這個獨特的機會的話，那么公司將會失去什么。研究表明，當面對損失而不是獎賞的時候，我們不可避免地會更加冒險。
管理創(chuàng)新是一項精妙的藝術。由于市場、產(chǎn)品研發(fā)以及財務部門從不同的人群得出不同的反饋， 所以公司很容易卷入到矛盾漩渦里面，不知道何去何從。如果沒有一個能夠保證公司內部協(xié)調轉變的系統(tǒng)的話，很容易造成少量創(chuàng)新的流失。創(chuàng)新是一種接觸性運動。不能僅僅跟人說“我們走這個方向，你跟著我”就夠了。
Cialdini相信“跟隨領導綜合癥”非常具有危險性，尤其因為這樣會鼓勵領導一意孤行?！翱茖W證明，解決問題時，三個臭皮匠頂個諸葛亮，即使那一個人是在某個領域里面最聰明的人”。為了證明這一點，Cialdini 與分子生物學家James Watson舉行了一次訪談。 Watson和Francis Crick發(fā)現(xiàn)了DNA結構，即所有生物體基因信息攜帶者。‘當問及他們如何在那么多技術高超的研究競爭者之前破譯密碼的時候，他的回答令我震驚。他說他和Cricket之所以能夠成功，是因為他們知道在眾多追尋答案的科學家之中，他們并不是最聰明的。最智慧的科學家叫作Rosalind Franklin，據(jù)Waston說，“她太聰明以至于幾乎不尋求建議”?！?/p>
團隊合作是人類行為的一個非常基本的驅動力?！吧鐣J證原理如此普遍以至于我們常常忽略它，” Cialdini說?！叭绻愕挠媱澅蛔柚沽?，比如說被公司元老們，那么找另外一個老前輩為你申訴。” Cialdini并不是唯一支持這一理論的人。研究表明，同事的力量，同等級運用而不是上下級運用的話，遠比老板的任何言論更加有說服力。
書寫、形象化以及樣品化可以促進新奇想法的形成。Cialdini引用了研究報告和歷史事件來證明，即便簡單的書寫也能夠加深每個人在項目中的參與度。他說，這就是為什么所有的早餐谷物粥包裝競爭者都會鼓勵大家寫下不超過10字的話：“我喜歡Kellogg的玉米片，因為.…”這一書寫行為會讓我們更加愿意去相信這件事。
權威部門沒有必要抑制創(chuàng)新，但是卻常常這么做。這一錯誤的領導方式會導致成為Cialdini所說的“機長癥候群，一種令人遺憾的趨勢，團隊成界會把本該屬于自己的責任推卸給領導的一種趨勢”。他把這一趨勢如此取名是因為，他說“多名飛行員操作的飛機上，當機長做出一個明顯錯誤的決定時，機組成員有時候會呈現(xiàn)一種致命的鈍化狀態(tài)”。據(jù)他所言，這一行為并不單單在飛機上會出現(xiàn)，而是當領導太獨斷的時候，這會發(fā)在任何工作場合下。
另一個極端是20世紀80年代，Memphis的設計團體，一個年輕人組成的團隊，對于他們來說“唯一的規(guī)則就是沒有規(guī)則”。這一環(huán)境為互相交換想法提供下有利的條件，進而引起形式、功能、顏色以及材料的一系列創(chuàng)新，這一創(chuàng)新革新了家居設計的概念。
許多理論家相信，理想的領導應該是幕后操作，以集體成就為榮并且在適當?shù)臅r候給予表揚。Cialdini說“領導們應該鼓勵每個人去貢獻(自己的想法)并且確保相關人員都意識到每一個建議對于制定正確的決策和(每個人的想法)被充分地考慮都是很重要的”。關于創(chuàng)新，令人沮喪的事就是，創(chuàng)新有很多的方式，沒有神奇的公式。然而，一個真正想要創(chuàng)造創(chuàng)新氛圍的領導者，可以通過認識這些心理學現(xiàn)實使得他們的工作變得更加簡單。
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文解析(test1)
Passage1
Question 1
參考譯文：古老階梯水井的例子在全世界范圍內都能發(fā)現(xiàn)。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為FALSE
關鍵詞： all over the world
定位原文: 第2段第1句“Unique to this region... ”階梯水并是這個地區(qū)獨有的。
解題思路: 原文說階梯水井是這個地區(qū)獨有的，題目說全世界都有，所以答案為FALSE。
Question 2
參考譯文：除了收集水資源以外，階梯水井達有很多功能。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為TRUE
關鍵詞： functions
定位原文： 第2段第2句“During their heyday... ”在它們的全盛期，它們是聚集的場所， 是娛樂放松的場所，是除了底層階級以外村民拜神的場所。
解題思路： 原文中介紹了很多功能，比如娛樂，所以答案為TRUE。
Question 3
參考譯文: 德里(Delhi)現(xiàn)存的階梯水井比其他地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的水井更具有吸引力。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞： Delhi
定位原文： 第2段第3句“Most stepwells…”大多數(shù)的階梯水井被發(fā)現(xiàn)散落在吉拉特邦(他們稱之為vov)和拉賈斯坦邦(他們稱之為baori)的沙漠地帶，還有少量的在德里發(fā)現(xiàn)。
解題思路：原文并沒有對它們的吸引力做出比較，所以答案為not given。
Question 4
參考譯文：工人們需要花費很多年才能夠建設階梯特色的水井。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞： workers
對應原文： 原文中沒有備到關鍵詞。
解題思路： 原文完全未提及，所以答案為NOT GIVEN。
Question 5
參考譯文：一年當中，階梯水井中露出水面的階梯數(shù)目是會觸變化的。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為TRUE
關鍵詞： alter、course of a year
定位原文： 第3段第1句“As their name…”就像他們的名字所說的，階梯水井由一系列 的石頭臺階組成，這些石階從地面下降到水源(通常是一個地下蓄水層)，因為它隨著雨水后退。
解題思路： 原文中說，下雨的話，石階會發(fā)生變化。由文中得知，這個變化也就是在石階露出水面多少。后面一句話也可以看出有變化。When the water level...水面高的時候，取水的人只需要往下走幾個臺階就好。
Question 6
參考譯文: 一些階梯水井的哪個部分可以為人們提供陰涼?
難度及答案: 難度低;答案為 pavilions
關鍵詞: shade
定位原文: 第4段第3句“Built from…pavilions that sheltered visitors… ”由石頭建造，梁柱支撐，其中還包括亭子，使得拜訪者免受無情高溫的炙烤。
解題思路： 原文中shelter可以為人們提供shade，所以答案為pavilions。
Question 7
參考譯文: 文章中提到了在Rajasthan南部發(fā)生了哪一種惡劣的氣候現(xiàn)象?
難度及答案：難度低;答案為drought
關鍵詞： Rajasthan
定位原文： 第5段最后一句“Their condition... ”它們的狀況并沒有因近期的干旱期得以改善：拉賈斯坦邦的南部在1996年和2004年遭受了長達八年的干旱。
解題思路： 原文中的suffered (經(jīng)歷)替換了題目中的took place。
Question 8
參考譯文: 現(xiàn)如今經(jīng)常拜訪階梯水井的人群是誰?
難度及答案: 難度中等;答案為tourists
關鍵詞: visitors、nowadays
定位原文: 最后1段第2句“Tourists flock to... ”旅行者們蜂擁而至印度西北遙遠的角落里的水井，在驚奇中去凝視這些百年前的建筑傳奇，這些傳奇起著古老文明獨創(chuàng)性和藝術性的暗示作用，也提醒著水對于人類生存的價值。
解題思路: 原文中這一段第一個詞就是today, 所以是近期;原文中flock to “蜂擁而去” 對應著 frequent visitors。
Question 9
參考譯文: Rani Ki Vav狀態(tài)很好，盡管2001年有____.
難度及答案: 難度低;答案為earthquake
關鍵詞: 2001
定位原文: 第7段最后一句“Incredibly...”難以置信的是，在2001年1月，這座古老的建筑在里氏震級7.6級的地震中得以保全。
解題思路： 所以原文說盡管2001年有地震，它的狀況仍很好。
Question 10
參考譯文：Surya Kund ___的臺階產(chǎn)生了一種幾何模式。
難度及答案: 難度中等;答案為4/four sides
關鍵詞： 1026 ; geometrical pattern
定位原文： 第8段第2句“l(fā)t actually... ”實際上它更像一個池塘(kund的意思是蓄水池 池塘)而不是一個水井，但是卻展現(xiàn)了階梯水井建筑的特點，包括它的四面部有通向底部的極好的幾何學構造的臺階。
解題思路: 根據(jù)geometrical pattern可以定位在這—句，根據(jù)steps on 可以定位到 including four sides of steps，所以答案為 4/four sides。
Question 11
參考譯文: Surya Kund與井比起來，看起來更加像____
難度及答案: 難度低;答案為tank
關鍵詞: 1026, looks like
定位原文: 同第10題.
解題思路: 原文中resembles與題目中的looks like屬于同義替換。
Question 12
參考譯文: Chand Baori有___，它能夠提供觀看階梯的視野。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為verandas/verandahs
關鍵詞： 850 AD 、 11 storeys、 provide a view of the steps
定位原文： 第10段最后一句“On the fourth side?. ”在第四面，由華麗的柱子支撐的游廊 可以俯瞰這些臺階。
解題思路： 原文中 overlook the steps 與題目中的 provide a view of the steps 屬于同義替換。
Question 13
參考譯文：Neemrana Ki Baori 有兩個____層。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為underwater
關鍵詞： 1700、two
定位原文： 第11段第2句“Constructed in around 1700…”在大約1700年建造它有九層深，最后兩層在水下。
解題思路： 找到了two，后面的underwater就是答案了。
Passage 2
Question 14
難度及答案: 難度低;答案為 viii
關鍵詞: rapid growth、private transport
定位原文: A段最后一句“The number of cars... ”在1990到2010年，歐盟道路上的汽車數(shù)量每一年會經(jīng)歷三百萬的增長，并且在接下來的十年中，歐盟車隊會經(jīng)歷更進一步的大幅增長。
解題思路: 原文說，汽車有一個飛速的增長，和私人交通迅速發(fā)展相符。原文中cars與viii 中的 private transport 屬于同義替換，原文中 increase 以及 substantial increase 與viii中的rapid growth屬同義替換。
Question 15
難度及答案: 難度低;答案為iii
關鍵詞: changes、 goods
定位原文: B段第1句“As far as... ”至于貨物運輸，它的增長在很大程度上是出于歐洲經(jīng)濟和它的生產(chǎn)體系的改變。
解題思路: 原文說，由于歐洲經(jīng)濟的改變，使得貨物運輸有所影響，與答案相符。原文中的goods transport與iii中的goods may be transported屬于同義替換，原文中 changes在iii中重現(xiàn)，原文中due to與iii中的affecting屬于同義替換。
Question 16
難度及答案：難度低;答案為xi
關鍵詞： EU admission
定位原文： C段第1句“The strong economic...”在那些歐盟的候選國家，預期的經(jīng)濟大幅增長也將會增加交通流動性，尤其是公路交通運輸。
解題思路: 原文說，歐盟候選國家的經(jīng)濟預期增長將令交通增長,和答案里的交通趨勢相符。原文中 candidates for entry to the EU 與 xi 中的 awaiting EU admission 屬于同義替換，原文中 expected 表示了題目中的 trend 趨勢。
Question 17
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為i
關鍵詞： fresh、important、long-term、goal
定位原文： D段第1句“however, a new...”然而一個新型必要事務----可持續(xù)發(fā)展----為適應歐盟共同的交通政策提供了一個機會。
解題思路： 原文中的new、imperative、sustainable與i中的fresh、important、long-term屬于同義替換。第2句或者最后一句的objective替換goal.
Question 18
難度及答案: 難度中等;答案為v
關鍵詞： environmental costs
定位原文： E段第1句“In 1998, energy consumption…”在1998年，交通領域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的28%,二氧化碳是一種主要溫室氣體。
解題思路: 原文說運輸會產(chǎn)生溫室氣體，所以會造成環(huán)境破壞。原文中的energy consumption，emissions of C02 以及 greenhouse gas 能夠體現(xiàn)出題目里邊的 environmental costs。
Question 19
難度及答案: 難度低;答案為X
關鍵詞： restricting 、charging policies、alone
定位原文： G段第1句“The first approach…”第一種方法會包括對公路運輸?shù)年P注，僅僅用定價來實現(xiàn)。
解題思路： 原文說，僅僅用價格來針對公路運輸，與答案僅僅通過收費限制公路使用相符。原文中 road transport、solely、pricing 與 x 中的 road use、alone、charging policies屬于同義替換。
Question 20
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為ii
關鍵詞： charging for roads、improving other transport methods
定位原文： H段第1句“The second approach…”第二種方法聚焦在公路運輸?shù)膬r格上，但是伴隨著提高其他方式效率的措施(更好的服務質量、物流、科技)。
解題思路： 原文中，accompanied by表示的就是還有另外一種，所以這一點對應答案中的 “且”，除了公路收費以外，還有其他途徑。原文中road transport pricing替換為 ii 中的 charging for roads, increase the efficiency of the other modes 替換為 ii 中的 improving other transport methods。
Question 21
難度及答案： 難度高;答案為iv
關鍵詞： all the steps、change transport patterns
定位原文： I段第1句“The third approach... ”第三種方法，它不是新的， 包含了一系列措施， 從價格到重興可替代的交通模式，并且以投資歐盟交通網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)作為目標。
解題思路： 原文說了很多方法，與答案中所有必要措施相符。原文中a series of measures替換為 iv 中的 all the steps，modes of transport 替換為 iv 中的 transport patterns。
Question 22
參考譯文：盡管科技進步了，對于交通的需求仍在增長。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為TRUE。
關鍵詞：need、technological development
定位原文： A段第2句“Although modem information…”盡管現(xiàn)在信息技術能夠通過促進遠程辦公和遠程服務降低物理運輸?shù)男枨?，可是對交通的需求繼續(xù)在上升。
解題思路: 原文與題目都表示了對交通的需求趨勢是上升的：所以答案為TRUE。原文中 although、 modem information technologies 、requirement for transports、 increase 分別與題目中的 despite、technological development、need for transport、 growing 是同義替換。
Question 23
參考譯文：為了減少生產(chǎn)成本，一些工廠已經(jīng)搬到距離他們相應消費者較近的地方。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為FALSE。
關鍵詞：production costs 、industries 、 consumers
定位原文： B段最后一句“This phenomenon has been…”這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)被些工業(yè)的遷移突出了,尤其是那些勞動力密集型的工業(yè)，為降低生產(chǎn)成本，即便生產(chǎn)地距離裝配廠或者用戶是幾百或者上千米遠。
解題思路：to reduce production costs在原文中重現(xiàn)，原文中relocation能夠體現(xiàn)出搬家，原文中users替換consumers，但是原文中even though后面表規(guī)的意思是生產(chǎn)車間距離很遠，而不是題目中的closer，所以明顯矛盾，答案為FALSE。
Question 24
參考譯文: 在許多歐盟候選國中，汽車過分的昂貴。
難度及答案: 難度低; 答案為NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞: cars、EU candidate countries
定位原文: C段第1句 “The strong economic...”,在那些歐盟的候選國家，預期的經(jīng)濟大幅增長也將會增加交通的流動性，尤其是公路交通運輸。
解題思路： 原文沒有提到expensive,所以很明顯是未提及。
Question 25
參考譯文： 這個哥德堡歐洲理事會是30年前建立的。
難度及答案：難度中等; 答案為NOT GIVEN。
關鍵詞：Gothenburg 、European Council
定位原文：D段第2句“This objective…”這個哥德堡歐洲理亊會已經(jīng)通過的目標必須通過把環(huán)境因素整合到社區(qū)政策來實現(xiàn)，并且改變交通狀況的平衡是其戰(zhàn)略的核心。
解題思路：找到定位并不難，原文并沒有提這個理事會成立了多少年，所以是未提及。
Question 26
參考譯文：這個年代末，交通造成的C02排放量將會達到7390億噸。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為FALSE
關鍵詞：739 billion tones
定位原文：E段第2句“According to the latest... ”根據(jù)最新的估計，如果不采取措施去逆轉交通增長的趨勢，與記載的1990年的7390億噸相比;到2020年，二氧化碳的排放量將會增長50%，到1,1130億噸。
解題思路：原文中CO2 emissions有原詞重現(xiàn)，原文中by 2020替換了 by the end of this decade，原文中 be expected to 替換了 are predicted to，題目里面的 739 billion tones與原文中說會達到1,113 billion tones不一致，所以答案為FALSE。
Passage 3
Question 27
參考譯文:“百萬美元四重唱”的例子著重強調了作者關于____的觀點。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案為C
關鍵詞： million-dollar quartet
定位原文： 第3段第2句到后面的“Sun’s ‘million-dollar quartet’...”太陽的“百萬美元四重唱組合”本來可以成為五重唱組合的。照片里沒有的是Roy Orbison，一個比Lewis, Perkins或者Cash更加有天賦的歌手。Sam Phillips, 太陽工作室的擁有者，想要用融合了黑白音樂，鄉(xiāng)村和藍調音樂的結合體來革新流行樂。 Presley，Cash，Perkins和Lewis直覺上就理解了 Phillips的野心而且充滿信心。 Orbison對于這一目標并不感冒，而且與太陽公司僅實現(xiàn)了一次合作。
解題思路: 原文中的goal與C項里的objective是同義替換。從文中可以看出來，退出的 Orbison與組合里的其他成員，以及老板的創(chuàng)新觀念并不相符。所以，有一個共同的目標非常重要。
Question 28
參考譯文： James Watson 說他和Francis Crick能夠率先發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA密碼是因為他們____.
難度及答案：難度低;答案為A
關鍵詞： DNA
定位原文： 第6段倒數(shù)第2句“He said he and Crick…”他說他和Cricket之所以能夠成功， 是因為他們知道在眾多追尋答案的科學家之中，他們并不是最聰明的。
解題思路： 根據(jù)DNA找到本段第4句話，往后看倒數(shù)第2句話提到了成功的原因，因為他們明白，他們不是最聰明的，這句話解釋了答案里邊的他們明白自己的局限。 原文中 aware 替換為 A 選項中的 conscious, weren’t the most intelligent 解釋了他們有l(wèi)imitations。
Question 29
參考譯文: 作者提到早餐谷物粥包裝的競爭是想要證明如何_____.
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為D.
關鍵詞： breakfast cereal packets
定位原文： 第8段倒數(shù)第2句及最后一句“It is，he says... ”他說，這就是為什么所有的早餐谷物粥僅裝競爭者都會鼓勵大家寫下不超過10字的話：“我喜歡Kellogg玉米片，因為…”這一書寫行為會讓我們更加愿意去相信這件事。
解題思路： 定位不難，最后一句話the very act of writing就是指前面的書寫這句話的行為，這一行為會使得我們更加愿意去相信它。原文中more likely to替換為選項D 中的 strengthen，難度在于 believe 與 commitment 的替換。Commitment 的意思除了承諾意外，還有信奉的意思。
Question 30
參考譯文: 文中最后一段，作者說對于員工來說____很重要。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為B
關鍵詞：last paragraph、employees
定位原文：最后1段第2句話“Cialdini says... ” Cialdini說“領導們應該鼓勵每個人去貢獻(自己的想法)并且確保相關人員都意識到每一個建議對于制定正確的決策和(每個人的想法)被充分地考慮都是很重要的”。
解題思路: 題目已經(jīng)告訴了最后一段，所以定位不難。原文中主語用到的是leaders，說領導應該鼓勵每個人， everyone替換了 employees， 所以員工應該怎么做， 我們應該encourage (鼓勵)他們做什么。原文中說鼓勵大家contribute (做貢獻)， 替換了答案中的contributions，原文中的同時要保證每一個人的意見都很important (重要)， 還有 will be given full attention(給予充分關注)，這兩點都體現(xiàn)出了答案中的valued (被重視)。
Question 31
參考譯文： 與老板的價值觀相符的員工，更有可能___。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為G
關鍵詞：values
定位原文：第2段第2句“Research shows...”研究表明，員工的價值和公司的價值之契合度在于員工做了什么貢獻以及兩年以后他們是不是仍然在這家公司。
解題思路: 根據(jù)values找到第2段第2句，原文說，員工與老板的價值觀是否一致，會對兩方面有影響，一方面是員工會有什么貢獻，另一方面是兩年以后他們是否還在這家公司。所以第二點與答案繼續(xù)保持工作相符。原文中fit替換了 match，they're still at the company替換了remain in their jobs。
Question 32
參考譯文：變化的時候，人們傾向于___。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為E
關鍵詞：change
定位原文：第4段1句“The value fit matters…”價值觀是否合拍很重要，Cialdini說，因為創(chuàng)新在一定程度上也是改變的過程，在這種壓力下，我們作為一種物種，會有不同的表現(xiàn)，“事情有所改變的時候，我們很自然地就會選擇安全的行動 ”。
解題思路: 根據(jù)at times of change找到原文中when things change。原文提到，我們會 play it safe，與答案中的avoid risk是同義替換。
Question 33
參考譯文：如果人們清楚自己可能會失去什么，他們將會___。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為A
關鍵詞：lose
定位原文：第4段最后一句“Studies show that…”研究表明，當面對損失而不是獎賞的時候，我們不可避免地會更加冒險。
解題思路: 主要是替換，原文中 when threatened with a loss 替換了 are aware of what they might lose，原文中 take more gambles 替換了take chances。
Question 34
參考譯文：在支配欲很強的老板手下工作的話，人們更可能___。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為F
關鍵詞：a dominant boss
定位原文：第9段第2句及最后一句“The wrong kind of leadership…”這一錯誤的領導方式會導致Cialdini稱之為“機長癥候群，一種令人遺憾的趨勢，團隊成員會把本該屬于自己的責任推卸給領導的一種趨勢”……據(jù)他所言，這一行為并不單單在飛機上會出現(xiàn)，而是當領導太獨斷的時候，這會發(fā)生在任何工作場合下。
解題思路: 這道題的難度在于詞組不熟悉，opt out的意思是“退出”、“免除”、“避免”，替換了 ignore，responsibilities 替換了 duties。還有就是最后一句的 the leader is overbearing 替換了 a dominant boss。
Question 35
參考譯文：在一個很少有規(guī)矩的組織里工作的員工，更可會___。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為B
關鍵詞：few rules
定位原文：第10段，另一個極端是20世紀80年代，Memphis的設計團體，一個年輕人組成的團隊，對于他們來說“唯一的規(guī)則就是沒有規(guī)則”。這一環(huán)境為互相交換換想法提供了有利的條件，進而引起了形式，功能，顏色以及材料的—系列創(chuàng)新，這一創(chuàng)新革新了家居設計的概念。
解題思路： 第一句是定位點，原文中the only rule 和no rule 替換了few rules， 第2句是解題點，a free interchange of ideas 替換了share their ideas。
Question 36
參考譯文：一個人工作的物理環(huán)境對于他們的創(chuàng)造力有決定性作用。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為 NO
關鍵詞：physical surroundings、creativity
定位原文：第1段第2句“There are…”然而，那些在一個奢侈的，設計成藝術中心以促進創(chuàng)新的地方工作的人，發(fā)現(xiàn)這個環(huán)境并不能讓他們覺得自己有創(chuàng)造力。
解題思路: 原文中說那些工作條件非常好的人，發(fā)現(xiàn)這個環(huán)境一點也不能讓自己有創(chuàng)造性，所以與題目很明顯矛盾。原文中的centres，environment替換了 physical surroundings, 原文中creative 替換了creativity。
Question 37
參考譯文: 大多數(shù)人有創(chuàng)新的潛力
難度及答案：難度低;答案為 YES
關鍵詞：most people、potential
定位原文：第2段最后一句“Studies at…”在哈佛商業(yè)學院進行的研究表明，盡管一些人會比另外一些人更加有創(chuàng)造力，但是如果人們處于正確的環(huán)境，每一個人都會有創(chuàng)造力。
解題思路: 原文中 almost every individuals 替換了 most people， can be替換了 potential。
Question 38
參考譯文: 當智力相當?shù)娜私M成一個團隊的時候，團隊工作情況最好。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為 NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：equally matched intelligence
定位原文：無
解題思路: 這道題是完全未提及。
Question 39
參考譯文: 小的公司創(chuàng)新更容易。
難度及答案：難度低;答案為 NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：smaller companies
定位原文：無
解題思路: 這道題是完全未提及。
Question 40
參考譯文: 管理者的批準比同事的更具有說服力。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案為no
關鍵詞：manager's approvals 、colleague
定位原文：第7段最后一句 “Research shows...” 研究表明,同事的力量，同等級運用，而不是上下級運用的話，遠比老板的任何言論更加有說服力。
解題思路：這道題涉及比較多的替換，原文中peer power替換了 colleague, powerful替換了 persuasive，boss’s speech 替換了 manager’s approval。
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劍橋雅思閱讀10答案精講(test1)
