托福閱讀時間把握做一篇閱讀需要多長時間
相對來說，大家的英語閱讀能力要比其他方面強一些，但是托福閱讀難度和要求都很高，閱讀速度不夠快，根本不可能在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成所有題目。那么，托福閱讀時間應(yīng)該如何把握呢?學(xué)習(xí)啦來跟大家一起講解一下。
托福閱讀時間把握 做一篇閱讀需要多長時間?
一.托福閱讀時間把握
一般情況下如果不遇到加試的情況下，你有60分鐘來應(yīng)對3篇700字左右的文章及42道左右的題目。那么如果你按照20分鐘一篇文章來解題的話，那么時間剛剛好是60分鐘。但是大家需要知道的是托福閱讀3篇文章的難易度是不一樣的，如果前面的文章偏難一些的話，那么你多些時間后面文章簡單一些問題還不大，但如果前面的文章題目較簡單你同樣是用20分鐘，在后面遇到較難的文章和題目的時候就會時間不夠用了。
所以這里小站君建議大家在托福閱讀考試的時候第一篇閱讀做題時最好不要超過20分鐘。那么你的時間真的就不夠用了，到最后時間快到的時候你后面的題目還沒有來得及看只能靠猜了，想想這樣的正確率將會大打折扣。
二.做題方法是先通讀全文后看題目
很多考生都會有這樣一個習(xí)慣，就是先將托福閱讀文章通讀一遍，然后再去看題目。這樣做并不明智，如果你的閱讀水平并不是極高的話，建議大家不要這樣做，因為如果你的的閱讀水平不夠的話，或者詞匯量積累不夠，很有可能你的閱讀文章將耗盡你大部分時間，從而沒有時間去看題找答案了。
但是這種方法也不是完全不可取了，如果這篇文章是你曾經(jīng)讀過的，就算你一字一句讀也不會浪費太多時間;還有一種就是前面提到的，你的閱讀水平極高，可以應(yīng)付這種閱讀文章，否則用這種方法閱讀肯定是做不完的。
托福閱讀TPO30第1篇:Role of Play in Development
【1】Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.
【2】Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.
【3】Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.
【4】The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.
【5】Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.
【6】Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.
【7】There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."
1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?
A.Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.
B.Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.
C.Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.
D.Play occurs independently of an animal's intentions.
2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals
A.The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.
B.The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.
C.The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.
D.The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.
3.The word "considerable" in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning to
A.Initial.
B.Practical.
C.Eventually.
D.Significant.
4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT
A.exposure to predators.
B.a buildup of fat stores.
C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.
D.risk of injury from slipping or falling.
5.Why does the author include the comment "though they were fed the same diets"?
A.To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments.
B.To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight.
C.To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive.
D.To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.
6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal's brain.
A.The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.
B.The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.
C.The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.
D.The larger the animal's cerebellum, the larger will be the animal's nerve cells.
7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?
A.Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.
B.Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.
C.The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.
D.Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.
8.The word "comparative" in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
A.relative.
B.temporary.
C.sufficient.
D.complete.
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.
B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.
C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.
D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.
10.What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?
A.Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.
B.Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.
C.Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.
D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.
11.The word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to
A.undoubtedly.
B.possibly.
C.unfortunately.
D.quickly.
12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?
A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.
B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.
C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.
D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.
There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】
14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.
A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play
B.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.
C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.
D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.
E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.
F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.
托福閱讀答案
1.原文中，同樣的behavior會同時發(fā)生在play和其他一些非play的情況中，所以B正確。A與原文第一句矛盾。C選項沒有提到。D選項與原文第一段最后一句矛盾。
2.看第二段的最后兩句。倒數(shù)第二句說動物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面說確定玩耍的作用(function)非常難，那也就對應(yīng)了原題的challenge。Because后面出現(xiàn)了原因，說這些function是長期的，其beneficial要到動物成年才出現(xiàn)。所以跟A選項吻痕。B、C選項原文沒提到。D選項也和問題無關(guān)。
3.Considerable：重要的，值得考慮的。選項A是最初的，B是實用的，C是最終的，D是重大的，有意義的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各種cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解為一定量的損失或者風險。
4.從Therefore開始后面的都是potential cost。三種cost已經(jīng)用紅色字體標出。B選項看似提到了，但是原文是說失去了fat store的機會，而不是因為play而build up了。所以B錯。
5.這里提到的試驗的結(jié)果。前面從in one research of study開始描述這個試驗，提到了兩個對比組，under different conditions。后面是在說結(jié)果，括號里面的內(nèi)容是對結(jié)論的解釋說明。A,C,D三個選項一點兒都不沾邊。只要高中學(xué)過一點數(shù)理化就知道這個是控制變量的試驗，所以答案選B。
6.原文中從other studies 開始有描述了另外的觀點。說greater stimulation不僅會影響大腦的大小，也會增加神經(jīng)細胞間的連接的數(shù)量，而這個stimulation是由active play提供的。根據(jù)上文，環(huán)境越復(fù)雜，active play就越多，因此stimulation就越多，導(dǎo)致動物的大腦更大，也就更重。所以A選項符合這個觀點。BCD都沒提到。
7.這道題的關(guān)鍵詞在于needed for survival。因為prey species和predator species對于survival的要求不同，所以導(dǎo)致他們play behavior也不同。所以選C。 A，B，D原文都沒提到。
8.comparative是相對的，相當?shù)摹是相對的;B是暫時的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以選擇A。這里C可能會是迷惑選項，因為其意思帶入原文也通順，但是失去了原詞的"比較"的那層意思。
9.這道題中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特別是對于群居的動物。然后用了monkey做例證。A選項只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群體，但沒提到主干部分。 B選項說自私和攻擊性強的動物藥學(xué)social behavior，這就把其他動物排除在外了，改變了原句的意思。C正確，不僅提到了monkey也說到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)為了融入群體要學(xué)social behavior。 D是錯誤選項，原文并沒說猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…與原文矛盾，不選。
10.根據(jù)young & adult定位到第六段第一句。說成年動物要讓年輕的動物在相對安全的環(huán)境下玩兒。 因此可以得到答案C正確。A原文沒有說讓young去學(xué)怎么dominant，B原文雖然提到social group 但沒提到是從adults身上學(xué)習(xí)。D原文完全沒有相關(guān)描寫。
11.potentially潛在地。A市毫無疑問地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表達了一中可能性，后半句沒有轉(zhuǎn)折，應(yīng)該是接上上半句往下說的。所以意思應(yīng)該想近。
12.這一段前半部分一直在描述說有動物之間會誤以為是真的aggression，中間出現(xiàn)了thus證明后面會說解決的方法。這里說解決方法是用clear signals 去表達playfulness。所以答案是D。
13.要插入的句子開頭為With message such as those，那么說明前面肯定會描述一些messages，后面又說even dogs，那證明前面應(yīng)該也提到了狗的行為。所以這里應(yīng)該插在最后一個空里。
14.選項A對應(yīng)在原文第一段，提到play的行為包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行為，但是很難確定其function所以A正確。E對應(yīng)原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開頭說好處一定會outweigh其costs。B這個原文沒有提到，雖然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也說adults通常會讓young在相對安全的情況下play，但并沒有說太多太多的小動物變成了victims。不選。C這個原文雖然說他們要學(xué)social behavior，但沒提到說這類動物要學(xué)著去dominant，不選。D選項對應(yīng)原文第一段，但選項中的原因和原文不符，不選。E對應(yīng)原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開頭說好處一定會outweigh其costs。F選項對應(yīng)原文第四，五段。第四段說play會影響大腦發(fā)育，神經(jīng)細胞間連接的數(shù)量。第五段說到了有益于muscle tissue的發(fā)育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。
托福閱讀譯文
【1】用例證來定義玩耍要比用概念簡單得多。在任何情況下，動物間的玩耍都包括跳躍，奔跑，攀登，投擲，格斗和另外的一些動作，而玩耍的對象可能有其它物品或者動物。根據(jù)物種的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，鍛煉，或探索。定義“玩?！钡碾y點之一是，玩耍過程中常常包含一些與其它情況下相似的行為，例如統(tǒng)治，捕食，競爭和搏斗。因此，判斷其是否玩耍，要根據(jù)動物的目的來確認，而常常通過行為本身很難分析其目的。
【2】玩耍似乎是那些有著相對復(fù)雜的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的動物，主要是鳥類和哺乳動物，的一個發(fā)育，發(fā)展的特征。玩耍的大量研究主要在靈長類和犬類中進行。動物到底為什么要玩耍仍然在文獻中存在爭議，并且每種物種玩耍的原因也不盡相同。確定玩耍的功能很難，因為它的功能是長期的，伴隨著一些直到動物成年才會顯現(xiàn)出來的有利影響。
【3】玩耍對于動物個體并非沒有一定的代價。玩耍通常是非?；钴S的，包括一些動作，有時也會發(fā)出聲音。所以，這些都會導(dǎo)致一些年幼的動物的本來可以用來生長或者儲存脂肪的能量流失。另一個潛在的代價是玩耍增加了動物暴漏給天敵的幾率，因為這些多動是吸引注意的行為。大量的運動也會增加摔倒滑倒導(dǎo)致受傷的危險。
【4】根據(jù)達爾文理論，玩耍的好處一定超過其損失，不然玩耍就不會得以進化。其中一些潛在的好處就是直接關(guān)于動物的大腦和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的健康發(fā)展。在一項研究中，兩組小鼠被養(yǎng)在不同的環(huán)境中。第一組成長在一個比較“富?！钡沫h(huán)境中，這樣的環(huán)境使其可以與其他老鼠接觸，和玩具玩兒，并且接受迷宮訓(xùn)練。另一組生活在“窮困”的環(huán)境中，它們被養(yǎng)在獨立籠子里，只有微弱的光照和極少的刺激。最后，結(jié)果表明生活在單一環(huán)境中的老鼠的大腦重量要比生活在復(fù)雜情況下的老鼠的大腦輕(即使它們被喂養(yǎng)的食物一樣的)。另外一些研究表明，較大的刺激不僅會影響大腦的大小，而且也會增加神經(jīng)細胞間連接的數(shù)量。因此，活躍的玩?？梢詾榇竽X中的突觸連接提供必要的刺激，特別是負責運動機能的小腦。
【5】玩耍也會刺激肌肉組織的生長，并能提供練習(xí)生存技能的機會。被捕食者，比如小鹿或者山羊，其典型的玩耍動作就是突然快速跳躍和轉(zhuǎn)彎，相反捕食者，比如貓科動物，則練習(xí)潛行追蹤，猛撲和撕咬。
【6】玩耍有助于幼年動物探索其生存環(huán)境，并且由于周圍的成年動物一般不期望孩子去處理威脅和捕食者，所以它們可以在相對安全的環(huán)境中練習(xí)技能。玩耍也可以練習(xí)求愛和交配的社交行為。學(xué)習(xí)適當?shù)纳缃恍袨樘貏e重要，尤其是對于群居動物，比如猴子，它們需要學(xué)會控制自己的自私和攻擊性，學(xué)著去懂得付出和收獲的關(guān)系以融入群體。它們要學(xué)習(xí)怎么去統(tǒng)治和順從因為每只猴子都會在將來扮演其中某個角色。大部分這類事情都在靈長類的長期的幼齡時期學(xué)習(xí)，期間它們有數(shù)不清的玩耍經(jīng)驗。
【7】當然玩耍也有危險。玩?？赡軙粍e的動物誤會，或者不被當做玩耍而潛在地造成攻擊。這個情況尤其在扮演練習(xí)正常的侵略性或捕食行為過程中。因此，許多物種都有其明確的表明玩耍的信號。比如狗，它們用會搖尾巴，前腿趴下，撅著屁股來表示“以下行為都是逗你玩兒的!”
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