托福TPO6閱讀文本及答案參考Part1
TPO對于我們的托福備考非常有用，大家還在苦于找不到資料嗎？下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈PO6閱讀文本及答案參考Part1，希望可以幫助到你們。
托福TPO6閱讀文本Part1
Powering the Industrial Revolution
In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.
The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.
Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.
By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.
Paragraph 1: In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.
Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.
托福TPO6閱讀題目Part1
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○ The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○ Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○ Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
2. Which of the following best describes the relation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1?
○Paragraph 2 shows how the problem discussed in paragraph 1 arose.
○Paragraph 2 explains how the problem presented in paragraph 1 came to be solved.
○Paragraph 2 provides a more technical discussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1.
○Paragraph 2 shows why the problem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.
3. The word "exploited" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○utilized
○recognized
○examined
○fully understood
4. The word "vastly" in the passage is closet in meaning to
○quickly
○ultimately
○greatly
○initially
5. According to paragraph 2, the "atmospheric engine" was slow because
○it had been designed to be used in coal mines
○the cylinder had to cool between each stroke
○it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinder
○it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available
Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.
6. According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following ways EXCEPT:
○ It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder.
○ It worked with greater speed.
○ It was more efficient in its use of fuel.
○ It could be used in many different ways.
Paragraph 3: Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.
7. In paragraph 3, the author mentions William Murdoch's invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to
○indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engine
○make the point that Watt's steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial Revolution
○illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution
○provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source
8. The phrase "grew accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○began to prefer
○wanted to have
○became used to
○insisted on
Paragraph 4: By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.
9. The word "retained" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gained
○established
○profited from
○maintained
10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?
○They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.
○B(yǎng)y 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.
○They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.
○They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.
11. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involved combining which two previously separate ingredients?
○Turnpikes and canals
○Stationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheels
○Metal rails in roadbeds and wagons capable of carrying heavy loads
○Canal boats and heavily laden wagons
Paragraph 3: Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.
12.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder.
○Watt's steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.
○Until the 1830s, Britain was the world's major producer of steam engines.
○In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.
○In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.
○The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem
托福TPO6閱讀答案Part1
參考答案：
1. ○4
2. ○2
3. ○1
4. ○3
5. ○2
6. ○1
7. ○1.
8. ○3
9. ○4
10. ○3
11. ○2
12. ○3
13. Watt's steam engine played …
In the mid-1700s James Watt…
The availability of steam…
托福TPO6閱讀翻譯Part1
參考翻譯：驅(qū)動工業(yè)革命
在英國，工業(yè)革命帶來的最大的變化之一就是動力的運用。從中世紀到喬治三世統(tǒng)治時期，用于勞作及行駛的動力一直沒有得到發(fā)展。當時的驅(qū)動力僅限于三種：動物或人力;風力，用于航行或者風車;流水產(chǎn)生的動力。其中只有水力可以用于支持持續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)的機器，盡管在當時的蘭開夏和蘇格蘭地區(qū)水力資源極其豐富，被用于谷物作坊和紡織廠，但這種動力存在一個極大的缺陷：水的流向是由自然因素決定的，因此，不論適不適合工廠選址，利用水利生產(chǎn)的工廠都必須建造在能夠提供水資源動力的岸邊。再者，即便是最可靠的水資源也會受到季節(jié)變化和因干旱而枯竭的影響?？傊?，沒有可持續(xù)提供動力并且可移動的能源就沒有新機械化時代的產(chǎn)生。
一直以來，人們很早就了解這種能源，不過沒能成功開發(fā)。在18世紀早期，泵曾被用于在氣缸中使蒸汽推動活塞，氣缸內(nèi)部的蒸汽被壓縮形成真空環(huán)境，大氣壓又使得活塞下降，這一由托馬斯o賽佛瑞發(fā)明并由他的同伴托馬斯o紐科門對其進行改良的"大氣引擎"，被賦予了革命性的工作原理。但其效率低下且浪費燃料，無法在煤礦以外的地區(qū)使用，這與最初的設(shè)計期望背道而馳。18世紀60年代，詹姆士o瓦特完善了分離的蒸汽冷凝器，因此不必每次活塞運動后都要冷卻氣缸;隨后，他又發(fā)明了一種新的方法，使得活塞可以旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，即從原來的往復(fù)運動演變成為循環(huán)運動，原本效率低下運用范圍有限的活塞式結(jié)構(gòu)從此演變成為得到廣泛運用的蒸汽模式。最終，蒸汽被運用于汽缸中將活塞推回，從而加快了機器的運轉(zhuǎn)速度并降低了能源消耗。
瓦特發(fā)明的蒸汽機很快地施展了拳腳，把依賴水源的工業(yè)解放了出來。通過驅(qū)動高效率的泵，引擎可將礦井中的水排出，礦井就能挖掘得更深。煤的便利使用激發(fā)了威廉o默多克在18世紀90年代發(fā)明了1 500年以來首例夜間照明設(shè)備。。新世紀伊始，煤氣燈在與冒煙的油燈和忽閃的蠟燭的比較中盡占優(yōu)勢，經(jīng)濟富裕的倫敦人也開始習慣了煤氣作家用照明甚至街道照明。依賴于木炭供應(yīng)的鐵匠們急需燃料，他們也受益于越來越多的煤炭供應(yīng)。配備有蒸汽動力的鼓風爐使得越來越多的鋼鐵供應(yīng)成為可能。蒸汽成為了工業(yè)革命中的主要動力，當時的煤礦和鐵礦成為了是工業(yè)的主要原材料。
19世紀時，英國已經(jīng)擁有上千臺蒸汽發(fā)動機，直到19世紀30年代以前，英國在蒸汽機的生產(chǎn)方面一直處于實質(zhì)性壟斷地位。蒸汽機不僅可以用于織布、煉鐵，19世紀早期，蒸汽機的使用同樣大大提高了造紙的效率，蒸汽動力生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量是一個工人一天產(chǎn)量的10倍。那時，第一個利用蒸汽發(fā)動的印刷機的印刷廠1小時就能完成1 000頁的印量，而手動印刷機只能完成30頁的工作量。。蒸汽動力還實現(xiàn)了運河及收費公路無法完全解決的運輸問題。貨船的確可以負荷重物，但人們無法利用運河在多山的區(qū)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)運輸，雖然利用公路可以穿實現(xiàn)在多山區(qū)域的運輸，但路面的承載能力有限。這些問題都需要其他解決方法，解決問題所需要的條件其實唾手可得。在一些工業(yè)地區(qū)，四輪馬車用于承載重物，它們配備有帶凸的車輪，通過馬力拉車在鐵軌上行駛;靜止的蒸汽發(fā)動機廣泛運用于工廠和礦井之中。直到過了一代，另一批發(fā)明家們才將這些條件成功地組合在一起，給車輪配備上蒸汽動力，讓輪子在鐵路上運轉(zhuǎn)，利用機器替代了原有的馬。這就是鐵路時代從18世紀既有條件發(fā)展起來的過程。
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托福TPO6閱讀文本及答案參考Part1
