進入2020年，相信有很多的新同學(xué)加入到托福備考中來。對于具體的托福閱讀的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，大家可能不是很清楚。因此學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家整理了相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，讓大家更好地了解閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　2020年托福閱讀官方評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　新托福閱讀考試共三篇文章,每篇12-14道題,如果遇到加試時從考試的五篇文章中隨機選取三篇計分。在這三篇文章中所有回答正確的題目數(shù)量加起來就是你的“total points”。除重要觀點題和歸類題以外，每道題的分值都是1分。重要觀點題的分值可能是2分。歸類題為3或4分?？荚囁梅?jǐn)?shù)范圍：0-30分。

正確題目個數(shù)	得分	正確題目個數(shù)	得分	正確題目個數(shù)	得分	正確題目個數(shù)	得分
10	3	21	8	32	18	45	30
9	2	20	8	31	17	44	29
8	2	19	7	30	16	13	29
7	1	18	7	29	16	42	28
6	1	17	6	28	15	41	27
5	0	16	6	27	14	40	26
4	0	15	5	26	13	39	25
3	0	14	5	25	12	38	24
2	0	13	4	24	11	37	23
1	0	12	4	23	10	36	22
33	19	11	3	22	9	35	21
						34	20

　　托福閱讀應(yīng)該計算實際拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再參照評分表，計算最后的分?jǐn)?shù)(0-30)。不同版本的試卷因難度不同有不同的轉(zhuǎn)換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以新托福閱讀是沒有固定的評分表的。

　　每篇文章700個字，對應(yīng)14道題目。其中，13道題是基礎(chǔ)信息和推斷題，每道題1分。最后一道題是小結(jié)題，俗稱大題，滿分2分。大題一般情況下是6選3，3個選項錯一個扣一分，扣完為止，即在答題中錯2或3個選項，這個題目不得分。

　　因此，每篇文章對應(yīng)14個題目，共15分。閱讀部分整體42道題，對應(yīng)原始分?jǐn)?shù)滿分45分。根據(jù)如下表格，將會給出原始分?jǐn)?shù)與最終分?jǐn)?shù)的對應(yīng)。

　　托福閱讀TPO33第2篇:鐵路和商品化農(nóng)業(yè)

　　Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States

　　【1】By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track; Ten years later it had over 30,000 miles, more than the rest of the world combined. Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains—over 2,000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.

　　【2】The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640 tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.

　　【3】The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans’ hot and humid warehouses. Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region’s hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South’s overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.

　　【4】A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented. Wheat, which in 1845 commanded $1.08 a bushel in New York City, fetched $2.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.

　　【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.

　　【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables.

　　【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay.

　　【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.

　　托福閱讀TPO33題目第2篇:鐵路和商品化農(nóng)業(yè)

　　1.According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:

　　A.In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.

　　B.By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than any other state in the country.

　　C.Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.

　　D.By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.

　　2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?

　　A.Most new farms were located along the tracks.

　　B.Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.

　　C.Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.

　　D.Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.

　　3.The word "bustling" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

　　A.famous.

　　B.important.

　　C.growing.

　　D.busy.

　　4.According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?

　　A.Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.

　　B.Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.

　　C.Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market for goods for the West.

　　D.The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of goods shipped east.

　　5.According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?

　　A.There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.

　　B.The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase.

　　C.Goods shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.

　　D.The temperatures and humidity.

　　6.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between 1845 and 1855 because

　　A.the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.

　　B.demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States.

　　C.farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops.

　　D.many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat.

　　7.The word "transformed" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

　　A.dominated.

　　B.changed.

　　C.improved.

　　D.created.

　　8.The word "erected" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

　　A.looked for.

　　B.lived on.

　　C.preferred.

　　D.built.

　　9.Why does author point out that "Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person"(paragraph 5)?

　　A.To provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie.

　　B.To identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago.

　　C.To explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable.

　　D.To provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil.

　　10.According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land because

　　A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

　　B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

　　C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie.

　　D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlers arrived.

　　11.The word "surpluses" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to

　　A.extra goods

　　B.commercial goods

　　C.unprocessed goods

　　D.transportable goods

　　12.According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

　　A.Reducing annual fires.

　　B.Dividing the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.

　　C.Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots.

　　D.Fencing off their farms.

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problems were not limited to routes of transport.

　　The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.

　　14. Prose Summary

　　The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.

　　A.Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible.

　　B.Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.

　　C.Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.

　　D.Access to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficient farming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used for large-scale commercial agriculture.

　　E.Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were divided into large fenced fields.

　　F.Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not produced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.

　　托福閱讀TPO33第2篇答案:鐵路和商品化農(nóng)業(yè)

　　1.否定細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;對應(yīng) A 選項。定位句 Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2.000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.對應(yīng)C選項，同時由于該句子中沒有出 現(xiàn)有關(guān)Ohio and Illinois比較的相關(guān)信息.因此B選項錯誤。定位句then years later it had over 30,000 miles，more than the rest of the world combined. 對應(yīng)D選項。

　　2.推斷題：定位句The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.意思是說因為鐵路建設(shè)帶動了經(jīng)濟，農(nóng)民開始有錢了，于是就開始買手工制品了。因此就可以推斷出，農(nóng)民有錢了就有了買東西的欲望和需求。

　　3.bustling， 繁忙的，對應(yīng)D。

　　4.細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the legion's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.意思是鐵路的建設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)移了西方貿(mào)易的方向，芝加哥成為了貿(mào)易中心，取代了原先的新奧爾良。因此答案是B。

　　5.細(xì)節(jié)題：Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.意思是說因為雖然貨物本身的價值在增加，但是南部的市場份額卻在下降，就暗示了越來越少人的人愿意通過該途徑運貨，即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此這道題的答案是B。

　　6.細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented.國外的糧食需求猛增，然后該段最后出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果就是價格上升。

　　7.transform，變形，對應(yīng)B。

　　8.erect，建立，對應(yīng)D。

　　9.修辭目的題：定位句As railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production.該段的主旨：農(nóng)民將肥沃的黑土投入生產(chǎn)中，題干中的信息是一個具體的例子，表明的是具體的產(chǎn)物。

　　10.細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie.原因是梨不能穿透草地，因此答案只可能是A。

　　11.surpluses，剩余，多余的東西，選A。

　　12.否定細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees.對應(yīng)A選項。定位句The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern.對應(yīng)D選項。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms. each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots. and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more -irregular farms in the East, checkerboard pattern 棋盤格樣式，對應(yīng)B選項。C選項錯在沒有提到planting trees。

　　13.句子插入題：原句的意思是問題不僅局限在道路運輸上，因此我們可以推 斷出該句子的下一句應(yīng)該會提到其他的問題，因此第三個方框滿足要求。前面再講水路問題，后面講到了天氣和濕度問題。插入的句子正好起到了承上啟下的作用。

　　14.Access to rail lilies combined with the development of more - efficient fanning equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairies to be used for large - scale commercial agriculture.正確。對應(yīng)第二、五段，鐵路的發(fā)展帶動經(jīng)濟，農(nóng)民獲得土地，改進農(nóng)作用具，提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量。

　　Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were decided into large fenced fields.正確。對應(yīng)第八段主旨，農(nóng)民通過各式各樣的方法改變地貌，發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)。

　　E正確。對應(yīng)第三段主要內(nèi)容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the region's hub，linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.水利交通的沒落和鐵路運輸?shù)呐d起。

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.46 in 1855; in similar fashion the price of corn nearly doubled. Farmers responded by specializing in cash crops, borrowing to purchase more land, and investing in equipment to increase productivity.

　　【5】As railroad lines fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercial agriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlers accustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grass were an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however, John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sod without soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaper that harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the 1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up with demand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually.

　　【6】The new commercial farming fundamentally altered the Midwestern landscape and the environment. Native Americans had grown corn in the region for years, but never in such large fields as did later settlers who became farmers, whose surpluses were shipped east. Prairie farmers also introduced new crops that were not part of the earlier ecological system, notably wheat, along with fruits and vegetables.

　　【7】Native grasses were replaced by a small number of plants cultivated as commodities. Corn had the best yields, but it was primarily used to feed livestock. Because bread played a key role in the American and European diet, wheat became the major cash crop. Tame grasses replaced native grasses in pastures for making hay.

　　【8】Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees. In the absence of these fires, trees reappeared on land not in cultivation and, if undisturbed, eventually formed woodlots. The earlier unbroken landscape gave way to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots, and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more-irregular farms in the East.

　　托福閱讀TPO33題目第2篇:鐵路和商品化農(nóng)業(yè)

　　1.According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true about railroad track in the United States EXCEPT:

　　A.In 1850 the United States had less than 10,000 miles of railroad track.

　　B.By the end of the 1850s, Ohio and Illinois contained more railroad track than any other state in the country.

　　C.Much of the railroad track built in the United States during the 1850s was located west of the Appalachian Mountain.

　　D.By 1860 there were more miles of railroad track in the United States than in any other country.

　　2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?

　　A.Most new farms were located along the tracks.

　　B.Farmers began to grow wheat as a commercial corp.

　　C.Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.

　　D.Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.

　　3.The word "bustling" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

　　A.famous.

　　B.important.

　　C.growing.

　　D.busy.

　　4.According to paragraph 3, in what way did the new rail networks change western trade?

　　A.Northwestern farmers almost completely stopped shipping goods by steamboat.

　　B.Many western goods began to be shipped east by way of Chicago rather than south to New Orleans.

　　C.Chicago largely replaced New York and other eastern cities as the final market for goods for the West.

　　D.The value of goods shipped west soon became greater than the value of goods shipped east.

　　5.According to paragraph 3, what was a disadvantage of shipping goods from northwestern areas to New Orleans?

　　A.There was no reliable way to get goods from New Orleans to eastern cities.

　　B.The cost of shipping goods by river to New Orleans continued to increase.

　　C.Goods shipped from New Orleans' neighboring areas had a significant competitive advantage because of their lower transportation costs.

　　D.The temperatures and humidity.

　　6.Paragraph 4 supports the idea that the price of wheat more than doubled between 1845 and 1855 because

　　A.the price of corn nearly doubled during that same period.

　　B.demand for grain increased sharply outside the United States.

　　C.farmers in the Northeast and Midwest began to specialize in cash crops.

　　D.many farmers had borrowed heavily to purchase land and equipment for raising wheat.

　　7.The word "transformed" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

　　A.dominated.

　　B.changed.

　　C.improved.

　　D.created.

　　8.The word "erected" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

　　A.looked for.

　　B.lived on.

　　C.preferred.

　　D.built.

　　9.Why does author point out that "Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestem all grew higher than a person"(paragraph 5)?

　　A.To provide a reason why people from the eastern woodlands of the United States were impressed when they saw the prairie.

　　B.To identify an obstacles to the development of the railroad lines fanning out from Chicago.

　　C.To explain why the transformation of the prairies by commercial agriculture was so remarkable.

　　D.To provide evidence supporting the claim that the prairies had fertile, deep black soil.

　　10.According to paragraph 5, the first settlers generally did not farm open prairie land because

　　A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

　　B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

　　C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile than the soil of the open prairie.

　　D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlers arrived.

　　11.The word "surpluses" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to

　　A.extra goods

　　B.commercial goods

　　C.unprocessed goods

　　D.transportable goods

　　12.According to paragraph 8, prairie farmers changed the landscape by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

　　A.Reducing annual fires.

　　B.Dividing the land into large, regularly-shaped lots.

　　C.Planting trees that eventually formed woodlots.

　　D.Fencing off their farms.

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The problems were not limited to routes of transport.

　　The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. ■【A】In 1840 most northwestern grain was shipped south down the Mississippi River to the bustling port of New Orleans. ■【B】But low water made steamboat travel hazardous in summer, and ice shut down traffic in winter. ■【C】Products such as lard, tallow, and cheese quickly spoiled if stored in New Orleans' hot and humid warehouses. ■【D】Increasingly, traffic from the Midwest flowed west to east, over the new rail lines. Chicago became the region's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2,000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.

　　14. Prose Summary

　　The huge expansion of rail lines in Midwestern United States during the 1850s had major economic and environmental effects.

　　A.Construction of new rail lines into the Midwest had been effectively stopped by the Appalachian Mountains, but by 1850 improved construction technology had made further advances possible.

　　B.Rail lines to Chicago and on to the East made it easier to get Midwestern goods to distant markets, while growing demand encouraged crop specialization and led to higher crop prices.

　　C.Because of the growing volume of traffic coming by rail from the Northeast and Midwest, the value of goods arriving in New Orleans for shipment to markets abroad increased dramatically.

　　D.Access to rail lines combined with the development of more-efficient farming equipment allowed e fertile land of the open prairies to be used for large-scale commercial agriculture.

　　E.Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were divided into large fenced fields.

　　F.Native Americans had grown corn on the prairies for years but had not produced large surpluses because the varieties they planted had far poorer yields than those introduced by commercial farmers.

　　托福閱讀TPO33第2篇答案:鐵路和商品化農(nóng)業(yè)

　　1.否定細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 By 1850 the United States possessed roughly 9,000 miles of railroad track;對應(yīng) A 選項。定位句 Much of the new construction during the 1850s occurred west of the Appalachian Mountains E over 2.000 miles in the states of Ohio and Illinois alone.對應(yīng)C選項，同時由于該句子中沒有出 現(xiàn)有關(guān)Ohio and Illinois比較的相關(guān)信息.因此B選項錯誤。定位句then years later it had over 30,000 miles，more than the rest of the world combined. 對應(yīng)D選項。

　　2.推斷題：定位句The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in corps that they could market in distant locations. With their profits they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home.意思是說因為鐵路建設(shè)帶動了經(jīng)濟，農(nóng)民開始有錢了，于是就開始買手工制品了。因此就可以推斷出，農(nóng)民有錢了就有了買東西的欲望和需求。

　　3.bustling， 繁忙的，對應(yīng)D。

　　4.細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the legion's hub, linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855.意思是鐵路的建設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)移了西方貿(mào)易的方向，芝加哥成為了貿(mào)易中心，取代了原先的新奧爾良。因此答案是B。

　　5.細(xì)節(jié)題：Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.意思是說因為雖然貨物本身的價值在增加，但是南部的市場份額卻在下降，就暗示了越來越少人的人愿意通過該途徑運貨，即要么速度太慢要么成本太高。因此這道題的答案是B。

　　6.細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句A sharp rise in demand for grain abroad also encouraged farmers in the Northeast and Midwest to become more commercially oriented.國外的糧食需求猛增，然后該段最后出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果就是價格上升。

　　7.transform，變形，對應(yīng)B。

　　8.erect，建立，對應(yīng)D。

　　9.修辭目的題：定位句As railroad lilies fanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois and then Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production.該段的主旨：農(nóng)民將肥沃的黑土投入生產(chǎn)中，題干中的信息是一個具體的例子，表明的是具體的產(chǎn)物。

　　10.細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 Because eastern plows could not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farms along the boundary separating the forest from the prairie.原因是梨不能穿透草地，因此答案只可能是A。

　　11.surpluses，剩余，多余的東西，選A。

　　12.否定細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 Western farmers altered the landscape by reducing the annual fires that had kept the prairie free from trees.對應(yīng)A選項。定位句The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms, each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern.對應(yīng)D選項。定位句 The earlier unbroken landscape gave to independent farms. each fenced off in a precise checkerboard pattern. It was an artificial ecosystem of animals, woodlots. and crops, whose large, uniform layout made western farms more efficient than the more -irregular farms in the East, checkerboard pattern 棋盤格樣式，對應(yīng)B選項。C選項錯在沒有提到planting trees。

　　13.句子插入題：原句的意思是問題不僅局限在道路運輸上，因此我們可以推 斷出該句子的下一句應(yīng)該會提到其他的問題，因此第三個方框滿足要求。前面再講水路問題，后面講到了天氣和濕度問題。插入的句子正好起到了承上啟下的作用。

　　14.Access to rail lilies combined with the development of more - efficient fanning equipment allowed fertile land of the open prairies of the open prairies to be used for large - scale commercial agriculture.正確。對應(yīng)第二、五段，鐵路的發(fā)展帶動經(jīng)濟，農(nóng)民獲得土地，改進農(nóng)作用具，提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量。

　　Reduction of annual prairie fires allowed trees to reappear, and native grasses were replaced by a few commercially grown plants as previously unbroken grasslands were decided into large fenced fields.正確。對應(yīng)第八段主旨，農(nóng)民通過各式各樣的方法改變地貌，發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)。

　　E正確。對應(yīng)第三段主要內(nèi)容 The new railroad networks shifted the direction of western trade. Chicago became the region's hub，linking the farms of the upper Midwest to New York and other eastern cities by more than 2.000 miles of track in 1855. Thus while the value of goods shipped by river to New Orleans continued to increase, the South's overall share of western trade dropped dramatically.水利交通的沒落和鐵路運輸?shù)呐d起。

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