老托福閱讀真題及答案PASSAGE1
為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績，下面小編給大家?guī)砝贤懈ｉ喿x真題及答案:passage 1，希望大家喜歡!
老托福閱讀真題及答案 PASSAGE 1
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of ice on the diet
(B) The development of refrigeration
(C) The transportation of goods to market
(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century
2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?
(A) in 1803
(B) sometime before 1850
(C) during the civil war
(D) near the end of the nineteenth century
3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because
(A) many fish dealers also sold ice
(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox
5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to
(A) fresh meat
(B) the Civil War
(C) ice
(D) a refrigerator
6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?
(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars
(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
(C) The use of insufficient insulation
(D) Inadequate understanding of physics
7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C) necessary
(D) uninteresting
8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would
(A) completely prevent ice from melting
(B) stop air from circulating
(C) allow ice to melt slowly
(D) use blankets to conserve ice
9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that
(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
(B) Moore was an honest merchant
(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer
(D) Moore's design was fairly successful
10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to
(A) charge more for his butter
(B) travel to market at night
(C) manufacture butter more quickly
(D) produce ice all year round
11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include
(A) iceboxes
(B) butter
(C) ice
(D) markets
正確答案：BBACC DBCDA B
托福閱讀技巧之如何巧用關鍵詞?
托?？荚囬喿x部分一篇文章一般較長，所以一般是以段落為單位的。有時候可能會有學生說我做題的時候并不會去看整段啊，或者有學生說我看懂了哎，但題目就是沒做對啊!其實我們在閱讀一個段落時要學會使用方法，是什么方法可以幫助我們快速閱讀呢?
要讀懂一個段落我們只需要抓住幾個關鍵詞而已。那么關鍵詞怎么抓呢?一是看邏輯信號詞;二是讀句子的時候一定牢記只看主干!下面我們就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping為例，說說如何巧抓關鍵詞。
TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping：
Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.
以上算得上是托福閱讀中較長的段落了，在快速閱讀這個段落的時候我們要找的關鍵詞是：邏輯信號詞—如段落中所標示的first， but， this… 我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這些信號詞所在的句子基本都是解題的信息點。那么在做題定位時不妨多加留意。當然，抓住這些關鍵詞并不難，難在理解。
接下來我們就來看看理解這些句子時的關鍵詞。每段話的首句是必定要讀的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade。這是包含了一個定語從句的復雜句。先看到核心詞changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。這篇文章接下來具體要寫的內容就展露無遺，也就是威尼斯船業(yè)和貿易的變遷。
First，這當然是開始寫shipping的標志了。Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. 我們一直強調句子要讀主干，那么簡單地看這個句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心詞很顯然是lost，也對應了整篇文章的主題 decline. 接下來兩句寫到了15和16世紀遇到的船員難招的問題?！璽here was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. 這句話中有冒號的出現(xiàn)，閱讀冒號之前的內容there was little problem;到下一句：the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 這句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到這里意思應該已經(jīng)一目了然了，就是講威尼斯船業(yè)在招聘船員方面所遭遇的變遷：little problem—not serious —greater problem.
剛才我們講了文章閱讀部分要抓關鍵詞，其實我們在閱讀題目和選項時也是需要尋找關鍵詞的。有些題目的選項是比較長的，四個選項看上去也差不多一段話了，所以一定要抓住關鍵詞判斷才行，如否定詞、比較詞和并列詞。這些是快速瀏覽選項的第一步。再次也要看到題干和每個選項中能讓我們快速定位到原文的關鍵詞。我們還是以托福TPO25為例：
TPO25-1 The Surface of Mars
Paragraph 5 As on the Moon， the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
According to paragraph 5， what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?
A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。
B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。
C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。
D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。
劃出選項中的關鍵詞后，定位到原文迅速瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中并無如A和D選項中的比較，C中的否定詞not和原文是明顯相矛盾的，故而選擇B，而B選項對應的恰好是本段末句：Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。
根據(jù)以上分析，我們應該明白在閱讀之時何為關鍵詞。簡單地講有定位關鍵詞和判斷關鍵詞。定位關鍵詞包括題干及選項中的名詞，還有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的邏輯信號詞了，不要忘記用它們找到你解題需要的信息。判斷關鍵詞是選項中那些有特色的詞匯，包括否定詞，比較詞或者是句子主干中的動詞等，根據(jù)這些詞和原文進行對應，至少有一半的選項可以迅速被排除。
托福閱讀怎么提高?
一、概括地觀察
在練習時我們會讀一些文章或者段子，首先我們可以進行略讀。對于文章的首段或者每段的內容進行概括，我們就可以知道這些文章都講了些什么，而不是去通讀，逐字去讀，逐詞去讀，這樣不浪費時間，而且對于自己的閱讀能力的提升也是微乎其微的。
二、學會來引導閱讀
當你在讀托福閱讀文章的時候，可以為文章的標題、副題、圖片及首句設定問題，可以把它們寫在各自己的位置，這樣你在看問題的時候，就可以幫助你更清晰的了解文章的內容了。
三、學會做標記
如果在托福閱讀的時候，我們如果遇到了所答問題關鍵詞或者短語，我們要將它標記下來，并且要將它們積累起來。因為如果這里考到了，說明之后 也可能會考到，這些關鍵記號和短語就是我們平時練習時需要的積累的知識，不但在之后做閱讀題或許會用得到，在托?？荚嚨?a href='http://www.yishupeixun.net/meng/xiaqita/' target='_blank'>其它學科可能也是會用得到的。
四、要學會提問題
在閱讀的時候，考生要學會提問題，在閱讀完一個段落之后，可以在每段的句首位置寫出一個問題，當你看到這個問題的就會想到這個段落講的是什么意思。這樣不讓自己的對段落有了清楚的認識，還能做到很的歸納總結的作用。
五、學會舉一反三
在托福閱讀的整個學習過程中，考生要學會類推，也就是在你完全掌握了文章內容之后，對于文章中出現(xiàn)的一些問題，我們可以把它聯(lián)系到日常的生活當中，如果在生活當中我們會怎么樣，利用這樣的聯(lián)帶的關系，考生可以更加的對閱讀文章時行融匯貫通，大在的提高自己的閱讀興趣和能力。這也是托福閱讀提高的一個很好的途徑。
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