英語專八閱讀和托福閱讀的對比
托?？荚嚭蛯０丝荚嚩际鞘蛛y的，但是兩者到底有什么不同呢?下面小編給大家?guī)碛⒄Z專八閱讀和托福閱讀的對比 。
英語專八閱讀和托福閱讀的對比
一.基本信息
專八考生號稱是國內(nèi)最難的英語考試，在專八考試中，閱讀部分被安排在第三部分，由兩個項目sectionA和sectionB組成 。SectionA部分是reading comprehension，由數(shù)段短文組成，在其后有15道選擇題，要求考生根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容，隱含意義及文章特征，在三十分鐘內(nèi)完成試題。SectionB部分包括skimmming and scanning，主要是測試學生的速讀能力，短文之后有10道選擇題，一共約3000個單詞，要求考生熟練的運用速讀和跳讀的技巧在十分鐘內(nèi)完成試題。
托福閱讀出現(xiàn)在文章的第一部分，是整個考試中最簡單的題型。托福閱讀考試在不出現(xiàn)加試的時候，一共包括三篇文章，出現(xiàn)加試的時候會有四篇文章。每篇文章對應11-14道題，都是選擇題。除了最后一個試題之外，其他的試題都是針對文章的某一部分提問。最后一題針對整篇文章提問，要求考生從多條選擇項中挑選若干個最能對全文進行總結(jié)的選項。托福閱讀的中每篇文章中大約包括700個左右的單詞，因為涉及的詞匯量相對較大，所以對于一些專業(yè)性較強的詞匯會給出注釋。
二. 答題形式
專八考試分為試卷一和試卷二，而專八閱讀屬于試卷一部分，考生從每個題目中所給的A,B,C,D中選出最佳答案之后，要按規(guī)定用2B鉛筆在答題紙上劃線，做在試卷上的答案無效。每題只能選擇一個答案，多選作廢。多項選擇題只計算答對的題數(shù)，答錯不扣分。選擇題由機器閱卷。
托福閱讀采用機考的形式，考生在做題的時候，只有先通讀或者滾動至屏幕末尾，才可以看到問題。一般來說，在每一道題目的回答界面，屏幕右手邊是該題所對應的文章部分內(nèi)容，題目則出現(xiàn)在屏幕的左側(cè)?？忌ㄟ^點擊屏幕右上方區(qū)域的不同功能鍵，可以實現(xiàn)不同題目間的前進、后退、檢查答題情況、查看文本、幫助等功能。在每個題目的剩余時間為0時，考試自動進入下一部分，而不再允許回看。
三.文章來源
專八閱讀的文章比較廣泛，包括政治，經(jīng)濟，健康，科技，體育和人文等等，文章的來源一般是Newsweek，Time, National Geographic，The Economist , International Herald Tribune等報刊中近五年的文章。
托福閱讀文章比較學術(shù)化，基本上可以分為四類：自然和自然科學，生物科學，藝術(shù)和美國歷史，社科類文章和人文類文章。這些文章的來源基本上是美國大學的教科書。當然，為了讓這些文章可以達到甄別考生水平的目的，ETS會對相關(guān)的一些文章進行了簡單的修整，讓這篇文章中蘊含的思想更加客觀。所以托福閱讀中的文章內(nèi)容多為陳述事實，并不涉及作者的觀點。
托福閱讀TPO31第3篇:Savanna Formation
【1】Located in tropical area at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered tree or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.
【2】Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and 2000 millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.
【3】In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.
【4】Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage. These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated. Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor. By contrast, dry soils are sandy and porous, their coarse textures permitting water to drain rapidly. Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor. Though most savannas are found on sites with poor soils (because of either moisture conditions or nutrient levels of both), poor soils can and do support lush rain forest.
【5】Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.
【6】On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
托福閱讀TPO31第3篇題目:Savanna Formation
1.The word "prolonged" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.predictable.
B.destructive.
C.lengthy.
D.unproductive.
2.In paragraph 2，the author mentions savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad in order to
A.argue that these savannas are similar to those in South America and Cuba.
B.point out exceptions to the pattern of savanna formation in areas with drought stress.
C.provide additional examples of savannas in areas with five- to eight-month wet seasons.
D.indicate areas where savannas are being gradually replaced by rain forests.
3.According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that
A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.
B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.
C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.
D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.
4.The word "notably" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.similarly.
B.especially.
C.usually.
D.relatively.
5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of savanna soils EXCEPT
A.They have high concentrations of potassium.
B.They contain high levels of aluminum.
C.They are very acidic.
D.They contain large amounts of certain oxide minerals.
6.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of waterlogged soils?
A.Their upper layers are usually sandy and porous.
B.They cannot support savannas.
C.They contain little oxygen.
D.They are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals.
7.The fact that "poor soils can and do support lush rain forest" suggests that
A.poor soils alone may not be enough to explain why an area becomes a savanna.
B.rain forest vegetation can significantly lower the quality of soils.
C.drought stress is the single most important factor in savanna formation.
D.minerals are more important than moisture for the growth of trees.
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Rain forest species seem unable to adapt to fires created by humans.
B.Ancient charcoal remains suggest that, prior to the arrival of humans, fires occurred frequently in rain forests.
C.Ancient charcoal remains in Amazon forests suggest that rain forest species adapted to the area long before the arrival of humans.
D.Rain forest species appear unable to adapt to frequent fires, but evidence from the past suggests that rain forests sometimes do burn.
9.The word "markedly" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.dangerously.
B.noticeably.
C.rapidly.
D.gradually.
10.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements regarding the importance of fires in maintaining savannas?
A.Fires prevent the growth of pyrophytes.
B.Fires eliminate some species and thus reduce the overall diversity of the ecosystem.
C.Fires that occur once every two years are unlikely to help maintain savannas.
D.Fires prevent some species from eliminating other species with which they compete.
11.The word "subsequent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.expanded in area.
B.harmful.
C.following in time.
D.repeated.
12.According to paragraph 6，human activity affects soils in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A.Decomposition of leaves occurs too fast for surface roots to obtain nutrients.
B.Nutrients are not recycled.
C.Humus is destroyed.
D.Certain soils become unable to support vegetation other than savanna vegetation.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? In addition, humans have contributed to the conditions favoring the formation of savannas.
Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. ■【A】 Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, oftenwithan increase in tree density. ■【B】 There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.■【C】 On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. ■【D】 Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Several factors seem to play important roles in savanna formation.
A.Savannas can form in areas with a five- to eight-month wet season, but they more commonly have a
B.Soil stress caused by drought, extreme moisture, or low nutrient levels favors the formsticm of
C.Studies conducted in various regions indicate that an upper layer of white, sandy, soil is
D.Drought stress affects trees and shrubs in savannas far less than it affects savanna grasses.
E.Frequent fire is a major factor contributing to the formation and maintenance of
F.In some areas, human cutting and burning is associated with savanna formation, and
托福閱讀TPO31第3篇答案:Savanna Formation
1.可以根據(jù)詞根分析，原文中prolonged，詞根為long，長度。Prolonged為延長的。選項中C，length本來是長度的意思，lengthy變?yōu)樾稳菰~格式，符合原詞詞義。
2.以 savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad作為關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文，看到這半句和前 半句中間有but的轉(zhuǎn)折，那么也就是說central America，Brazil這些地方和前面介紹的不一樣，所以是例外情況。
3.本段第一句就指出，rain forest和savannas的土壤是相似的，但是更極端一點。后面就給了examples。最后一句 給出了兩種土壤的總結(jié)"this may seem….Either too wet or too dry for forests" 所以選 D。
4.Notably從notice發(fā)展而來，以為顯著的，因此選擇B。另外也可通過and的并列格式來推斷。
5.這一題對應for example后面的內(nèi)容，A直接和紅色標注部分矛盾，因此是要選的except的選項。
6.A對于"by contrast…"那一句，sandy soil和waterlogged soils 是相反的。B 與原文矛盾，上段最后就說要么很干要么很濕，waterlogged 就是很濕的那種。C對于那個 making the soil oxygen-poor。D對應" Sandy soils are prone to ....."，而不是選項中說的 waterlogged soils的特征。
7.這句話說雖然幾乎全部 的savannas都發(fā)生在poor soils之上，但是poor soils足以支撐茂盛的熱帶雨林。所以是轉(zhuǎn)折，說明poor soils不是唯一決定了savannas的因素， 還有別的。
8.原句主干是說frequent fire是造成熱帶雨林不能形成的原因，即使在人類出現(xiàn)之前亞馬遜雨林也出現(xiàn)過偶爾的 燃燒。所以D是意思最完整的?？筛鶕?jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系來判斷。
9.根據(jù)詞根判斷，原詞詞根為mark意為標注，跟選項中B的notice意思相近，所以選B。
10.對應部分從but in experimental areas protected from fire開始，后面的內(nèi)容都對其重要性進行了解釋，如果沒有火來保持savannas，那么就很少有perennial grass species可以outcompeting其他的種類，從而減少了plant-species的豐富，而樹的密度則會更大。對應了 D的描述。
11.subsequence是后果的意思，subsequent就是后來，然后的意思。因此選擇C。
12.human activity包括了cutting and burning，然后這句的后面，從''increase....''開始就是后果。先說humus is destroyed，對應 C，然后 humus 對于decomposition是非常必 要的，而 human activity destroy了humus，所以減慢了decomposition，和A矛盾。 后面說 nutrients cannot被recycled，對應了B。converting那一句對應了D。
13.要插入的句子描述的是 savannas的形成原因，并且開頭是in addition，證明是對前面句子的補充，前面句子說的應該是savannas形成的原因之一，對應了第二句。并且第三空后面的句子提到了cutting和burning，這些都是human activity。所以選 C。
14.BEF
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