托福閱讀同義詞大全
為了幫助考生對托福閱讀考試內(nèi)容更加熟悉,在考試中取得更加理想的成績,學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)硗懈i喿x同義詞大全,希望對大家備考沖刺有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦 !
托福閱讀同義詞大全
1 abandon = give up 放棄,中止
2 abrupt = sudden 突然的,出其不意的
3 abundant = plentiful, ample 充裕的,豐富的
4 accede = assent, agree 同意,答應(yīng)
5 accessible = reachable 易使用的
6 account for = explain 解釋,說明
7 accumulate = collect 積累,集聚
8 acquit = release 宣判…無罪
9 adequate = enough 足夠的,充分的
10 adhere = stick, cling 黏附,附著
11 adroit = dexterous 靈巧的
12 advent = arrival 出現(xiàn),帶來
13 affluent = wealthy, better-off 富裕的,富足的
14 aimless = purposeless 無目的的,沒有目標(biāo)的
15 aggravate = worsen, exacerbate 使惡化
16 agile = quick and active (思維)機敏的
17 alternate = rotate 輪流,交替
18 amplify = enlarge 放大
19 ample = sufficient 充足的,充裕的
20 analogous = similar 相似的,類似的
21 ancient = early 古老的,年代久遠的
22 apart from = except for 除…以外
23 arid = dry, barren 干燥的,干旱的
24 aroma = fragrance 芳香,香氣,香味
25 arise = emerge 引起,產(chǎn)生
26 astute = shrewd 精明的,敏銳的
27 aspire = desire, crave 渴望,渴求
28 asset = advantage 有利條件;長處
29 assess = evaluate 評定,評價
30 assist = aid, help 協(xié)助,幫助
31 assume = suppose 假定,假設(shè),認為
32 assure = guarantee 向…保證,使確信
33 attain = win 得到,獲得
34 attest = confirm 證明,作為(…的)證據(jù)
35 augment = increase 加強;提高
36 authentic = reliable 可靠的,真實的
37 available = obtainable 可獲得的;可用的
38 avenue = means 途徑,方法
39 barely = scarcely 幾乎不
40 basic = fundamental, essential 基本的,基礎(chǔ)的
41 believe = be convinced 相信
42 benevolent = beneficent 仁慈的,仁愛的
43 bewilder = puzzle, baffle 使迷惑,使迷茫
44 brawl = quarrel 爭吵
45 captivate = fascinate, allure, lure, attract 使著迷,迷住
46 cardinal = fundamental 基本的
47 cargo = shipment 貨物
48 catastrophe = disaster 災(zāi)難
49 celebrated = famous, well-known 著名的,出名的
50 central = middle 中心的,中部的
51 chaotic = unorganized 混亂的,毫無秩序的
新托福閱讀題型特點簡介:基礎(chǔ)信息題+篇章應(yīng)用題
一、基礎(chǔ)信息題
具體分析起來,新托福閱讀基礎(chǔ)信息題中除插話題和修辭目的題外,主要仍是舊托福出現(xiàn)過的傳統(tǒng)題型?;A(chǔ)理解題重點考查讀者對基礎(chǔ)項目的理解,特別是讀者根據(jù)文章的詞匯、句法和語義內(nèi)容理解把握重要信息的能力。它主要包括以下幾個具體題型:
詞匯題:考查讀者根據(jù)上下文理解特定詞和短語的能力。這種題型雖難度不大,但占每篇文章后所有題目的三分之一,故考生仍應(yīng)重視起來。
指代關(guān)系題:
考查讀者認定代詞與其它首語重復(fù)機制以及先行詞/后置詞的關(guān)系的能力。
句子簡化題:考查讀者認定文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達的基本內(nèi)容,并不受細枝末節(jié)的干擾,用簡化的句子表達原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。
插話題:考查讀者將特定的一句話插入文章順序相連的四個句子之間的能力。這個題型是國內(nèi)考試常見的Cloze Test的進一步發(fā)展,可謂技高一籌。要完成任務(wù),讀者必須深入理解各個句子間的詞匯、語法和邏輯聯(lián)系。這是新題型,有相當(dāng)難度,考生應(yīng)特別重視。
事實信息題:考查讀者抓住文章中闡明的信息,并排除干擾回答問題的能力。讀者的任務(wù)是在題中某意譯的短語選出一個與文章中某相應(yīng)句子建立對應(yīng)關(guān)系。此題型雖然有難度,數(shù)量也較大,但屬于老題型。
正誤判斷題:考查讀者根據(jù)文章中闡明的信息,判斷題中的短語哪些是正確的,哪些是錯誤的或文章沒有提到的信息。
推論題:文章中有些論點/觀點沒有明確闡述,但卻強烈暗示出來了。例如,結(jié)果引出了,推論題就可能問造成結(jié)果的起因。如果文中有比較,推論題就可能問及比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。如果文中有對某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述,推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型,但難度很大,需要考生花大功夫準(zhǔn)備。
修辭目的題:考查讀者透過表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。要求讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的。
二、篇章應(yīng)用題
新托福閱讀篇章應(yīng)用題不僅僅要求根據(jù)詞匯、句法和語義內(nèi)容理解具體的點和大意,而且要求認定文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的。具體說來,要求將文章的信息升華組織成一個腹稿般的框架;區(qū)分主要和次要觀點、根本內(nèi)容與非根本內(nèi)容;理解諸如因果關(guān)系、比較反襯關(guān)系和論證等修辭功能。要求讀者根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容,使用圖表和/或總結(jié)表重構(gòu)中心思想和重點支持信息。對全篇有系統(tǒng)深入的理解,從而進行重構(gòu)是篇章應(yīng)用題的關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)。它要求讀者能從文章提取和記憶重要的信息并將其應(yīng)用在新的情境中。如果讀者能在頭腦中抽象出一個框架,他就必然能根據(jù)課文重構(gòu)中心思想和相關(guān)重要信息。實際上篇章應(yīng)用題是要求讀者在篇章水平上對全文有一個總的把握。這對中國考生是一場全新的考驗。它考察的是綜合能力。是新托福閱讀部分的難點和重點,要花大力氣才能有所突破。它主要包括以下幾個具體題型:
篇章總結(jié)題:考查讀者理解全篇中心思想和相關(guān)重要信息的能力。讀者通過區(qū)分主要和次要觀點、以及文章沒有提及的觀點達到總結(jié)全篇的目的。實際上,這一題型要求通過對主旨句的選擇和重組,完成一個完整的全篇總結(jié)。在篇章水平上對全文的綜合理解和掌握,
以及瞬間的歸納總結(jié)能力是考查的重點。欲提高此題的分數(shù),
考生應(yīng)將功夫下在平時:經(jīng)常鍛煉自己在完成某篇章的閱讀后,迅速趕寫總結(jié)的能力。
圖表題:考查考生從文章中歸納和組織主要但分散的觀點和其他相關(guān)重要信息的能力。這種題型是聽力部分填表題的在閱讀部分的深化和發(fā)展。它同樣是考查讀者對分散信息點的進行簡單的歸類整理。
托福閱讀排除題舉例解析
我們大體可以把托福閱讀題型中的排除題分為三個考察方向:1 對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察。2 對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察。3 對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察。
一、對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察
這里可以用更簡單的說法:從詞中選。 所謂從詞中選,就是可以在文章中找到幾個名詞,他們排列存在,共同構(gòu)成某一事件的所有細節(jié)。這時候,出題者會提取出其中三個,并在文章別處或者自編一個跟本事件并無關(guān)系的名詞(詞組)。
請看下面的例子:
In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NY’s controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.
Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?
A. Rapid population growth
B. Inflation
C. Economic conditions duringwartime
D. Record-high housing prices
在這道排除題中,由于四個選項提供的信息都是用名詞詞組,我們可以斷定,段落中一定存在其中三個詞組,而題干中又出現(xiàn)地名Santa Monica, California. 故可將此地名作為關(guān)鍵詞,鎖定答案所在句子,然后逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, ……. 這句話當(dāng)中分別提到了A, B, D三個答案,所以答案為C.
二、對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察
這類排除題,也可以叫做------從句中選。即考題所提供的答案均為相對比較完整的句子,那么其中有三句話,一定是表達了整個事件發(fā)展比較關(guān)鍵的幾個步驟,只有一句話與此步驟相悖。這類排除題通常比較耗費時間,考生需要準(zhǔn)確判斷其事件發(fā)展步驟,甚至要通讀全段,才能找出正確選項。這里,我給大家提供一種在很大程度上節(jié)省時間的方法------點對點尋找。
請看下面的例子:
The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.
It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that
A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century
B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce
C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices
D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce
對于這道題,題干中沒有任何指示性的詞匯,我們無法判斷是從事件的哪個階段入手,那么就只能每個答案逐一排除。仔細閱讀A選項,然后發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項中有17th century, 故可以將其作為關(guān)鍵線索,去文中尋找,……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的這句話表明A不能作為正確答案。
那么繼續(xù)看B, B選項中同時提到Malaysian 與Chinese. 則可以到文中去尋找兩個國籍名詞同時出現(xiàn)的句子,通過判斷,…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 這句話表明,B也不能作為正確答案。繼續(xù)看C,C 選項當(dāng)中有Chinese, 還有seafood andspices,于是鎖定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices……, 故C也不是正確選項。至此,我們可以直接選擇D作為排除選項。
三、對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察
答題時注意看每個選項,尤其是當(dāng)選項中出現(xiàn)了在該段落中沒有的詞句時,就可以考慮可能會有某個選項跟本段甚至整片文章的主題是相悖的。
請看下面例題:
Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.
Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.
B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.
C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.
D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.
這道題題干中提到的environmentalist是整個該段的主語,故不能作為關(guān)鍵信息詞。而發(fā)現(xiàn)A. C.中的Alaska,都在段落中沒有提到。所以可以考慮某個答案與主題相悖。這類題目,也可以多關(guān)注段落中是否有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞匯,例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以,稍加閱讀后,發(fā)現(xiàn)……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 這句話當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)rather than, 鎖定D選項中同樣的話語,剛好與原文觀點相反,所以選擇D.
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