閱讀一篇托福文章多久算合格
其實(shí)根據(jù)托福閱讀是否遇到加試有一定關(guān)系，托福閱讀的時(shí)間也是不一定的，但是基本上我們做閱讀的時(shí)候一篇最好不能超過20分鐘，也并不會(huì)嚴(yán)格計(jì)時(shí)每一篇閱讀的答題時(shí)間的。下面大家看一些具體的分析吧!
閱讀一篇托福文章多久算合格
閱讀部分：3——5篇學(xué)術(shù)文章，每篇700字左右，每篇12-14個(gè)問題，時(shí)間60-100分鐘。大至上也要3到4個(gè)小時(shí)如果仍有問題可上。對(duì)于無加試的閱讀部分，變化前后的時(shí)間總量沒有變化，都是60分鐘，對(duì)于有加試的閱讀部分，變化之前是一篇閱讀和兩篇文章再加加試的兩篇文章，時(shí)間總量為100分，變化之后是一篇閱讀和兩篇文章再加加試的一篇文章，時(shí)間總量為80分鐘，加試的文章量由以前的兩篇變?yōu)榱艘黄?/p>
各篇之間不再單獨(dú)計(jì)時(shí)
變化之前考試時(shí)間比較死板，第一篇文章必須在20分鐘以內(nèi)做完，等到第一篇文章做完后才能繼續(xù)在后40分鐘做后面兩篇文章，有加試的考生還必須等把第二次的兩篇文章做完后，才能繼續(xù)做加試部分的題，如果各部分超過時(shí)間還沒有做完的題，就不能算入成績。變化之后考試時(shí)間更為靈活，沒有加試的考生有60分鐘的考試時(shí)間做三篇文章，有加試的考生有80分鐘的時(shí)間做四篇文章，沒有強(qiáng)制規(guī)定先做哪篇后做哪篇。
提醒各位同學(xué)：考試做第一篇文章，不要超20分鐘
有一些考生必須把文章一字不漏的閱讀和翻譯之后才能做題，往往忽視了閱讀的速度，這種細(xì)讀的方法之適用于兩種情況：一種是這篇文章是你曾經(jīng)讀到過的，即使一字一句的讀也不會(huì)花太多時(shí)間，另外一種是考生已經(jīng)具備相當(dāng)強(qiáng)的閱讀水平，而且長期運(yùn)用這種方法。
很多人都認(rèn)為詞匯題的做的好不好完全取決于自己的詞匯量，事實(shí)上詞匯量是占了相當(dāng)一部分比重，但是不知道大家是否有過這樣的經(jīng)歷，有時(shí)候不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞經(jīng)過對(duì)上下文的理解和分析也可以作對(duì)，反而是那些認(rèn)識(shí)的詞匯經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)，這是因?yàn)榇蠹以诿鎸?duì)自己有把握的詞匯時(shí)，往往忽略了上下文的重要性，憑感覺選出了一個(gè)自認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的答案。所以，做好詞匯題的關(guān)鍵就在于透徹分析上下文，有時(shí)候，個(gè)別詞匯題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。
其實(shí)閱讀部分不僅是測(cè)試大家對(duì)托福文章的理解，還包括閱讀的速度，這兩方面都不能被忽視，光是具備扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，還需要搭配運(yùn)用巧妙的做題技巧才能取得閱讀高分。
例如當(dāng)你看到一篇文章，首先要掃一下第一段，看看文章的難易程度，一般情況，平均每篇文章用時(shí)11分鐘左右，5篇文章中一定有2篇難度稍微大一些，所以首先定位文章的難度和分?jǐn)?shù)的比重，有助于合理的安排做題時(shí)間，以便在相同的時(shí)間內(nèi)拿到最多的分?jǐn)?shù)。
總的來說，這次結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整對(duì)我國學(xué)生來說是一件利好的事，取消了規(guī)定時(shí)限做一篇文章的方式，更符合中國學(xué)生的做題習(xí)慣，同時(shí)，加試部分減少了一篇文章也在一定程度上降低了考試 的難度。在考試中，考生最好快速對(duì)考題進(jìn)行難易度判斷，先從簡單的文章入手，把時(shí)間盡量留給較難的文章，如果第一篇文章只花費(fèi)了10分鐘，那么后面的空余時(shí)間就較多。如果某一個(gè)題目不能馬上解答，可以先跳過，最后再回來處理。
新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：夢(mèng)的背景
夢(mèng)的背景知識(shí)
1953年，美國芝加哥大學(xué)，柯立行曼教授和他的研究生阿賽斯基(Reitman’s & Asterisk)正在用腦電波測(cè)量的方法研究睡眠，阿賽斯基負(fù)責(zé)觀察被試----是一些嬰兒----睡眠時(shí)的腦電圖。阿賽斯基也許是個(gè)很細(xì)心的人，再不然就是嬰兒可愛的面龐吸引了他。他在觀察腦電圖的同時(shí)，還看了嬰兒的臉，遇然間他發(fā)現(xiàn)，每當(dāng)腦電上波出現(xiàn)快波時(shí)，嬰兒的眼球就會(huì)快束速運(yùn)動(dòng)，仿佛閉著眼睛在看什么東西。
這是怎么回事?柯立特曼和阿賽斯基猜想這或許和夢(mèng)有關(guān)。他們把一些成人被試帶到實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，在他們頭上接到電極，然后讓他們睡覺。當(dāng)腦電圖出現(xiàn)快波時(shí)，他們的眼球也開始了快速運(yùn)動(dòng)。柯立特曼和阿賽斯基急忙喚醒他們，問他們是否做夢(mèng)，他們回答說：是的。
而當(dāng)沒有快速眼動(dòng)的時(shí)候，被叫醒的被試大多數(shù)都說自己不是正在做夢(mèng)。
由此，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，夢(mèng)和腦電圖的快波和快速眼動(dòng)是相聯(lián)系的。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一夜的睡眠過程是兩種睡眠的交替，在較短的快波睡眠后，是時(shí)間較長的慢波睡眠，然后又是快波睡眠，如此循環(huán)。慢波睡眠又可劃分為4個(gè)階段或稱4期。因此更具體他說，睡眠的程序是：覺醒→慢波、期→2期→3期→4期→快波睡眠，為第一個(gè)周期，然后再次重復(fù)慢波睡眠期→2期→3期→4期→快波睡眠，如此循環(huán)。一般從一次快波睡眠到下一次快波睡眠的間隔時(shí)為70-120分鐘，平均90分鐘。一夜大致要循環(huán)4-6次。越到后半夜，快波睡眠越長、越慢睡眠越短。
由于快波睡眠期是人做夢(mèng)的時(shí)期，我們由睡眠過程的腦電圖可推斷，一個(gè)人每夜一般會(huì)做4-6個(gè)夢(mèng)，前半夜的夢(mèng)較短，后半夜的夢(mèng)較長。根據(jù)研究，整夜共有約1-2小時(shí)的時(shí)間人是在做夢(mèng)。
由于每個(gè)人正常睡眠時(shí)間都超過一個(gè)循環(huán)的時(shí)間，由此可知每個(gè)人每晚都要做夢(mèng)。有些人自稱自己睡覺從不做夢(mèng)，是因?yàn)樗褋砗蟀岩估锏膲?mèng)忘記了。
早期的研究者們假設(shè)，只在在快波睡眠時(shí)才有夢(mèng)。但是近斯的研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，慢波睡眠期也有夢(mèng)。慢波睡眠的夢(mèng)不像一般的夢(mèng)那樣由形象構(gòu)，也不像一般的夢(mèng)那么生動(dòng)富于象征性。例如，一個(gè)從慢波睡眠中剛醒來的人會(huì)說“我正在想著明天的考試”，研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)的夢(mèng)游和夢(mèng)話都是出現(xiàn)在慢波睡眠期。
腦電波可以指示出人是否在做夢(mèng)，因此腦電波測(cè)測(cè)量是研究夢(mèng)的一個(gè)主要手段。
但是腦電波卻不能說明夢(mèng)和睡眠的生理機(jī)制，更無法告訴我們夢(mèng)是什么，關(guān)于夢(mèng)的生理機(jī)制目前還有極少研究，但是對(duì)睡眠的生理機(jī)制卻有很多的研究，這對(duì)我們的理解夢(mèng)有一定的參考性價(jià)值。
早期的生理學(xué)家巴甫洛夫認(rèn)為：睡眠就是大腦皮層神經(jīng)活動(dòng)停止，也即所謂抑制。夢(mèng)是大腦皮神經(jīng)活動(dòng)停止時(shí)，偶爾出現(xiàn)皮層比做一個(gè)燃燒的火堆，那么按巴甫洛夫的觀點(diǎn)，睡眠就是這堆火熄滅了，而夢(mèng)就是在木炭灰燼中偶爾亮起來的火星。
近十幾年來，通過對(duì)睡眠的生活機(jī)制的研究，人們知道巴甫洛夫的觀點(diǎn)是不準(zhǔn)確的。睡眠不是覺醒狀態(tài)的終結(jié)，不是神經(jīng)活動(dòng)的停止或休息，而是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中另一種形式的活動(dòng)，是一個(gè)主動(dòng)的過程。
腦具有一種負(fù)責(zé)清醒----轉(zhuǎn)換的中樞，即網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)。這是腦于中一群彌散的神經(jīng)核團(tuán)，當(dāng)它受到刺激時(shí)會(huì)使熟睡者醒過來。而當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)者破壞了實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)是時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)物就會(huì)從此“一睡不醒”。
網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)受到來自上下兩方面的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的影響。上方，大腦皮層的活動(dòng)會(huì)影響它，因此思慮過多憂心忡忡的人會(huì)失眠。下主，來自感覺器官的神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)影響它，因此噪雜的聲音也會(huì)干擾人們的睡眠。除此之外，網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)還受到兩個(gè)神經(jīng)中樞的控制，一個(gè)叫中縫核，另一個(gè)叫藍(lán)斑。中縫核可導(dǎo)致慢波睡眠。藍(lán)斑則導(dǎo)致快波睡眠，從而與夢(mèng)有關(guān)系。
藍(lán)斑產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)興奮，主要通過腦的視神經(jīng)束。也許，這和人在夢(mèng)中所見到的景色有關(guān)。另外，藍(lán)斑可能也起著在睡眠中抑制身軀運(yùn)動(dòng)的作用。
研究腦生化的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，中縫核產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)主要是5--羥色胺。在電損毀動(dòng)物中縫核前部后，腦5--羥色胺含量大減，同時(shí)，動(dòng)物的慢波睡眠也明顯減少，如果把5--羥色胺直接射到動(dòng)物的中縫核，則動(dòng)物的慢波睡眠延長，可見5--羥色胺和慢波睡眠有關(guān)。
藍(lán)斑區(qū)域可產(chǎn)生去甲腎上腺素，它與快波睡眠有關(guān)。在損毀動(dòng)物藍(lán)斑中后部時(shí)，去甲腎上腺素減少。同時(shí)，快波睡眠也減少。
去甲腎上腺素不僅與快波睡波有關(guān)，與覺醒狀態(tài)的維持也有關(guān)。當(dāng)腦內(nèi)去甲腎上腺素含量增加是，實(shí)驗(yàn)中的動(dòng)物會(huì)從睡夢(mèng)中醒來。
同生物的研究，似乎可以引向這樣一種推測(cè)，快波睡眠和覺醒有相似之處，當(dāng)然，快波睡眠和覺醒決不是一回事。首先就是快波睡眠時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)是被抑制的。但是，和慢波睡眠相比，它和覺醒狀態(tài)在表現(xiàn)上共性還是稍多一些。它也有較多的心理活動(dòng)。
對(duì)睡眠，特別是與夢(mèng)有關(guān)的快波睡眠的生理層面的研究，使我們對(duì)夢(mèng)的作用有了一定的理解。如果用藥物或其它技術(shù)抑制快波睡眠，被試者的注意、學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能就會(huì)到損害，同時(shí)，情緒會(huì)變得焦慮，憤怒，并造成處理人際關(guān)系能力下降。由此提示，夢(mèng)對(duì)改善學(xué)習(xí)與記憶，對(duì)改善情緒和社會(huì)能力可能有作用。
還有一些研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)，快波睡眠和夢(mèng)可能與新信息的編碼有關(guān)。一些沒有見到過的新形象在夢(mèng)里得到“復(fù)習(xí)”和“整理”，然后存入長時(shí)記憶庫中去，根據(jù)這種假說，嬰兒每天見到的新東西多，所以就需要多做夢(mèng)，老年人難得會(huì)見到什么新東西，因此就不必多做夢(mèng)。實(shí)際上，嬰兒快波睡眠的時(shí)間占總睡眠時(shí)間的比例也確實(shí)遠(yuǎn)大于老年人。實(shí)驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn)，在環(huán)境豐富的條件下飼養(yǎng)大白鼠快波睡眠的總時(shí)間和百分比都比其它大白鼠更長更多。由此提示，至少“復(fù)習(xí)整理新形象和新知識(shí)”是夢(mèng)的作用之一。
新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：漢謨拉比法典
The code of Hammurabi
Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's reign ([1795-1750 BC]) have been preserved, and today we can study this remarkable King....as a wise law-giver in his celebrated code . . .
by far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods. Even a law code was in those days regarded as a subject for prayer, though the prayers here are chiefly cursing of whoever shall neglect or destroy the law.
Yet even with this earliest set of laws, as with most things Babylonian, we find ourselves dealing with the end of things rather than the beginnings. Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, but we have found several traces of them, and Hammurabi's own code clearly implies their existence. He is but reorganizing a legal system long established.
新托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：植物適應(yīng)沙漠
Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)
Cactus adaptations.
The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.
As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.
If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.
Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.
If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.
The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.
The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.
The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.
Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.
Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.
As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.
Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).
The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.
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