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托福寫作數(shù)據(jù)例證法應(yīng)該怎么用

時(shí)間: 楚薇20 分享

托福寫作數(shù)據(jù)例證法托福寫作備考,考生想寫出一篇好的作文必須要有充分的論據(jù)來支撐整篇文章,那么哪種論據(jù)更加真實(shí)有信服力呢?數(shù)據(jù)例證法,為大家?guī)硗懈懽鲾?shù)據(jù)例證法的相關(guān)介紹,供大家參考。

托福寫作數(shù)據(jù)例證法應(yīng)該怎么用

首先我們要有模板:

模板一:

A 年份 survey/ report, conducted by 組織/機(jī)構(gòu)/_x university, (after polling _x 人群 aged x and x) proved that _% a, _% b, _% c.

模板二:

According to 年份 surveys, conducted by 組織/機(jī)構(gòu), shows that …

其次,我們要積累編寫數(shù)據(jù)例證時(shí)常用的機(jī)構(gòu)/組織的名稱:

環(huán)保局Environmental protection agency

衛(wèi)生廳 department of public health

教育部Ministry of Education

人力資源部Human resource Department

交通局 Traffic department

最后,看看數(shù)據(jù)類題目適用于哪類題目?最適用的題型是今昔對(duì)比類題目, 如下:

Twenty years from now on, people will have more leisure time than they do now.

Secondly, the working time of people has become much shorter, thus resulting in people's preference for more leisure time. According to 1995 and 2005 surveys conducted by Human Resources Department, people worked 8 hours every day in 2005 while people in 1995 worked almost 9 hours each day. The shortened work time is caused by the wide use fo machines.

分析:

托福作文題目大意: 20年后,人們會(huì)有更多休閑時(shí)間。

人們休閑時(shí)間越來越多可以通過調(diào)查人們?cè)?995和2005工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)的減少反映出來。

It was easier to identify what jobs or careers were secure and successful in the past than it is now.

Additionally, a questionnaire about choosing an ideal job conducted by Career Service Center in China has surveyed two groups of people with the first at the age of 50 and above and the second aged from 20 to 30. 58.4%. According to the above survey, 32.5% of the first group respectively choose the option of civil servants and teachers. On the contrary, 72.4% of the second group circled the third option of other occupations such as singers, freelance writers and so on. The difference in the two groups of figures lies in the transition of people's attitude of choosing a job .

題目大意: 現(xiàn)在更難以去判斷一項(xiàng)工作是否成功。

通過一項(xiàng)問卷調(diào)查來說明現(xiàn)在人們打破了以前鐵飯碗的觀念,開始從事其他類別的工作,從而證明人們對(duì)于成功工作的定義變得多樣化。

Nowadays it is easier to get educated than in the past.

A 2012-report conducted by Beijing Human Resources Department: the female percentage in the occupations such as professors, doctors, layers. Engineers grew by 80.3% compared to the days 50 years ago.

通過古今對(duì)比體面工作中女性比例的上升,來證明女性接受教育比以前要容易了。

總之,我們要想熟練的運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)類論據(jù),首先,記住固定的表達(dá)方式,其次,要總結(jié)常用的機(jī)構(gòu)名稱,最后,要知道數(shù)據(jù)類論據(jù)適合古今對(duì)比類文章。

托福寫作解析:托福寫作考什么

當(dāng)你在外留學(xué)時(shí),你需要清晰并有組織地回答關(guān)于寫作部分的問題。今天,我們將對(duì)考試的寫作部分進(jìn)行更進(jìn)一步的研究,你將在一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)英語(yǔ)寫作測(cè)試。

寫作部分概述

時(shí)限:50 分鐘

問題:2 個(gè)任務(wù)

任務(wù):在閱讀與聽力任務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上寫出文章;并在寫作中表述你支持的觀點(diǎn)。

寫作部分由兩個(gè)任務(wù)組成:綜合寫作與獨(dú)立寫作。讓我們簡(jiǎn)單地了解下各個(gè)任務(wù):

綜合寫作任務(wù)

綜合寫作任務(wù)包括閱讀、聽力與寫作。你將閱讀一篇關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)性話題的短文,然后在聽力部分你將聽到一名演講者從不同的觀點(diǎn)討論同樣的主題。最后,你需要用英文對(duì)聽力材料中的要點(diǎn)寫下總結(jié),文章需體現(xiàn)它們是如何與閱讀材料中的要點(diǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián)。

獨(dú)立寫作任務(wù)

獨(dú)立寫作任務(wù)測(cè)試你依據(jù)自身的經(jīng)歷與知識(shí)寫作的能力。你需要完成一篇寫作,就某個(gè)議題闡述與支持你的觀點(diǎn)。這里的關(guān)鍵是要以具體細(xì)節(jié)來支持你的觀點(diǎn)或選擇。文章字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到 300 字左右才為有效。

我們希望這能幫助你更好的了解寫作部分。請(qǐng)別忘了查閱隨后的博文,我將在其中詳細(xì)說明具體的寫作問題。

托福寫作解析:10大提分關(guān)鍵

1、你的時(shí)間預(yù)算。

你只有半個(gè)小時(shí)來應(yīng)對(duì)托福獨(dú)立寫作,你必須要把時(shí)間估算好,這其中可能包括:計(jì)劃和記錄2-3分鐘;寫文章大約20分鐘;檢查文章3-5分鐘。這其中可能有的考生還需要理思路和列提綱等,反正大家要把考試時(shí)間計(jì)算精確,千萬(wàn)別等時(shí)間到了,你還沒有寫完,更別談檢查了。

2、仔細(xì)閱讀問題。

對(duì)于托福獨(dú)立寫作,最重要的就是審題,就是考生必須要準(zhǔn)確地寫這個(gè)題目。如果你對(duì)題目都理解得不清不楚,那么你寫出來的文章或許也不能算是一篇成功或者說高分作文。

3、頭腦風(fēng)暴。

在進(jìn)行托福獨(dú)立寫作之前,考生應(yīng)該花一些時(shí)間來進(jìn)行“頭腦風(fēng)暴”,思考這個(gè)話題和最好的方法。也只有這樣才能讓你在看到題目之后把所以可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的情況都提前封上,以求寫出高分作文。

4、寫你計(jì)劃的文章。

你不必用羅馬數(shù)字、大寫字母等寫出正式的大綱。但是,你應(yīng)該做一些筆記。通過你的筆記,你可以根據(jù)你列出思路進(jìn)行寫作,把你想要寫的點(diǎn)都寫到,以充實(shí)你的托福寫作文章。

5、確保你的筆跡是盡可能清晰。

因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在托福考試都是機(jī)考,這些這里的筆跡清晰你可以理解成你的文章邏輯思路,不要讓讀者即你的批改考官看到一篇沒有邏輯的文章,這樣會(huì)影響你的得分的。

6、遵循一個(gè)明確,邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。

這其實(shí)和第5點(diǎn)差不多,就是要說你的文章結(jié)構(gòu)要清楚,這樣閱讀人才會(huì)有興趣讀下去。一般好的文章一般是這樣的結(jié)構(gòu):

主題段:提出觀點(diǎn)或者主旨。

正文:由2-3段組成,這其中包括例子敘述等內(nèi)容。

結(jié)尾段:最后總結(jié)一些為什么選擇這個(gè),可能還會(huì)運(yùn)用到讓步段,即如果選擇另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)會(huì)怎么樣。

7、使用具體的例子,具體原因。

對(duì)于文章的例子,這個(gè)我們?cè)谶@里也單獨(dú)說一下,一般置于文章的正文部分,必須要有例子來支撐你的論點(diǎn)。

8、使用信號(hào)詞來表示的轉(zhuǎn)換。

在你的文章當(dāng)中,信號(hào)詞可以用來連接段落到段落和句子到句子。

9、使用不同的句子類型。

好的文章是由大部分的簡(jiǎn)單句+少許的長(zhǎng)句組成。如果全篇都是簡(jiǎn)單句,就會(huì)讓考官覺得你的文章太單調(diào),這樣的文章評(píng)分一般不會(huì)太高,所以在寫作時(shí),考生要努力的使用不同長(zhǎng)度的句子來體現(xiàn)你的英文水平。

10、檢查作文錯(cuò)誤。

在托福寫作當(dāng)中,往往會(huì)因一些小的錯(cuò)誤讓你的托福寫作得不了高分,因此不要跨越長(zhǎng)的部分或者嘗試添加很多新的材料。在標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、拼寫和大寫以及常見的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤中找出明顯的錯(cuò)誤。這也是托福寫作高分很重要的一個(gè)部分,所以大家要盡可能抽出些時(shí)間來進(jìn)行檢查。

托福寫作模板:高分句型解析

有很多同學(xué)不太注意綜合寫作的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,甚至有些老師無(wú)意中暗示學(xué)生綜合寫作的語(yǔ)言根本不用管,背個(gè)模板就行,導(dǎo)致一些同學(xué)生搬硬套模板,結(jié)果把綜合寫作寫得牛頭不對(duì)馬嘴,丟掉了不少分?jǐn)?shù),只是非常悲催的。鑒于此,筆者原創(chuàng)了一些托福綜合寫作的句型,并將詳細(xì)講解這些句型的來歷。經(jīng)過幾次認(rèn)真的練習(xí),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),其實(shí)你也可以寫出高大上的句子!

托福綜合寫作對(duì)語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量的要求比獨(dú)立寫作低,甚至可以說低得比較多,這在官方指南中已明顯地體現(xiàn),下面請(qǐng)看第4版(最新版)官方指南綜合寫作4分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):

A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information inrelation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.

為什么要看4分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不是5分的呢?因?yàn)?分是滿分,只要是滿分,對(duì)各項(xiàng)的要求都非常高。但是,絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)都不需要考滿分,只要你不需要考滿分,那最高分就是4分,因?yàn)闆]有介于4分和5分之間的任何小數(shù)的分。

以上評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)告訴我們(請(qǐng)注意劃線部分,請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意標(biāo)紅部分),只要不影響理解和觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比銜接,就算出現(xiàn)較多的或明顯的語(yǔ)法小錯(cuò)誤,照樣可以得4分,而4分則對(duì)應(yīng)于最終換算出來的25分,這對(duì)相當(dāng)一部分同學(xué)來說,已經(jīng)是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的分?jǐn)?shù)了。

正因?yàn)槿绱?,有很多同學(xué)就不太注意綜合寫作的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,甚至有些老師無(wú)意中暗示學(xué)生綜合寫作的語(yǔ)言根本不用管,背個(gè)模板就行,導(dǎo)致一些同學(xué)生搬硬套模板,結(jié)果把綜合寫作寫得牛頭不對(duì)馬嘴,丟掉了不少分?jǐn)?shù),只是非常悲催的。

鑒于此,筆者原創(chuàng)了一些托福綜合寫作的句型,并將詳細(xì)講解這些句型的來歷。經(jīng)過幾次認(rèn)真的練習(xí),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),其實(shí)你也可以寫出高大上的句子!

首先,我們要明白一個(gè)道理,托福寫作的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量其實(shí)就是兩點(diǎn):準(zhǔn)確與多樣。準(zhǔn)確,也即遣詞造句要符合語(yǔ)法,最好能做到地道;多樣,也即不能總用那幾個(gè)你熟悉的詞和句型結(jié)構(gòu)。這不是我發(fā)明和杜撰的,這是官方指南的要求(syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity),也是一個(gè)常識(shí):學(xué)一門語(yǔ)言,把句子說對(duì)寫對(duì)是最基本的要求,如果你的句式多樣,證明你懂得多,肚子里有“墨水”,理應(yīng)獲得高分。如果連句子都寫不對(duì),或只會(huì)用非常有限的幾種句型結(jié)構(gòu),就想通過“萬(wàn)能模板”獲得高分——大哥,人家ETS有那么傻嗎?

一、如何表示“文章”與“聽力”

文章

the reading passage/the reading/the passage(摘自官方指南)

the article/the reading section/the writer/the author

聽力

the lecture/the professor(摘自官方指南)

the listening passage/the listening/the listening section/the lecturer/the speaker

二、如何表示“認(rèn)為、主張、聲稱”

雖然各個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞的地位都是一樣的,沒有高低貴賤之分,但您總不能一個(gè)think殺到底吧!天涯何處無(wú)芳草,何必單戀一think呢,請(qǐng)看:

say/believe(稍簡(jiǎn)單)

claim/state/argue/assert/maintain(語(yǔ)氣越來越強(qiáng)硬)

suggest/indicate/imply(有“暗示”的含義,語(yǔ)氣稍弱)

take the view that/hold the opinion that/have a notion that(貌似比think顏值稍高_(dá)_

但一定要注意,表示“文章/聽力認(rèn)為”要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且是第三人稱單數(shù)(以上表達(dá)均可跟that從句),而描述歷史事件時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)跟原文保持一致。來看一個(gè)例子:

【例】However, the professor says that tea was popular only in southern China, not in the north where Polo stayed.

(來源:《托福高分范文大全》,戴云、劉蕓編著,綜合寫作第06篇范文,第2主體段)

三、如何表示“反駁”

challenge/disprove/refute/contradict

question/cast doubt on(這兩個(gè)詞賓語(yǔ)一般不能是人)

【例】challenge a claim, an assertion, a verdict

(來源:Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary)

【例】These figures disproved Smith's argument.

(來源:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

【例】an attempt to refute Darwin's theories

(來源:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

【例】Recent evidence has tended to contradict established theories on this subject.

(來源:Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)

【例】Two months ago, results from a European study questioned whether early treatment with the drug really improved survival.

(來源:Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)

【例】Last night a top criminal psychologist cast doubt on the theory.

(來源:Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 5th Edition)

四、如何組織語(yǔ)言

開頭段

句型一:The lecture is a discussion concerning the issue of (主題), which challenges the main idea in the reading passage.

亮點(diǎn):

1) the issue of…。一定要注意issue of后應(yīng)該是名詞或一個(gè)從句,不能是句子

2) concerning是about的升級(jí)版,也可以用regarding或with regard to替換concerning

3) which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

【例】We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council.

(來源:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

【例】Dillon addressed the issue of child abuse in his speech.

(來源:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

【例】G-8 leaders call for Syrian peace talks, sidestep issue of whether Assad should go

(來源:Washington Post官網(wǎng),地址為http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/obama-g-8-leaders-cite-weak-economic-prospects/2013/06/18/755e2064-d813-11e2-a016-92547bf094cc_story.html)

【例】the issue of how to provide adequate child care

(來源:American Heritage Dictionary 4th Edition)

句型二:The writer claims in the reading passage that (文章論點(diǎn)), whereas the professor argues in the lecture that (聽力論點(diǎn)). Obviously, they hold differing views on the same topic.

亮點(diǎn):

1) in the reading passage和in the lecture其實(shí)把claims that和argues that分開了,這是一個(gè)分裂結(jié)構(gòu)

2) whereas是while的升級(jí)版,前面有沒有逗號(hào)都行

3) differing是different的升級(jí)版,還可以說成conflicting/opposing/opposite/contrary/divergent/contradictory

句型三:Despite the point made by the writer that (文章論點(diǎn)), the professor casts doubt on what the writer states by saying that (聽力論點(diǎn)).

亮點(diǎn):

1) despite + 名詞 + 過去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)

2) 用by saying that引出聽力論點(diǎn)

中間段

句型一:In the first place, the author presents a viewpoint that (文章分論點(diǎn)). The listening passage, by contrast, puts forward a divergent opinion that (聽力分論點(diǎn)). This is because (解釋).

亮點(diǎn):

1) viewpoint是point的升級(jí)版

2) by contrast/in contrast表示對(duì)比,且為插入語(yǔ),還可以用however/nevertheless/nonetheless替換,但意思不同,請(qǐng)認(rèn)真體會(huì)

3) put forward是have的升級(jí)版

句型二:Another point of view expressed by the lecturer is that (聽力分論點(diǎn)), which contradicts the statement given by the reading that (文章分論點(diǎn)). Then the lecturer supports his point by saying that (解釋).

亮點(diǎn):

1) another其實(shí)也可以表示列舉的第二項(xiàng),如果把a(bǔ)nother換成the first/the second/the final,這個(gè)句型就可以用在中間段的不同段落

2) supports his point by saying that避免了老用because表示原因

句型三:Finally, although the reading passage asserts that (文章分論點(diǎn)), contrary to what the reading states, the professor maintains that (聽力分論點(diǎn)). In order to prove his theory, the professor says that (解釋).

亮點(diǎn):

1) 用contrary to作提前的狀語(yǔ)引出反駁

2) 用in order to作提前的狀語(yǔ)表示目的

3) 用prove his theory替換了上面的supports his point

【例】Contrary to what the public was told, weapons were still being exported.

(來源:Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English)

【例】The new claim is directly contrary to what was originally stated.

(來源:Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English)

五、到底寫不寫結(jié)尾段

至于到底寫不寫結(jié)尾段,眾說紛紜,筆者認(rèn)為可寫可不寫——無(wú)論是開頭段還是中間段,句式都差不多,如果再加一個(gè)結(jié)尾段,難免會(huì)有重復(fù)和冗余之嫌,而且綜合寫作的官方字?jǐn)?shù)上限是225,寫超了到底扣不扣分,誰(shuí)也不知道。我的理解是,綜合寫作其實(shí)考察了考生提取有效信息的能力,如果寫得太長(zhǎng),就有這種能力不強(qiáng)之嫌,所以還是小心為妙。如果小伙伴們看了這篇文章后,“根本停不下來”,忍不住想寫,也是可以的,但一定要注意句式和用詞的準(zhǔn)確與多樣。


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