托福寫作如何舉例最有效
舉例子是托福寫作中常用的手法，那么托福寫作如何舉例最有效你知道嗎？一起來(lái)看看吧！
托福寫作如何舉例最有效
方法一：舉例----縮小范圍來(lái)論證。
如動(dòng)物→鳥(niǎo)類，現(xiàn)代交通方式→飛機(jī)，上面的舉例是最簡(jiǎn)單的形式，即對(duì)單個(gè)詞/短語(yǔ)，或說(shuō)單個(gè)對(duì)象舉例。我們?cè)讵?dú)立寫作中會(huì)遇到對(duì)單個(gè)對(duì)象的舉例，這也是大家都能做好的;但我們更常遇到的是需要對(duì)一個(gè)句子，或說(shuō)多個(gè)對(duì)象互相聯(lián)系而串成的觀點(diǎn)舉例的情況，這時(shí)我們就需要留意我們所舉的例子的有效性了。
舉例的基本原則：
a. 細(xì)節(jié)性原則----細(xì)于被舉例者。
b. 一致性原則----良好體現(xiàn)與要用舉例證明的觀點(diǎn)的一致對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，觀點(diǎn)中的重點(diǎn)信息應(yīng)在例子中不多不少地體現(xiàn)。
舉例的具體操作方法：
粗舉，細(xì)舉，引調(diào)查，列數(shù)字。
(1)粗例----粗獷的例子
"粗例"即一類人、物或事，或一個(gè)公認(rèn)事實(shí)的例子，說(shuō)白了就是多數(shù)人都能認(rèn)可的信息。尋找這類例子的時(shí)候比較輕松，只要在觀點(diǎn)中找出可以繼續(xù)細(xì)化的重點(diǎn)信息然后"narrow down"就可以了
觀點(diǎn)1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.
粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
"粗例"可以建立"面"對(duì)"線"的關(guān)系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同時(shí)也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比較論證來(lái)使用，才能使整個(gè)段落更有血肉。
(2)細(xì)例----細(xì)致的例子
"細(xì)例"就是具體到一個(gè)人、一個(gè)物，或一件事，可以是實(shí)際存在的，也可以無(wú)中生有。這類例子更加鮮活，更有說(shuō)服力，通常也能占據(jù)更長(zhǎng)一些的篇幅，平時(shí)有意識(shí)地積累并靈活聯(lián)系，寫起這類例子來(lái)才會(huì)更加得心應(yīng)手。
a. 實(shí)際存在的，一方面，這類例子可以是身邊，家人、朋友、自己和身邊發(fā)生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被報(bào)道出來(lái)的“名事”了
觀點(diǎn)2： Mistakes serve as vivid， sometimes painful deterrents from certain action.
細(xì)例2： A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals， the imprint of pain on the face of someone who died from smoking， but he would also link these memories immediately with cigarettes.
觀點(diǎn)3： You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
細(xì)例3： Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored， but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
b. 此外，"細(xì)例"的無(wú)中生有就是假設(shè)論證，常用if，supposing等開(kāi)頭
觀點(diǎn)4： Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic congestion.
細(xì)例4： If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars， there will be far fewer automobiles on the road， greatly easing the traffic burden.
【干貨】托福寫作中該如何舉例子?
很多學(xué)生在寫托福作文的時(shí)候，最大的苦惱無(wú)外乎是該如何舉例子?經(jīng)常會(huì)聽(tīng)到學(xué)生說(shuō)，“老師這個(gè)例子好假啊?我這個(gè)例子寫得好長(zhǎng)啊，考試的時(shí)候會(huì)不會(huì)來(lái)不及啊?一定要舉例子嗎?舉名人的例子會(huì)不會(huì)得分高啊?我要不要專門花時(shí)間去背名人的例子啊?”針對(duì)上述問(wèn)題，我們先來(lái)做一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的解答。
1. 托?？荚囀钦Z(yǔ)言測(cè)試，關(guān)注的是你的例子能否證明主題句，邏輯是否合理，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)是否流暢 ，因而符合事實(shí)邏輯的例子，都可以寫，不要糾結(jié)真實(shí)性，不要糾結(jié)是名人例子還是個(gè)人例子，更不用為了分?jǐn)?shù)去大量背誦名人的例子。
2. 例子的重要性體現(xiàn)在說(shuō)服力上而不是字?jǐn)?shù)上，只要把能證明你主題句的核心內(nèi)容提取出來(lái)即可，不要過(guò)分堆砌。
那么究竟如何去寫一個(gè)合格的例子呢?細(xì)心的同學(xué)應(yīng)該注意到題目中有這樣的一句話：“use specific reasons and examples to support your answer ”， 其中reasons(也稱作 reasoning)為我們講的邏輯說(shuō)理，而examples就是例子了。我們建議每一個(gè)主體段都要寫例子，例子需要是非常具體的事情，要和邏輯說(shuō)理部分區(qū)分開(kāi)。在這里，我們對(duì)一個(gè)合格的例子，提出兩點(diǎn)要求，即：相關(guān)性和細(xì)節(jié)性。
一.相關(guān)性
很多學(xué)生的文章中，觀點(diǎn)和例子絲毫沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)度，這樣的例子是無(wú)效的。所以必須要明確一點(diǎn)，舉例子是為了什么?舉例子是為了說(shuō)明主題句(劃重點(diǎn))。建議各位同學(xué)寫例子之前回頭看看主題句，做到心中有數(shù)，明確自己寫例子究竟是用來(lái)證明什么。
例如，我的主題句是“早起學(xué)習(xí)效率高?！蹦敲匆C明“早起學(xué)習(xí)效率高”，必須有以下四個(gè)要素：1. 首先必須確定一位主人翁A;2. 其次A同學(xué)起的很早;3. 并且A童鞋把早起的時(shí)間都用在學(xué)習(xí)上了;4. 效果很好;
再比如，我的主題句是“參與間隔年有助于學(xué)生們的專業(yè)擇?！蹦敲匆C明這個(gè)主題句，必須要滿足這四個(gè)要素： 1. 首先必須確定一位主人翁B; 2. B同學(xué)在間隔年中做了哪些事? 3. B同學(xué)之后選擇了什么專業(yè)?(間隔年中做的事要和之后選擇的專業(yè)要有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)度)4. 這個(gè)選擇很明智;
二. 細(xì)節(jié)性
區(qū)別于其他的寫作考試，托福寫作最大的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是例子必須要細(xì)化，可以具體到某個(gè)人，點(diǎn)名道姓，他的具體行為和感觸也有相關(guān)涉及。那么該如何做到細(xì)化例子呢?接著上面的sample繼續(xù)看。
Sample 1:
主題句：早起學(xué)起效率高。
例子：1. 主人翁A：可以具象到身份，人名—my dorm mate Jason
2. A 同學(xué)起得早：可以具體到幾點(diǎn)起床—get up at 7:00 a.m
3. 花時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)：可以具體到學(xué)什么—memorize new English words/ practice listening/ imitate pronunciation from MP3
4. 效果很好：become proficient in English
參考段落：
First and foremost, morning is the prime time for a student to absorb knowledge. It is because after a whole night’s rest, one’s body is usually at its best in the morning, with the brain being very awake and active. At this moment, students’ learning efficiency is so high that they could memorize the most key points and handle the most difficult part of a subject in a day’s study. For example, one of my dorm mates, Jason, is proficient in English. He gets up at 7 o’clock every morning and goes to the classroom to memorize new English words or imitate the pronunciation from MP3.
Sample 2:
主題句： 參與間隔年有助于學(xué)生們的專業(yè)選擇。
例子：1. 主人翁B： my classmate Jenny
2. 間隔年中做了什么事：looking after orphans and helping communities
3. 選擇的專業(yè)：public affairs management
4. 結(jié)果：a wise option
參考段落：
Firstly, during the gap year, students can get a better understanding of themselves and make a right choice about their majors in universities. Over the period from primary school to high school, most students lost the ability to think independently of what they wanted because they had to take care of their academic performances. If they are given an opportunity to engage in some meditation and social practices, they are likely to discover their true callings. I read from newspapers that an American high school graduate spent a gap year looking after orphans, and later he selected public affairs management as his college major, which turned out to be a wise choice.
托福寫作如何改進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)折句
“there be句型”變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
試比較
1. She used to be indifferent to the outside world, but an interloper changed her.
2. Her indifference to the outside world was changed by and interloper.
把but后面的句子改為短小插入語(yǔ)
試比較
1. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novelsand literature analyses, but she hardly succeeded in any of these endeavors at the very beginning.
2. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novels and literature analyses—all with little initial success.
把but后面部分改為更緊湊的從句
試比較
1. It was meant to be a brief parting, but it turned into a long, lingering one.
2. What was meant to be a brief parting turned into a long, lingering one.
第二句讀起來(lái)更加集中、緊湊，并且去掉了"It was, but it…”等雞肋部分。
積累一些可能替換but的連接詞
e.g. however/nonetheless/nevertheless/yet/whereas/while...
試比較
1. Once arriving home, she starts to review all the notes, not necessarily because the teacher requires her to do so,but because she encourages herself to study hard.
2. Once arriving home,she starts to review all the notes, as much from the requirement of the teacher,as from herself-encouragement.
對(duì)于but這一最為常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折，我們可以從“是否可以直接去掉?是否可以改為插入語(yǔ)等句子成分?是否可以改為更為緊湊的從句?是否有其他替換表達(dá)?”這個(gè)方面進(jìn)行思考。
但應(yīng)該指出，應(yīng)該建立在“自己有把握判斷原句與改進(jìn)后句子的風(fēng)格與質(zhì)量”的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。有時(shí)候，不一定改的就比原句更好，短的不一定就更簡(jiǎn)潔。
托?？荚噺?fù)習(xí)攻略：地道美式作文必備60詞
aid=assist(幫助，援助)
alter=change or modify(改變)
ask=inquire(詢問(wèn))
assail=denounce(譴責(zé))
axe=dismiss\reduce(解雇，減少)
balk=impede(阻礙)
ban=prohibit or forbid(禁止)
bar=prevent(防止，阻止)
bare=expose or reveal(暴露，揭露)
blast=explode(爆炸)
begin=commence(開(kāi)始)
bid=attempt(努力)
bilk=cheat(欺騙)
bolt=desert or abandon(放棄)
boost=increase(增加，提高)
check=examine(檢查)
claim=ause the death of…(奪去……的生命)
clash=disagree strong1y(發(fā)生分歧，爭(zhēng)議)
curb=control or restrict(控制)
dip=decIlne or decrease(下降)
ease=lessen(減輕，緩和)
end=terminate(結(jié)束，中止)
flay=criticize(批評(píng))
flout=insult(侮辱)
foil=prevent from(阻止，防止)
grill = investigate(調(diào)查)
gut=destroy(摧毀)
head=direct(率領(lǐng))
hold=arrest(逮捕)
laud=praise(贊揚(yáng))
lop=diminish(下降，減少)
map=work out(制訂)
mark=celebrate(慶祝)
name=appoint\nominate(命名，提名)
moot=discuss(討論)
mull=consider(考慮)
nab=arrest(逮捕)
nip=defeat(擊敗)
ease=lessen(減輕，緩和)
end=terminate(結(jié)束，中止)
flay=criticize(批評(píng))
flout=insult(侮辱)
foil=prevent from(阻止，防止)
grill = investigate(調(diào)查)
gut=destroy(摧毀)
head=direct(率領(lǐng))
hold=arrest(逮捕)
laud=praise(贊揚(yáng))
lop=diminish(下降，減少)
map=work out(制訂)
mark=celebrate(慶祝)
name=appoint\nominate(命名，提名)
moot=discuss(討論)
mull=consider(考慮)
nab=arrest(逮捕)
nip=defeat(擊敗)
slay=murder(謀殺)
soar=skyrocket(急劇上升)
spur=encourage(激勵(lì)，鞭策)
swap=exchange(交流，交換)
sway=influence(影響)
trim=reduce(削減)
vie=compete(競(jìng)爭(zhēng))
vow=determine(決心，發(fā)誓)
weigh=consider(考慮)
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托福寫作如何舉例最有效
