托福寫(xiě)作大小寫(xiě)詳細(xì)的規(guī)則介紹
托福作文中，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些有大小寫(xiě)的詞，那么這些詞都有哪些?小編在這里做了整理和總結(jié)，方便大家的備考。所以想要系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)托福寫(xiě)作中的大小寫(xiě)原則，那就趕快來(lái)看看小編為大家整理的內(nèi)容吧!
托福寫(xiě)作大小寫(xiě)詳細(xì)的規(guī)則介紹
1.直接引語(yǔ)中，句首字母要大寫(xiě)。例如：“Then，”I said，“You havebeen making a mistake，and the letter is not in the apartment.”“那么，”我說(shuō)，“你準(zhǔn)弄錯(cuò)了。這封信并不在那棟房子里。”
2.星期、月份名稱(chēng)的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)，但季節(jié)第一個(gè)字母不大寫(xiě)。例如：Sunday星期天，August八月，winter冬天，spring春天。
3.一些大型節(jié)日名稱(chēng)的第一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一字母都要大寫(xiě)。如：Children‘s Day兒童節(jié)，National Day國(guó)慶節(jié)， Teachers’ Day教師節(jié)。
4.由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞詞組，除其中的冠詞、較短的介詞和連詞外，每個(gè)詞的第一字母都要大寫(xiě)。例如：the Great Wall長(zhǎng)城，the UnitedStates美國(guó)。
5.大型會(huì)議、文件、條約名稱(chēng)的每個(gè)實(shí)詞(虛詞：副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、嘆詞和擬聲詞則不用大寫(xiě))的第一個(gè)字母都要大寫(xiě)。書(shū)名、報(bào)刊名應(yīng)大寫(xiě)首字母，文章標(biāo)題中的每一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。
如：China Daily《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》，New York Times《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》，Their Class《他們的班級(jí)》(文章標(biāo)題)，the Warsaw Treaty《華沙條約》， 實(shí)例：English Coaching Paper《英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)報(bào)》。
6.詩(shī)歌的每一行的第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。
7. 表示稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)或職務(wù)的詞首字母要大寫(xiě)。實(shí)例：Mr Green格林先生， Dr Li李博士
8.大多數(shù)的縮略詞要大寫(xiě)。實(shí)例：CCTV(中國(guó)中央電視臺(tái))， ID(身份證)， CD(光盤(pán))
10.句子開(kāi)頭的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)?！癐(我)”在句中任何位置都要大寫(xiě)。例如：What‘s her name?Mary and I are teachers.
11.地名、國(guó)名和人名等專(zhuān)有名詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。例如：Russia(俄羅斯)，Youyang(酉陽(yáng))，Chengdu(成都)，Jack(杰克)。
12.一些親屬關(guān)系(如mother，sister，mum，dad等)用作稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)時(shí)第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。例如：Thank you，Granny.謝謝你，姥姥。
13.人名前的稱(chēng)呼或頭銜第一個(gè)字母應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。例如：Mr Smith，Dr Wang，Miss Mary。
14.表示語(yǔ)種、民族的名詞或形容詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。例如：Russian俄語(yǔ)、俄羅斯人(的)，Chinese漢語(yǔ)、中國(guó)人(的)。
托福寫(xiě)作：獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作句法的多樣性
丨動(dòng)靜結(jié)合總相宜
例1：她按時(shí)到校上學(xué)。
動(dòng)態(tài)句：She attends school regularly.
靜態(tài)句：Her attendance at school is regular.
例2：他擁有一所房子。
動(dòng)態(tài)句：He possesses a house.
靜態(tài)句：He is in possession of a house.
技巧小結(jié)：中文習(xí)慣動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是英語(yǔ)里面靜態(tài)詞匯(名詞、介詞、副詞、形容詞等)占優(yōu)勢(shì)。所以在寫(xiě)作時(shí)同學(xué)們應(yīng)該考慮英語(yǔ)句子靜態(tài)特征的表達(dá)。
丨具體抽象互補(bǔ)足
例3：她的樸素衣著使他顯得更美。
具體句：Her simple dress adds to her beauty.
抽象句：The simplicity of her dress adds to her beauty.
例4：溫暖的房間使我昏昏欲睡。
具體句：The warm room made me sleepy.
抽象句：The warmth of the room made me sleepy.
技巧小結(jié)：中文表達(dá)重具體，英文表達(dá)重抽象。
丨物稱(chēng)人稱(chēng)相交替
例5: 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了這個(gè)教訓(xùn)。
人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)：
I will neverforget the lesson.
物稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)：
The lesson willbe rootedin my memory forever.
例6: 不同的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員對(duì)工作有不同的態(tài)度。
人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)：
Different team members have different attitudes towards work.
物稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)：
Attitudes towards work vary from person to person.
技巧小結(jié)：英語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)常用人稱(chēng)和物稱(chēng)兩種形式表達(dá)。物稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)注重“什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上”，人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)側(cè)重“什么人怎么樣”。
綜上所述，同學(xué)們?cè)讵?dú)立寫(xiě)作中，除了使用習(xí)以為常的并列句和從句以外，為滿足托福寫(xiě)作中的句法多樣性原則，還應(yīng)該多考慮在文章寫(xiě)作中加入如上三種句子表述方式。同時(shí)，在背單詞的同時(shí)，一定要注意掌握同一單詞的派生詞，這樣才能更加游刃有余地完成不同形態(tài)的句子。
托福寫(xiě)作思路從積累托福語(yǔ)料做起
很多同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)托福寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常沒(méi)思路，看見(jiàn)題目就已經(jīng)蒙了，那么從今天開(kāi)始北京新東方趙云龍BOMB老師幫你補(bǔ)充補(bǔ)充背景知識(shí)好不好，讓你“知其然知其所以然” 既然“機(jī)經(jīng)”如今沒(méi)以前準(zhǔn)了，那就不如從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始咱們積累一些和托福寫(xiě)作相關(guān)話題的語(yǔ)料和背景知識(shí)，考試當(dāng)中能用起來(lái)!!! Let’s begin now~~
First，請(qǐng)各位3分鐘時(shí)間默讀下面的文段(以下范文出自KYLE DeNUCCIO 不同顏色的詞請(qǐng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注)
①Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to make effective and informed money management decisions. Gaining the knowledge and developing the skills to become financially literate is a lifelong process that begins with something as simple as putting a few pennies in a piggy bank, and evolves to more advanced subjects such as risk and asset allocation.
?、贐ecause financial literacy is not emphasized in the education system - less than half the states have any financial literacy requirements for grades K-12, and only four states require high school students to take personal finance classes - most kids lack the necessary knowledge and skills to become financially responsible adults. The President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy wrote in its 2008 Annual Report to the President: "By almost any measure, today's school children are ill-equipped to understand personal finance and make their way in the modern financial world. Their rising debt and debt problems, along with their poor inclination to save, substantiate what the test scores show. Meanwhile, most students still graduate from high school without any formal classroom education in personal finance."
③There is now - especially following the global financial crisis that began in 2008 - a growing interest in requiring more personal finance classes in the K-12 setting. Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve System has stated that, "One of the key lessons of the recent financial crisis is the importance of personal financial literacy. Besides improving their personal financial decision making, teaching students economic principles will help them as citizens understand and make choices about many of the critical issues confronting our nation."
?、蹹espite this recognition, most things money are still taught at home, where the role of financial educator falls primarily on parents, guardians and other adults in the home. For many adults, however, talking about money is akin to talking about other provocative subjects. Unsure of where to begin and worried about saying the wrong thing, many adults simply avoid conversations about money. This is often made worse by adults' lack of confidence in their own handling of finances. It is important for adults to remember that, even if they are not financial rock stars themselves, they have experience and perspective on their sides, and can draw both from their financial mistakes and successes to share essential knowledge and skills to their children. It starts with a conversation.
?、軮n our first guide, Teaching Financial Literacy To Kids, we introduced concepts that are appropriate for the youngest learners, such as the difference between needs and wants.(細(xì)節(jié)!!) / In part two of the series, Teaching Financial Literacy To Tweens, we covered intermediate topics, including income and expenses, saving for long-term goals and entrepreneurship. / In this tutorial, designed especially for teaching teens, we introduce the more advanced topics suitable for teenagers, including budgeting, credit and debt, money management and investing.(細(xì)節(jié)!!)(473words)
讀完了是不是有一種“好高大上啊” 我寫(xiě)不出來(lái)啊，沒(méi)關(guān)系哈來(lái)下面BOMB老師幫你“庖丁解?！?請(qǐng)動(dòng)筆“記” 光看沒(méi)用，快拿筆!
1.Financial literacy ：翻譯成中文的話就類(lèi)似“理財(cái)?shù)哪芰Α?/p>
e.g.：Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to make effective money management decisions, so children are obliged to get informed about.
理財(cái)是一種使用知識(shí)和技能的能力去做出高效的金錢(qián)管理決定，所以孩子務(wù)必要去了解。
literate：有文化的，會(huì)讀寫(xiě)的
illiterate：文盲的
2.informed decisions： 明智的決定 類(lèi)似表達(dá)比如 smart move/sound decision
e.g.：School authorities might make an informed decision to put in a vast majority of money to hire famous teachers after researching hundreds of students’s needs.
校方在調(diào)查了百名學(xué)生的需求后做出個(gè)明智的決定，就是去投入大量的資金雇傭教師。
3.lifelong process：一輩子的事兒
e.g.： Marriage is a lifelong process that we have to think twice to make an informed decision.
婚姻是個(gè)一輩子的事兒，我們要認(rèn)真考慮以便做出個(gè)明智的決定。
4.putting a few pennies in a piggy bank：把零錢(qián)裝進(jìn)存錢(qián)罐
“piggy bank”表示零錢(qián)罐，penny 一便士
5.asset allocation ：資產(chǎn)分配
e.g.：Confronting financial crisis, government has to implement a proper asset allocation policy to avoid repeat financial depression.
面臨資產(chǎn)危機(jī)的時(shí)候，政府必須要實(shí)施合適的資產(chǎn)分配政策來(lái)防止周而復(fù)始的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。
6.be emphasized in: 被重視
e.g.：The mindset of "problem-solving" and “thinking-critically “ should be emphasized in the construction of teenagers teaching curricular.
“解決問(wèn)題”和“批判性思考”的思維應(yīng)該在青少年教學(xué)課程建設(shè)中被強(qiáng)強(qiáng)調(diào)。
7.require sb to do：要求某人做某事(一般與學(xué)生搭配在一起使用更佳)
e.g.：School should require students to attend to some extracurricular activities to strengthen their social abilities.
學(xué)校應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生參加一些課外活動(dòng)去加強(qiáng)他們的社交能力。
8.financially responsible adults：經(jīng)濟(jì)上有責(zé)任感的成年人
e.g.：In order to become financially responsible adults, children are supposed to engage in different finance-related activities to acquire more practical skills on issues of money autonomy.
為了成為經(jīng)濟(jì)上獨(dú)立的成年人，孩子應(yīng)該參與不同的與經(jīng)濟(jì)有關(guān)的活動(dòng)去獲得更多的實(shí)用的技能在金錢(qián)自理的問(wèn)題上。
9.be ill-equipped to：表示”做某事沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好“ ”缺乏某種能力“
e.g.：Parents are ill-equipped to understand their children and put in less faith in them such as restricting their money spent on entertainment; limiting their time spent on watching TV, and even prohibiting their freedom to choose majors.
父母未能很好的理解孩子并且對(duì)孩子有很少的信任，比如限制他們花在娛樂(lè)上的錢(qián),限制他們花在看電視上的時(shí)間,甚至禁止他們選擇專(zhuān)業(yè)的自由。
10.have poor inclination to ：表示有做不好的事情的不良傾向
e.g.：Children, especially for those rebellious adolescents, tend to have poor inclination to crime, so they should be guided in a right way by their parents.
孩子,特別是那些叛逆的青少年,往往有犯罪的傾向,所以他們應(yīng)該被他們的父母用正確的方法引導(dǎo)。
11.show a growing interest in：表示在某方面展現(xiàn)興趣
e.g.：Talent kids tend to show a growing interest in tackling difficult problems.
有天賦的孩子往往在解決難題上有很多的興趣。
12.fall primarily on：主要屬于某人/主要落在誰(shuí)身上
e.g.：To address environmental problems, the duties will fall primarily on three aspects : governments ;individuals and small businesses.
為了解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題,責(zé)任將主要在三個(gè)方面:政府、個(gè)人和小企業(yè)。
13.is akin to: 與某事某物相似
e.g.： Friendship is akin to love.
愛(ài)人者，人恒愛(ài)之。
14.provocative subjects：刺激的話題/爭(zhēng)議的話題
e.g.：How to achieve a sense of happiness has long been the provocative subjects which are often discussed among scholars.
如何擁有幸福感一直是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的并被學(xué)者討論的話題。
15.on one’s sides：就某人而言/支持某人/站在某人那邊
e.g.：On my side, finance-related issues should be emphasized in the education of kids.
在我看來(lái)，與金錢(qián)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題應(yīng)該在小孩的教育中被重視。
16.share essential knowledge and skills to ：分享重要的知識(shí)技能給某人
e.g.：Teachers should share essential knowledge and skills to teenagers who are eager to learn and improve their abilities.
老師應(yīng)該分享重要的知識(shí)技能給那些想學(xué)習(xí)并提高能力的青少年。
升級(jí)!9種花樣句型，搞定托福高分寫(xiě)作!
1.定語(yǔ)從句
寫(xiě)作中最常用的句型之一，可以將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句輕松地連接成一個(gè)漂亮的復(fù)雜句。
例如，下面的這兩個(gè)句子用上定語(yǔ)從句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence,superstition, and sex.
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
2. 狀語(yǔ)從句
寫(xiě)作中常用的是以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句，即原因狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
【原因狀語(yǔ)從句】
常由because, as, since和for引導(dǎo)。
Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.
盡管如此，我還是贊成太空探險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗暮锰庍h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于壞處。
【讓步狀語(yǔ)從句】
常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引導(dǎo)。
Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點(diǎn)被廣泛接受，很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點(diǎn)、任何年齡進(jìn)行。
【條件狀語(yǔ)從句】
常由if, on the condition that和providing that引導(dǎo)。
Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared.
假如你要取得成就或要實(shí)現(xiàn)你的雄心壯志，你必須努力工作、艱苦奮斗、準(zhǔn)備好條件。
【 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句】
常由when和while引導(dǎo)。
Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說(shuō)到教育，大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
【 目的狀語(yǔ)從句】
常由so that和in order that引導(dǎo)。
Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上萬(wàn)的人們不得不花費(fèi)更多的精力和時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識(shí)，使得他們?cè)诰蜆I(yè)市場(chǎng)能保持優(yōu)勢(shì)。
3. 賓語(yǔ)從句
Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.
一些人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境污染負(fù)主要責(zé)任。
Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitableresult and there is no way to avoid it.
許多專(zhuān)家指出這是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展必然的結(jié)果，無(wú)法避免。
4. 同位語(yǔ)從句
Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.
環(huán)境污染變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重是不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)。
Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)這一基本事實(shí)：對(duì)于一般工人來(lái)講，輕松掌握這些技術(shù)是不可能的。
5. 主語(yǔ)從句
Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.
值得注意的是農(nóng)村和城市的生態(tài)環(huán)境都在不斷惡化。
Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole.
眾所周知，環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題是中國(guó)乃至世界面臨的最為嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題之一。
6. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
句式：It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容 + that
Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.
汽車(chē)和工廠排放大量的廢氣，使得環(huán)境被污染。
7. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.
人們應(yīng)竭盡全力來(lái)保護(hù)我們賴(lài)以生存的環(huán)境。
8. 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。
Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.
旅游業(yè)是一個(gè)新興的行業(yè)，它成為經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要來(lái)源， 在很多東南亞國(guó)家起著尤為重要的作用。
Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spittingdeliberately.
具體來(lái)說(shuō)，政府應(yīng)該出臺(tái)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)對(duì)制造大量污染物的工廠及故意亂扔垃圾、隨地吐痰的人進(jìn)行嚴(yán)懲。
9. 插入語(yǔ)
一種獨(dú)立成分，與句子的其它成分一般沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法上的關(guān)系，大都是對(duì)一句話作一些附加說(shuō)明或解釋。它通常由一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子構(gòu)成，位置較為靈活，可置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi)。
Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.
電腦，我們生活中必不可少的一部分，給我們帶來(lái)了極大的方便。
Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.
大學(xué)生，沒(méi)有社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，容易上當(dāng)受騙。
這些就是托福寫(xiě)作的一些小技巧啦，你學(xué)到了嗎?
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