如何正確使用托福寫作機經(jīng)
機經(jīng)無非就是考生考后的真題回憶，那么我們應(yīng)該如何正確使用托福寫作機經(jīng)呢？下面小編給大家分享一下！
如何正確使用托福寫作機經(jīng)
機經(jīng)其實是不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的，因為我們在參加托福考試之前，需要先簽訂保密協(xié)議，同意絕不將試題透露給任何第三方。盡管如此，還是有許多“熱心”的同學愿意在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上回顧、分享考過的試題，這也就給后來參加考試的同學提供了一個提前熟悉可能會考到的題目的機會。說到機經(jīng)，就不得不提一下關(guān)于“趨勢”這個話題。每每有同學問我托福寫作的趨勢是什么，我可能憋了很長時間，最終也只會憋出兩個字來，那就是重復(fù)。所以，趨勢聽起來算是一個偽命題，因為托?？荚囈欢ㄟ€會重復(fù)考那些曾經(jīng)考過的那些題目。這也是為什么很多同學在考試之前都會尋求機經(jīng)的幫助。但是有了機經(jīng)并不就意味著有了定心丸，今天我想跟大家談?wù)勅绾握_地看待機經(jīng)。
我自己有很多學生在考試之前都會看機經(jīng)，而他們對待機經(jīng)的方法，特別是寫作部分，就是羅列提綱。把這個文章的Topic Sentence，也就是主題句和分論點都寫好。同學們，如果你這是這樣去處理機經(jīng)，那么機經(jīng)對你的幫助是接近于零的。
首先大家要清楚機經(jīng)的有效性和局限性在哪里。很多學生對機經(jīng)的有效性的認為是：機經(jīng)就是提前看過寫作的題目，機經(jīng)的預(yù)測范圍內(nèi)要求詳細準備的題目也就十幾、二十個，雖然可能有不同的機經(jīng)版本，但是最后要準備也就20個左右，即便是大范圍的預(yù)測(60多個、70多個)，重點需要準備的也就是20個左右，甚至還有10個或者5個。同學們，如果你的托福寫作已經(jīng)考了25分以上，但想取得接近滿分成績，那你就不能是看機經(jīng)準備內(nèi)容;如果你現(xiàn)在的寫作分數(shù)是18分左右，或者更低，目標是考到23分以上就謝天謝地了，那么你的目標才是看機經(jīng)準備好內(nèi)容。
為什么會有這個差異呢?難道那些水平比較高的同學就不用準備這些內(nèi)容嗎?同學們注意，在托福寫作的評分過程中，不同的分數(shù)段關(guān)注的內(nèi)容是不一樣的。一個連文章都寫不全的(常見于17或者18分左右、就是沒有到達20分的)同學在寫文章的時候往往只有一個分論點，這個分論點特別的長，或者這個文章只有兩個分論點，第二個點和第一個點還有大量的重合。這樣的文章內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)都不完整，即便翻譯成中文也是看不過去的。所以對于每次看到這個題目都不知道該寫什么東西的同學，一定要把內(nèi)容準備好，不僅要列提綱，連分論點下面的例子是什么，如何論證它，都必須要羅列出來。
而對于水平比較高的同學，比如說已經(jīng)考了25分左右準備沖擊滿分的同學，往往是文章內(nèi)容已經(jīng)存在了，已經(jīng)完整了，可能不夠優(yōu)異或者高級。這種同學不需要額外準備內(nèi)容，你可以使用你原有的、完整但是看起來并不是那么高大上的內(nèi)容來組織你的文章，依舊可以取得比較高的分數(shù)。
有一點可能大家比較難以相信的是，舉最土的例子也可以取得高分。在托福的寫作部分，你可以使用那些最土的，比如說愛迪生、伽利略這樣的例子。我相信很多同學都會笑，這些是太熟悉的例子，都已經(jīng)被寫爛了。這種例子在考試的時候能不能寫?可以寫，而且我推薦你們寫，因為這種例子不需要準備，內(nèi)容就特別完整。要知道，在高分數(shù)段里面，內(nèi)容是不重要的，重要的是語言，那么你用什么語言來表達這個例子就顯得額外重要。因為參加托?？荚嚨?，可能是初中生、高中生、大學生、研究生、博士生，不同知識水平的同學會同時參加托?？荚嚕瑢ν粋€題目寫出來的文章內(nèi)容深度肯定會有所差別。評分人會額外注意，不會依據(jù)考生寫的內(nèi)容好玩、生僻、是否有說服力的程度來評判分數(shù)，而只能依據(jù)語言，所以有內(nèi)容就可以。我的這個說法可能特別奇怪，有內(nèi)容使得你的文章完整就可以了，不需要追求內(nèi)容是否高大上。也沒有必要去搜索一些英語百科網(wǎng)站來豐富自己的內(nèi)容，讓自己的內(nèi)容顯得高大上。即便你舉了一個特別生僻的小故事，而別人舉了一個愛迪生的故事，只要語言好也可以把分數(shù)提上去。
另外一個觀點是綜合寫作沒有用。這個觀點其實是錯誤的。很多人在準備機經(jīng)的時候，是完全不看綜合寫作部分，有的同學覺得看綜合寫作部分的機經(jīng)沒有用，這個是不對的。很多同學準備機經(jīng)的時候，只準備獨立寫作機經(jīng)，獨立寫作機經(jīng)要不要準備?我剛才已經(jīng)說過了，對于不同的學生，準備的方向是不一樣的。確實準備一下是可以的。那綜合寫作的機經(jīng)要不要準備?同學們是一定要準備的。對于綜合寫作部分，真正準備過的同學應(yīng)該可以很輕松的拿到分數(shù)。因為綜合寫作里面沒有那么關(guān)注語言。其實對于綜合寫作，應(yīng)該額外地關(guān)注機經(jīng)，把相應(yīng)的語言點都描述到。對于機經(jīng)來說，很多同學都搞錯了范圍。真正每一個人都要使用的是綜合寫作的機經(jīng)
托福寫作備考策略之獨立話題
1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?
2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.
6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.
7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
實用方法介紹
丨1.常用論點/理由
針對獨立寫作的常見話題，大致可歸成三類：個人類(關(guān)于學習、工作、休閑、做人的選擇);古今類(題目中有明顯的now… past … 讓考生判斷現(xiàn)在和過去在某一方面的比較);決策類(題目中通常有g(shù)overnment這個詞出現(xiàn)，討論政府的投資或者政策，有些題目雖然沒有g(shù)overnment這個詞出現(xiàn)，但如果涉及的是有社會影響力的話題，也可以劃為政府類，比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)
1)個人類常用理由
學知識、練技能、拓展視野……..
工作機會、賺錢…….
交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、溝通) …….
身體健康、放松心情…….
省時間、省錢、省精力………..
2)古今類常用理由
現(xiàn)代社會的優(yōu)點：
教育: 先進全面鼓勵個性
工作：種類豐富機會多
醫(yī)療：治愈緩解更多疾病
技術(shù)：網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子產(chǎn)品汽車
公共設(shè)施：便利的交通娛樂購物餐飲
法律制度：保障個人權(quán)利
媒體：揭露真相傳播信息
人與人：互動頻繁、方便
經(jīng)濟進步：更充裕的錢和無助
世界和平：更少的戰(zhàn)爭傷亡
現(xiàn)代社會的缺點：
環(huán)境問題(污染，能源消耗)
生活壓力(學習，工作)
欺騙敲詐
3)決策類常用思路
注：除了使用個人類常用理由，針對決策類這種和政府相關(guān)有社會影響力的題目，建議多角度討論，一下是常見的討論角度：
1.大眾 individuals
對我們有什么用?(放松健康省錢知識關(guān)系等等)
是不是我們每個人都需要的?(大多數(shù)/ 小眾)
2. 相關(guān)群體relativegroups
題目中談?wù)摰降谋热鏰rtists,scientists, athletes 等等
3. 企業(yè)companies
企業(yè)有錢，可以代替政府去投資有利可圖的領(lǐng)域
4. 社會 Society
Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …
丨2.對比段
通常來說，托福獨立寫作的論證寫3段，上文介紹了最基本的常用理由，但有時候，因為各種原因只想出2個理由的時候，可以寫一段對比段，即把對比論證寫一段。
具體案例參考第三部分的機經(jīng)詳解
丨3.讓步段
除了對比段之外，讓步段也可以解決只有2個理由缺少第三個段落的問題。
具體案例參考第三部分的機經(jīng)詳解
丨4.拆分法/分情況討論
針對一些比較抽象的獨立寫作話題，我們可以分情況討論，或者對于關(guān)鍵詞進行定義和拆分，在更加具體的情況下方便論證。
具體案例參考第三部分的機經(jīng)詳解
丨5.檢驗論點
沒有標準答案，這是獨立解題最自由的地方。但這并不意味著什么樣的理由都可以作為論點并且展開段落的。課堂上，一些學生可以馬上相處三個理由，但仔細探究，可能只有一個理由是可以作為論點的。
這里說一下三個檢驗標準：1.支持觀點 2. 論點相互不重疊 3. 易于展開
丨6.靈活調(diào)整
根據(jù)ETS的出題，我們知道，題目是千變?nèi)f化的，為了幫助學生更好的應(yīng)對，老師們會總結(jié)出一些實用方法，對學生來說，比死記硬別、生搬硬套更重要的是，在題目的練習中，去運用這些方法，并且靈活的調(diào)整。
如果覺得一些常用理由不適合支持某一道題，那么就放棄這個理由;
如果只想出兩個理由，那么可以加一個讓步段或者對比段;
如果一道題直接用常用理由去支持很難，可以試著拆分法;
如果完全同意/不同意很難，可以試著兩邊倒;
如果題目中有絕對詞，可以部分同意/不同意。
... ...
實用方法在題目中的具體運用
使用第一部分的9月機經(jīng)部分題目
1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?
觀點：small assignments
論點1：輕松
論點2：知識(學生復(fù)習;老師備課)
論點3：對比段/讓步段
2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
觀點：agree
論點1：來自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的尊重要員工更快樂積極
論點2：員工的參與促進想法的完善
論點3：對比段
3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
版本A：
觀點：選1)
論點1：relaxing
論點2：used byeveryone
論點3：讓步段(承認2的好處指出顯著缺點即優(yōu)惠了一小部分人不公平)
版本B：
觀點：選2)
論點1：healthy
論點2：mentality
論點3：補充建議(允許周末開放給市民)
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.
觀點：Disagree
論點1： knowledge 宣傳健康飲食的知識( 課程廣告 )
論點2： pressure 減少學習和工作壓力
論點3： money 建設(shè)更多更便宜的運動場所減輕人們的經(jīng)濟負擔
注：這道題，用個人類的常用理由就可以解決，那么久不用多角度思考了~
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.
觀點：Disagree
論點1：經(jīng)濟進步大家有時間和精力改善社區(qū)
論點2：溝通方便更好的解決社區(qū)問題
論點3：普遍受過教育有能力解決問題
注：三個古今類的常用理由，現(xiàn)代社會的優(yōu)點
6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.
觀點：Agree
論點1：Internet –豐富信息
論點2：Education – 培養(yǎng)獨立
論點3：對比段
7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
版本A：
觀點：Physical exercise
論點1：health
論點2：cooperation
論點3：make friends
論點4：release pressure
論點5：讓步段/對比段
注：有些題目，可以相處很多個有效論點，那就選擇自己覺得好寫的展開～
版本B：
觀點：TV book
論點1：convenience;
論點2：knowledge andinspiration
論點3：讓步段/對比段
8.We shouldstate our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
觀點：agree
論點1：家庭
論點2：朋友
論點3：學習/工作
注：用拆分法解這道題，即把說實話放在生活中的三大場景下，便于進行具體論證
9.In order tosucceed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
版本A：
觀點：Bothimportant
論點1：知識– 獨立解決問題&自信
論點2：適應(yīng)能力–效率&輕松
注：兩邊倒的題目，兩個支持對象的各寫一段，每一段設(shè)立有1-2個小論點，這樣不用擔心字數(shù)~
版本B：
觀點：Agree
論點1：get alongwith different people
論點2：learn newknowledge
論點3：adjustmentality
注：對適應(yīng)能力進行拆分，解讀成和不同的人相處的能力、學習新知識的能力、調(diào)整心態(tài)的能力，這些都比固有的接觸知識更重要，因為，世界一直在變啊~
10.Peoplespend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
觀點：Disagree
論點1：Relaxing
論點2：Improvefriendship
論點3： Learning
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
版本1：Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity
版本2：Agree 拆分法- 家庭禮貌- 工作禮貌 - 社交禮貌
12.Technologydesigned to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
agree
1) car –traffic jam; air pollution
2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading
3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)
注：把technology 拆分成三個主要方面，汽車、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子設(shè)備
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies andprograms made in other countries.
觀點：both interesting
Own country:1 共鳴理解2 喜歡的演員
Foreign country:1拓展視野2精彩的畫面
14.It is asimportant for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
Agree
版本1：拆分法(對學習新知識詮釋)
1 學習健康知識
2 培養(yǎng)愛好
3 學習使用電腦上網(wǎng)
版本2：常用理由
1 mentalhealth
2improve convenience
3communication with young people
15.To remainhappy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achievesuccess.
Agree
1)mentalhealth
2)stimulateimprovement
3 )讓步段(承認成功是可喜的但是生活的常態(tài)就是一直失敗、努力、克服苦難、獲得成功，也就是說，成功是個結(jié)果，那么占據(jù)生活主要的是那個過程，所以為了健康以及持久的成功，樂觀積極更重要)
16.It is importantto know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect yourpersonal life.
Agree
版本1：常用理由
1)relaxing
2)knowledge
3)communication
版本2：拆分法
1)medicalnews – health
2)political news – safety
3)economic news – money
托福獨立寫作素材：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)
托福寫作素材:領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)
What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.
托福獨立寫作范文：
The qualities of a good supervisor are too numerous to name. It also depends on the situation. Supervisors who work in an academic situation may have different qualities from those who work in a business company. Generally speaking, however, all good supervisors must have the qualities of effective communication, fair treatment, and role models.
First, a good supervisor communicates well. A supervisor gives instructions and directions to his or her supervisees as to what work to do and how to do it. Then instructions and directions must be clearly communicated so that they can be followed. If they are not clearly formulated and explained, the supervisees may feel at a loss at why they have to do something and how to do it. (I know of somebody who gets angry easily when his employees fail to follow his instructions. However, he often gives vague instructions and is unwilling to clarify his requirements, which makes it difficult for his supervisees to follow his instructions.) Thus, a good supervisor is effective in communicating his or her instructions and is willing to clarify things for his or her supervisees.
Second, a good supervisor shows fair treatment of employees. The supervisor treats all his or her employees with equal respect and shows no favoritism. Otherwise, some employees may have a sense of unfairness and demonstrate performance less than ideal. Even though the supervisor may have or develop some personal feelings about or personal relationship with an employee, he or she does not let such feelings or relationship affect his or her judgment and treatment of the person. Instead, the supervisor evaluates each employee’s performance against the same set of criteria and rewards or punishes each employee on the basis of objective assessment.
Finally, a good supervisor sets an example for employees. In other words, a good supervisor sets the standards for his or her employees by his or her own behavior. Well goes an English proverb, “Example is better than percept.” A good supervisor must do what he or she requires the subordinates to do. For example, if the supervisor works hard, it is likely that his or her employees will work diligently as well. Likewise, if the supervisor always gets work done on time, the employees must feel pressured to finish work on time, too. Therefore, a good supervisor acts professionally if he or she expects the supervisees to act in a professional way.
In short, the main qualities of a good supervisor are effective communication, fair treatment, and role models. Most supervisors have effective communication skills but sometimes forget fair treatment of employees or fail to set an example for them. Good supervisors should check themselves, every once in a while, to make sure that they are practicing these qualities.
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