托福獨(dú)立寫作要如何寫結(jié)尾呢
很多學(xué)生在嘔心瀝血精心設(shè)計(jì)完托福寫作開頭段和主體段落后，有時(shí)候會(huì)草草概括了一下結(jié)尾，字?jǐn)?shù)單薄，內(nèi)容無力，這樣文章會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕且內(nèi)容明顯敷衍了事。那么，托福獨(dú)立寫作要如何寫結(jié)尾呢?
托福獨(dú)立寫作要如何寫結(jié)尾呢?
首先，新托福寫作考試結(jié)尾段起到總結(jié)全文作用，因此，應(yīng)該用凝練的語言概括出全文分論點(diǎn)。但是，僅僅這樣收尾未免太過單調(diào)，有些學(xué)生詞匯有限，寫出的結(jié)尾還很可能與分論點(diǎn)的用詞重合，而考官如果讀到這種結(jié)尾，就會(huì)覺得索然無味。因此寫作結(jié)尾不能成為整個(gè)文章的拖油瓶，還應(yīng)在總結(jié)全文的基礎(chǔ)上，增加筆墨，對文章主題進(jìn)行升華。
以托福?？荚掝}為例，分析在總結(jié)分論點(diǎn)后，有哪些方法可以升華拓展主題：
1、預(yù)測未來趨勢
針對社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)類話題，如“國外學(xué)習(xí)好還是國內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)好”，學(xué)生在總結(jié)論點(diǎn)后，可以適當(dāng)預(yù)測該話題整個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢，以此強(qiáng)化作者本身強(qiáng)烈的立場。如，考試總結(jié)完studying abroad 有culture、competitiveness、以及high quality education 的分論點(diǎn)后，可以用I tend tobelieve, it can be predicted that…等句型結(jié)尾，預(yù)測未來：“我們國家出國留學(xué)學(xué)生會(huì)越來越多，并且留學(xué)生群體會(huì)越來越年輕”這樣類似的話題作為結(jié)尾。
2. 提出建議、解決辦法
如若考生碰到解決問題類練習(xí)題，如it is a waste of money for space exploration,在結(jié)尾提出自己的建議和解決辦法可以寫出耳目一新、個(gè)性化的結(jié)尾。比如，既然有人認(rèn)為space exploration 是浪費(fèi)金錢的，政府壓力過大，那么考生可以在結(jié)尾處補(bǔ)充，比如說： I strongly recommend that major companies can participate to investigate space travel, then less burden the government may be faced with.
3.增強(qiáng)語氣
除了上面兩種方式拓展主題，考生碰到任何類型題目，都能用增強(qiáng)自身語氣的方式錦上添花。比如練習(xí)題：whichis better： tolive in a big city, or a small town?考生如果巧用一個(gè)反問句便可以使整個(gè)結(jié)尾段落完美落幕。How can one possibly deny that the purpose of life is to explore new things that small towns fail to offer?
綜上，考生要想在給rater好的開端后，最終還能一直維持好形象，應(yīng)該花點(diǎn)小心思在結(jié)尾添上幾句話，切莫草草收場。
托福寫作怎樣安排組織結(jié)構(gòu)更合理
托福寫作一篇好文章的生成跟段落結(jié)構(gòu)安排是息息相關(guān)的，那么在托福寫作中以怎樣的結(jié)構(gòu)來支持自己的觀點(diǎn)更高呢?我們在寫作中怎么樣分段以及過度才會(huì)拿到好的分?jǐn)?shù)呢?下面我們就一起來看看托福寫作中組織結(jié)構(gòu)的安排。
首先由明線入手的思路可以不太講究結(jié)構(gòu)，這點(diǎn)的評論請看后文;然而由暗線著手的議論卻必須注意結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榘稻€采用的是和題目本身關(guān)系不大的視角，寫得好是一氣呵成發(fā)人深省，寫得不慎重就會(huì)失之毫厘，謬之千里，走題走到天邊去。
接上文，仍以題目做示范。筆者第二次擬提綱，以理暗渡，就不能像第一次一樣只寫論點(diǎn)，而得把首段，論點(diǎn)，甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并寫出，才能避免下筆時(shí)走題。
首段：民以食為天，食物在人類生活中的重要性不可言喻，就連食物的準(zhǔn)備方式也可能極大影響人類文化，進(jìn)而影響個(gè)人生活質(zhì)量(引入社會(huì)心理學(xué)，設(shè)置暗線，為全文奠定基調(diào))以現(xiàn)代生活實(shí)況分析，食品速食化導(dǎo)致人類生活質(zhì)量下降的趨向比較明顯。
第一論證段：(身體健康層面)飲食文化改變，傳統(tǒng)有益健康而消耗時(shí)間的料理方式被擯棄，垃圾食品大行其市，天人合一，順應(yīng)生理規(guī)律的文化被斷絕。(注：這里因?yàn)椴皇菑臓I養(yǎng)，而是從生物規(guī)律論述對身體的影響，所以前文所論的paradox此處可不考慮)
第二論證段：從速食流行原因論證人類行為文化改變， 高節(jié)奏的高壓生活必然促使身體早衰(身體與心理健康兩個(gè)層面綜合)
第三論證段：(心理健康層面)行為高速化也會(huì)導(dǎo)致對情感的無法顧及甚至冷漠，人類情感文化變化，并且朝不利方向。
結(jié)尾(這在提綱里其實(shí)可有可無，提綱畢竟只是具體化的思路，并不是成文。依照文章具體的論證手法，內(nèi)容，結(jié)尾可以個(gè)有千秋，只要把握住一條，符合全文主旨，就可以了，提綱里就算寫了，很多時(shí)候也是無用功)
用題目分析到這里，文章連雛形都已經(jīng)出來了，可是究竟什么是結(jié)構(gòu)呢?
回到“文章是被記錄下來的表達(dá)”這個(gè)原則。結(jié)構(gòu)既然是寫作的必須注意事項(xiàng)，就必然幫助表達(dá)。對于一篇議論，作者必須大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的觀點(diǎn)，這其中牽扯著概念的重要性順序-----用來證明全文立場的概念是論點(diǎn)，是最重要的概念;用來證明論點(diǎn)的概念是佐證，是次等重要的概念。所謂結(jié)構(gòu)，最基本的用途是將文章所有用入的概念分段，一個(gè)論點(diǎn)與它的所有佐證為一段，不能佐證證明的是第二論點(diǎn)，卻在第一論點(diǎn)的段落。-------這就是所謂的unity.
結(jié)構(gòu)的第二用途仍然是幫助表達(dá)，從邏輯思路方面。好的議論能抓住人心，令人信服，首先必須讓人能看懂作者的思路，讓你說明在學(xué)習(xí)場所安裝電視有無弊端，你卻一會(huì)說電視節(jié)目的差異，一會(huì)說學(xué)生的素質(zhì)如何，讀者不知所云，自然不會(huì)被你說服。每個(gè)段落和論題的聯(lián)系。作者本人知道并沒有用，必須表現(xiàn)出來。說完節(jié)目差異加一句“不同節(jié)目對學(xué)生的利弊不同，不可一概而論”，講過學(xué)生素質(zhì)補(bǔ)充“素質(zhì)差的學(xué)生群體使學(xué)習(xí)場所吵雜，安不安電視影響都不大”，將論點(diǎn)間，論點(diǎn)和論題間緊密結(jié)合起來，保證文章思路流暢，明白易懂，就是結(jié)構(gòu)中過渡句的功效，使得行文達(dá)到ETS要求的progression和coherence。
具體把結(jié)構(gòu)落實(shí)在IBT獨(dú)立作文上，就是兩點(diǎn)。
1.會(huì)分段。要清楚自己的行文思路，知道自己有幾個(gè)論點(diǎn)。首段表明論點(diǎn)，廢話不要講。論證一段一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，不可以交叉。一個(gè)論段里要有論點(diǎn)句，其它所有句子都為論證這個(gè)點(diǎn)，廢話不要講。尾段總結(jié)論點(diǎn)共性，映證首段觀點(diǎn)，廢話不要講……
2.會(huì)過渡。要記住必須過渡。要明白你為什么過渡-----如果這個(gè)過渡不證明論點(diǎn)和論題間的關(guān)系，而證明論點(diǎn)間的關(guān)系，要確定這個(gè)新論點(diǎn)也能證明論題。你的過渡不是為自己的文章過渡，而是幫讀者的思維過渡，引領(lǐng)他們走進(jìn)新的思維，所以必須確認(rèn)過渡的方向，你是否正帶著你的讀者而離開你的論題。
從這兩點(diǎn)觀測，筆者在前文提到的明線(支持論題)貫穿的思路在擬提綱時(shí)不需要注意結(jié)構(gòu)，就好解釋了。因?yàn)槊骶€的論點(diǎn)注定不會(huì)跑題，不用太在意過渡問題，只要分段恰當(dāng)就可以了，而這點(diǎn)，下筆時(shí)留神就足夠了。
托福寫作高分技巧：善用倒裝句
倒裝句有兩種:
將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來,叫做完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只將助動(dòng)詞(包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)移至主語之前,叫做部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英語句子的倒裝一是由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝,二是由于修辭的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的,否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)語法錯(cuò)誤;后一種情況,倒裝是選擇性的,倒裝與否只會(huì)產(chǎn)生表達(dá)效果上的差異。下面本文就擬從其修辭功能談?wù)劦寡b句的用法。
一、 表示強(qiáng)調(diào):
倒裝句最突出、最常見的修辭效果就是強(qiáng)調(diào),其表現(xiàn)形式如下:
1. only +狀語或狀語從句置于句首,句子用部分倒裝。
eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用這種方法,你才可以解決這個(gè)問題。
eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有當(dāng)他已經(jīng)說出那個(gè)字后才意識到自己犯了個(gè)大錯(cuò)誤。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首,句子用部分倒裝。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我剛到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。
3. so / such...that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such位于句首可以構(gòu)成部分倒裝句,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)so /such和that之間的部分。
eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要價(jià)太離譜,令每個(gè)人都瞠目結(jié)舌。
eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排進(jìn)行得那么長,以致于那兩個(gè)演員都走出去了。
以上各例子都用倒裝語序突出了句首成分,其語氣較自然語序強(qiáng)烈,因而具有極佳的修辭效果。
二、 承上啟下
有時(shí)倒裝可把前一句說到的人或物,或與前一句有聯(lián)系的人或物在下一句緊接著先說出來,從而使前后兩句在意思上的關(guān)系更加清楚,銜接更加緊密,起到承上啟下的作用。
eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他們破門進(jìn)入她叔叔的臥室,發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地板上死了。一條棕褐色的蛇纏在他頭上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因?yàn)楸环Q作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。
三、 制造懸念,渲染氣氛
在新聞或文學(xué)創(chuàng)作中,有時(shí)為了內(nèi)容的需要,或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào),作者常常運(yùn)用倒裝來制造懸念,渲染氣氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墻上掛著一幅精美的圖畫。
再如朗費(fèi)羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節(jié):
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在這一節(jié)詩里 ,詩人就富有創(chuàng)意地運(yùn)用了倒裝。在前五行中 ,詩人堆砌了七個(gè)狀語,狀語連續(xù)出現(xiàn)而主語和謂語卻遲遲未露 ,造成一種懸念效應(yīng)。全節(jié)讀罷 ,讀者才對詩歌的主題恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡響的藝術(shù)效果。
四、 平衡結(jié)構(gòu)
英語修辭的一個(gè)重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最復(fù)雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在語言使用中為了避免產(chǎn)生頭重腳輕、結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡的句子,我們常采用倒裝語序。
1. 以作狀語的介詞短語開頭:當(dāng)主語較長或主語所帶修飾語較長時(shí),為了使句子平衡,常將狀語置于句首,句子用完全倒裝語序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一個(gè)連隊(duì)的解放軍戰(zhàn)士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放著一些空調(diào),等著用船運(yùn)到其他城市去。
從例句中可看出, 采用倒裝語序的A句結(jié)構(gòu)平衡穩(wěn)妥 ,讀起來自然流暢,而采用自然語序的B句結(jié)構(gòu)零亂, 讀起來也別扭。因而,在主語較長時(shí)就應(yīng)采用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達(dá)效果。
2. 以表語開頭的句子:有時(shí)為了把較長的主語放在后面,須將表語和謂語都提到主語前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我們將來的家就是這個(gè)樣子。
3. 以副詞here , there開頭的句子,也采用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。
eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在這兒。
五、 使描寫生動(dòng)
有時(shí)為了使敘述或描繪更加生動(dòng)形象,增加語言效果,可將表示方向的副詞(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或擬聲詞(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒裝的語序(主語為人稱代詞的句子除外)。
eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一聲火箭就飛上天了。
eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 當(dāng)警察把手槍瞄準(zhǔn)那個(gè)罪犯時(shí),嘭地一下他就從三樓跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轟隆一聲大炮開火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一聲槍響!
以上句子簡潔明快 ,生動(dòng)逼真地描述了有關(guān)動(dòng)作 ,令我們一覽此類倒裝的風(fēng)采。但這種倒裝句的修辭功能在語段中可以體現(xiàn)得更為清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away, up和out位于句首引出四個(gè)倒裝句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。從而制造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛 ,生動(dòng)地刻畫了一個(gè)緊張、混亂的捉賊場面。
托福寫作范文：共同完成項(xiàng)目時(shí)面對面的溝通比發(fā)郵件更有效率
寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: classmates and partner can communicate with each other face to face to finish the project more better than by sending e-mail. 在共同完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的時(shí)候，同學(xué)和搭檔之間面對面的溝通比發(fā)郵件更有效率，是否認(rèn)同?
寫作范文
The advancement of technology has introduced countless forms of communication. Cell phones, text messaging and programs like Twitter make it easy to talk with anybody, anywhere. Although technology has made communicating very easy, these forms sometimes are too detached and can lead to many misunderstandings. I still think the best way to have a conversation with someone is face to face.
Instant messaging or text messaging are convenient forms of communication, but it is hard to discuss difficult topics over text or instant message. The style of language is so abbreviated that it is hard to tell a person’s tone or mood. For example, I was once chatting with my mother and I responded “OK” when she asked me a very serious question. I thought my response was fine, but the next day my mother called me very upset. She thought I was angry with her and had been worrying all day about how to talk to me. If we had been talking on the phone, she would have been able to hear that I was not angry.
E-mail is also another form of communication that is useful, but can be troublesome if you are discussing a difficult topic. Sometimes when people are angry, they write a quick and nasty e-mail. This has gotten a lot of people in trouble with their teachers or bosses. One time, my classmate was really upset about a grade she received on a test. She was so upset about it that she sent a very rude e-mail to the teacher. After about an hour, she calmed down and realized she had made a mistake. If she had called or gone to talk to the teacher about the test, she probably would not have used such angry language. Unfortunately, it is too easy to send an e-mail without thinking. The teacher was not pleased with her e-mail, and gave her a week’s detention.
Talking with somebody on the phone, or face to face, is the best way to solve a problem. When you are speaking with somebody, you can hear the mood in his voice, or see the expression on his face. Using these verbal and physical cues, you can understand his meaning more clearly. Conversations such as politics and relationships are most successful if done over the phone or face to face. This is why people do not propose marriage through e-mail and politicians do not write laws using text messaging. Using the phone also keeps you from getting into trouble by miscommunication or misunderstanding.
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