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雅思閱讀經(jīng)典考題模擬練習(xí)Global warming

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Questions 1-5　　Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs A-F .

Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

Write the appropriate numbers i-viii in boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i The plaintiffs?viewpoints on regulating emission

ii Federal government being taken to court

iii Possible impact of the case on other lawsuits

iv Regulating air pollution by twelve States

v Stance of the Bush administration

vi Viewpoints of Bill Clinton on regulation

vii The call for emission caps and reduction

viii Uncertainty in ruling by the Supreme Court

Example Answer

Paragraph A ii

1. Paragraph B _____

2. Paragraph C _____

3. Paragraph D_____

4. Paragraph E _____

5. Paragraph F _____

Green states take the federal government to court

Nov 30th 2006

From The Economist print edition

A WHEN the subject is global warming，the villain is usually America . Although it produces a quarter of the greenhouse gases that are heating up the planet，it refuses to regulate them. When other countries agreed on an international treaty to do so——he Kyoto protocol——America failed to ratify it. But not all American officialdom is happy with the federal government's stance. In fact，12 states disagree so fiercely that they are suing to force it to curb emissions of carbon dioxide，the most common greenhouse gas. The Supreme Court heard argument in the case on November 29th. The outcome will not be known for months，but the political wind seems to be shifting in favour of firmer action to counter climate change.

B The Clean Air Act charges the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with regulating air pollution from vehicles. But the EPA argues that Congress did not intend to include CO2 under that heading，and that to do so would extend the EPA's authority to an unreasonable extent. Furthermore，it contends that regulating emissions would not do good unless all or most other countries did the same. That is in keeping with the policies of President George Bush，who opposes mandatory curbs on emissions and believes that any international accord on global warming should apply to all countries——unlike the Kyoto protocol，which exempts poor ones，including big polluters such as China and India . Ten states，among them gas-guzzling Texas and car-making Michigan，also back the EPA.

C The plaintiffs comprise 12 states，three cities，various NGOs，and American Samoa，a Pacific territory in danger of vanishing beneath the rising ocean. They are supported by a further six states，two power companies，a ski resort，and assorted clergymen，Indian tribes and agitated grandees such as Madeleine Albright，a former secretary of state. They point out that under the administration of Bill Clinton，the EPA decided that it did have the authority to regulate CO2. The act，they note，says the EPA should regulate any air pollutant that "may reasonably be interpreted to endanger public health or welfare". It goes on to define public welfare to include "effects on soils，water，crops，vegetation，manmade materials，animals，wildlife，weather，visibility，and climate".

D The Supreme Court may give a mixed ruling，decreeing that carbon dioxide is indeed a pollutant，but one the EPA is free to ignore or regulate as it pleases. Or it might dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the plaintiffs did not have the right to lodge it in the first place. In theory，they must prove that the EPA's foot-dragging has caused them some specific harm that regulation might remedy——a tall order in a field as fraught with uncertainty as climatology. Even if the court found in the plaintiffs' favour，rapid change is unlikely. By the time the EPA had implemented such a ruling，Congress would probably have superseded it with a new law.

E That is the point，environmental groups say. They want Congress to pass a law tackling global warming，and hope that a favourable court ruling will jolly the politicians along. Moreover，the case has a bearing on several other bitterly-contested lawsuits. Carmakers，for example，are trying to get the courts to strike down a Californian state law based on certain provisions of the Clean Air Act that require them to reduce their vehicles' CO2 emissions. If the Supreme Court decides that the act does not apply to CO2，then the Californian law would also be in jeopardy. That，in turn， would scupper the decision of ten other states to adopt the same standard.

F However the Supreme Court rules，many state governments are determined to tackle climate change. California is in the vanguard. Its legislature has passed a law that will cap and then reduce industrial emissions of greenhouse gases. Seven eastern states have formed the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative，which will treat emissions from power plants the same way. Almost 400 mayors have signed an agreement to cut their cities' emissions in line with Kyoto . Many businesses，even some power companies，would rather see regulation now than prolonged uncertainty. And several of the leading contenders for 2008's presidential election are much keener on emissions caps than Mr Bush. Change is in the air.

Questions 6-9　　Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage?

In boxes 6 - 9 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

6. Texas and Michigan are among the 12 states which call for regulating air pollution.

7. An American island is in danger of disappearing beneath the rising ocean.

8. The plaintiffs can prove that the EPA抯 foot-dragging has caused them harm that the regulation might remedy.

9. The Supreme Court's ruling may influence the results of other lawsuits.

Questions 10-13　　Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10 - 13.

10. What country produces 25% of the world's greenhouse gases?

11. Which president opposes mandatory curbs on emission， George Bush or Bill Clinton?

12. Who are trying to get the courts to strike down a Californian state law that require them to reduce their vehicles' CO2 emissions?

13. What would some power companies rather see than prolonged uncertainty at present?

Key and Explanations：

1. v ( See para.B： Furthermore， it(EPA) contends that regulating emissions would not do good unless all or most other countries did the same. That is in keeping with the policies of President George Bush. )

2. i (See para.C： They point out that……h(huán)e EPA decided that it did have the authority to regulate CO2. The act?says the EPA should regulate any air pollutant that 搈ay reasonably be interpreted to endanger public health or welfare? )

3. viii (See para.D： The Supreme Court may give a mixed ruling， decreeing that carbon dioxide is indeed a pollutant， but one the EPA is free to ignore or regulate as it pleases. Or it might dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the plaintiffs did not have the right to lodge it in the first place. )

4. iii (See para.E： Moreover， the case has a bearing on several other bitterly-contested lawsuits. )

5. vii 牋 (See para.F：…… many state governments are determined to tackle climate change. And several of the leading contenders for 2008's presidential election are much keener on emissions caps than Mr Bush. )

6. No. ? (See para.B， lines 11-12： Ten states， among them gas-guzzling Texas and car-making Michigan， also back 支持 the EPA. )

7. Yes. ? (See para.C， lines 2-3： American Samoa ， a Pacific territory in danger of vanishing beneath the rising ocean )

8. Not Given. ? (See para.D， Lines 5-6： In theory， they must prove that the EPA's foot-dragging has caused them some specific harm that regulation might remedy——a tall order in a field as fraught with uncertainty as climatology )

9. Yes. ? (See para.E， lines 3-4： 樓主

9. Yes. (See para.E， lines 3-4： the case has a bearing意義 on several other bitterly-contested lawsuits.)

10. America / The U.S. (See para.A， lines 1-3： When the subject is global warming， the villain is usually America. Although it produces a quarter of the greenhouse gases that are heating up the planet， it refuses to regulate them.)

11. George Bush (See para.B， line 7： That is in keeping with the policies of President George Bush， who opposes mandatory curbs on emissions)

12. Carmakers (See para.E ， lines 4-7： Carmakers， for example， are trying to get the courts to strike down a Californian state law based on certain provisions of the Clean Air Act that require them to reduce their vehicles' CO2 emissions.)

13. Regulation (See para.F， lines 8-7： Many businesses， even some power companies， would rather see regulation now than prolonged uncertainty.)

Notes：

1. Kyoto Protocol： 京都議定書

2. That is in keeping with the policies of President George Bush，who opposes mandatory curbs on emissions and believes that any international accord on global warming should apply to all countries—unlike the Kyoto protocol，which exempts poor ones，including big polluters such as China and India. 那與布什總統(tǒng)的政策保持一致。布什反對(duì)對(duì)排放采取強(qiáng)制手段，認(rèn)為任何有關(guān)全球變暖的國(guó)際條約都應(yīng)適用于所有的國(guó)家而不是像京都議定書那樣免除包括中國(guó)和印度這樣的大的污染制造者在內(nèi)的貧窮國(guó)家的義務(wù)。

雅思閱讀模擬真題：Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

1.A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2.Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.

3.That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.

4."This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."

5.Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.

6.But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).

7.Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8.This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9.Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.

10.Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it". But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.

11.The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.

12.The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.

13.But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."

14.Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.

(668 words Nature)

Questions 1-4　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write

TRUE　　if the statement agrees with the writer

FALSE　　if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN　　if there is no information about this in the passage

1.The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turin’s theory.

2.The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.

3.Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.

4.The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.

Questions 5-9　　Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

5.The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.

6.Turin’s company is based in ______.

7.Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.

8.Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.

9.According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.

Question 10-12　　Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10.What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?

11.What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?

12.What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?

Answer Keys and Explanations

1.T　　見第一段?！癵ive sth the thumbs up”為“接受“的意思。

2.F　　見第三段。“That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct.”意即“現(xiàn)在尚無(wú)法證實(shí)生物物理學(xué)家Luca在九十年代中期提出的理論是否正確?！?/p>

3.NG

4.T　　見第六段“Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.”“identical”一詞是“完全相同”的意思。這句話是說(shuō)alcohols和thiols的分子結(jié)構(gòu)看起來(lái)一樣，但是它們的味道卻相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

5.Luca Turin　　文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理論即人類的鼻子是通過(guò)感覺氣味分子的震動(dòng)來(lái)分辨氣味的。

6.Virginia　　見第四段。

7.tongue　　見第五段“This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.”

8.the atoms　　見第八段“This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.”

9.vibration-assisted electron tunneling　　見第九段“"The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.”句中的代詞“this”指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。

10.Andrew Horsfield 見第九段結(jié)尾。

11.proper experimental verification 見第十三段。

12.their computed vibrations 見第十四段

雅思閱讀模擬真題：Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

Rogue theory of smell gets a boost

1.A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2.Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.

3.That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.

4."This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."

5.Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.

6.But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).

7.Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8.This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9.Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.

10.Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it". But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.

11.The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.

12.The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.

13.But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."

14.Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.

(668 words Nature)

Questions 1-4　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write

TRUE　　if the statement agrees with the writer

FALSE　　if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN　　if there is no information about this in the passage

1.The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turin’s theory.

2.The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.

3.Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.

4.The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.

Questions 5-9　　Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

5.The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.

6.Turin’s company is based in ______.

7.Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.

8.Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.

9.According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.

Question 10-12　　Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10.What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?

11.What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?

12.What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?

Answer Keys and Explanations

1.T　　見第一段?！癵ive sth the thumbs up”為“接受“的意思。

2.F　　見第三段?！癟hat's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct.”意即“現(xiàn)在尚無(wú)法證實(shí)生物物理學(xué)家Luca在九十年代中期提出的理論是否正確?！?/p>

3.NG

4.T　　見第六段“Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.”“identical”一詞是“完全相同”的意思。這句話是說(shuō)alcohols和thiols的分子結(jié)構(gòu)看起來(lái)一樣，但是它們的味道卻相去甚遠(yuǎn)。

5.Luca Turin　　文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理論即人類的鼻子是通過(guò)感覺氣味分子的震動(dòng)來(lái)分辨氣味的。

6.Virginia　　見第四段。

7.tongue　　見第五段“This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.”

8.the atoms　　見第八段“This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.”

9.vibration-assisted electron tunneling　　見第九段“"The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.”句中的代詞“this”指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。

10.Andrew Horsfield 見第九段結(jié)尾。

11.proper experimental verification 見第十三段。

12.their computed vibrations 見第十四段

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