托福閱讀修辭目的題怎么解答
托福閱讀考試中,什么是修辭目的題? 本質(zhì)上講:就是對托福閱讀文章中作者意圖的提問。但在托??荚囍袑嵸|(zhì)是如何的,小編今天將為同學(xué)們帶來托福閱讀修辭目的題怎么解的內(nèi)容,希望能夠幫助到大家!
托福閱讀修辭目的題怎么解
從托??荚嚦鲱}的形式上講:
Why does the author mention/discuss …?
The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.
The author uses … as an example of_____.
做這類托福題目時有些同學(xué)往往會出現(xiàn)黑人問號,我怎么知道作者怎么想的!
其實,這類題目和托福其他題目一樣,都是有套路的。至少,托福閱讀里的修辭目的題是不會要求考生們對鍋里的魚眼里“詭異的光”進(jìn)行理解的。
言歸正傳,那么做這類題目的套路究竟是什么呢?
首先我們要知道托福文章結(jié)構(gòu)有一個規(guī)律,就是claim(觀點)+detail(s),換句話說就是給出一個觀點,然后用一個或者若干個細(xì)節(jié)或者例子來支撐前面的觀點。
不論是從托福文章整體架構(gòu),段落結(jié)構(gòu),還是更微觀的行文結(jié)構(gòu)來看,一般來說這個規(guī)律都成立。而修辭目的題實質(zhì)上就是出題人把一個detail拎出來問你,作者為什么要提到這個detail。到這里,問題的關(guān)鍵就變成了找到這個detail對應(yīng)的claim究竟在哪里。
最簡單的模型就是,claim后面就一個detail支撐,這種情況下,自然detail前面緊挨著的那句話就是作者的觀點,即提到這個detail的目的是為了說明前面的這個觀點。
然而有時候,作者會用不止一個detail來支撐最前面的claim,模型視圖如下
Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3
這種時候,如果出題人把detail 3拎出來問你它的目的,顯然答案就不是為了支持緊挨著它的前面那句話了,而應(yīng)該是遙相支持前面的前面的前面的那個claim。
根據(jù)以上原理,我們總結(jié)出了一個做題步驟,幫助大家高效地找到這個claim。
簡言之,
1. 找出托福閱讀題目中的關(guān)鍵詞
2. 用關(guān)鍵詞定位原文
3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的順序找到claim
4. 根據(jù)原文claim找到對應(yīng)選項
可以看出,步驟1和2是在文章中找到題目里提到的detail的位置,當(dāng)然,如果文中已經(jīng)給你highligh出來了的話這兩個步驟就省掉了
而步驟3才是在找claim
下面,我們來進(jìn)行一個實操應(yīng)用:
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
很明顯,這道題需要我們自己去找到detail的位置,所以我們要從第1個步驟開始做起:找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞
examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毀的例子)
第2步,我們要拿著關(guān)鍵詞到段落里面去找detail對應(yīng)的原句,即哪里有提到生物被摧毀的例子
Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.
我們看下來后會發(fā)現(xiàn)有且僅有紅色部分是一些摧毀生物的具體例子,清道夫、細(xì)菌、化學(xué)侵蝕等等,至此我們完成了第2步,定位出了detail對應(yīng)的原句。
第3步,到這句話的前面找它對應(yīng)的claim,這道題里,它前面只有一句話,那讓我們來驗證一下這是不是這個detail所支撐的觀點呢?
When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.
(當(dāng)一個人知道生物死后會被如此多的方式所完全分解毀滅,那他就會感嘆世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思議)
看起來邏輯上可以成為生物被摧毀的例子所支撐的對象吧
那我們現(xiàn)在來做第4步,根據(jù)找出來的claim去選出最接近的選項
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
選項1是不是就是我們找出來的claim的同義復(fù)述呀?答案就是它了!
All in all,只要把握好題型背后的原理,媽媽再也不用擔(dān)心你做不好修辭目的題了!
注意!托福閱讀考試的兩大陷阱!
陷阱一:細(xì)節(jié)題考查精確定位
托福閱讀中的細(xì)節(jié)題其實不難,但前提是定位的點要對,比如下面這個例題:
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
這是一個典型的細(xì)節(jié)題,在該題題干中,有的考生會選擇Puget Sound作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位,因為它是專有名詞,在文中會比較顯眼。但是如果一旦選擇了這個地名,勢必會定位在該段的第一句話,托福細(xì)節(jié)題往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,這樣的話考生是選不出正確答案的,因為定位不精確。其實正確的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是white-tailed deer,這個用連字符連接的詞在文章中也是比較醒目的,按該詞定位應(yīng)是該段最后一句話。所以根據(jù)它的意思應(yīng)該選D項。其中A項與原句意思不符,B和C都與定位句信息無關(guān)。我們再來看另外一個否定事實細(xì)節(jié)題的例子:
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
這個題大家都會選擇用climax communities去定位,但在定位過程中會出現(xiàn)很多問題。首先考生要學(xué)會跳躍式定位,即根據(jù)文章中特殊的標(biāo)點符號以及最醒目的詞來搜索我們真正需要的關(guān)鍵詞。文中的particular是加了陰影的,succession是在引號里面的,都非常醒目,通過看這兩個詞我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們附近沒有我們需要的東西;再比較突出的就是數(shù)字及破折號,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是單數(shù),與題干關(guān)鍵詞不完全匹配,細(xì)節(jié)題講究的是精確定位,所以我們應(yīng)該選擇500斜下方的Climax communities,即該段的最后一句話。否定事實細(xì)節(jié)題的出題思路有兩種:一是無中生有,即根據(jù)定位點的內(nèi)容,四個選項只有一個沒有提到,這種思路多適用于選項比較簡短的題目;二是張冠李戴,即根據(jù)定位點的內(nèi)容表述,只有一個選項與之矛盾,這種思路多適應(yīng)于選項比較長的題目。就這個例題而言,根據(jù)定位的最后一句話,從表述上來說跟它相關(guān)的只有C和D兩個選項,D項的意思與原句相符,而C項與原句矛盾,所以正確答案是C。綜上所述,做新托福閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)題,最重要的一點就是要盡量地去精確定位。
陷阱二:無方向中隱藏方向。
新托福閱讀考試中絕大部分題目都是對應(yīng)具體段落的,這會為考生節(jié)省很多時間。但是也不排除有少量題目的范圍比較大或比較模糊,考生在尋找答案時難免一頭霧水,費時費力。其實這些看似沒有明確定位方向的題目都是暗藏玄機(jī)的。下面我們就來看一個例子:
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
這個題目的題干涉及到三個段落,而事實上考生根本不需要去看第一段的內(nèi)容,因為答案依據(jù)的是第三、四段的信息,但是這兩個段落如果都看的話內(nèi)容也不少,從應(yīng)試的角度來說太費時間。正確的做法應(yīng)該是從選項中挖掘一下方向。A項里大家一般都會選擇有連字符的coal-fired作為關(guān)鍵詞去定位,B項沒有比較顯眼的詞就只能選名詞短語remote areas,C項選1 percent, D項選the United States。選完關(guān)鍵詞我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)除了B項不大好定位以外,其他三個選項的關(guān)鍵詞都很醒目。經(jīng)過定位,A項應(yīng)該去比對第3段的第一句話,意思明顯矛盾;B項不好找,可以暫且跳過;C項和D項的關(guān)鍵詞在這兩段都找不到,這就屬于新托福閱讀中推理題的錯誤答案設(shè)計方法之一 ——無中生有。所以雖然我們沒有去驗證B項的說法是否正確,但經(jīng)過排除也只能選B了。這樣的做題方法就會省時省力,且答案也是正確的。在考試中,這種情況往往會影響考生的心情,進(jìn)而影響水平的發(fā)揮,但是只要我們了解了ETS出題的套路就能把它們輕松搞定。
托福閱讀怎么提高?
一、概括地觀察
在練習(xí)時我們會讀一些文章或者段子,首先我們可以進(jìn)行略讀。對于文章的首段或者每段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括,我們就可以知道這些文章都講了些什么,而不是去通讀,逐字去讀,逐詞去讀,這樣不浪費時間,而且對于自己的閱讀能力的提升也是微乎其微的。
二、學(xué)會來引導(dǎo)閱讀
當(dāng)你在讀托福閱讀文章的時候,可以為文章的標(biāo)題、副題、圖片及首句設(shè)定問題,可以把它們寫在各自己的位置,這樣你在看問題的時候,就可以幫助你更清晰的了解文章的內(nèi)容了。
三、學(xué)會做標(biāo)記
如果在托福閱讀的時候,我們?nèi)绻龅搅怂饐栴}關(guān)鍵詞或者短語,我們要將它標(biāo)記下來,并且要將它們積累起來。因為如果這里考到了,說明之后 也可能會考到,這些關(guān)鍵記號和短語就是我們平時練習(xí)時需要的積累的知識,不但在之后做閱讀題或許會用得到,在托??荚嚨?a href='http://www.yishupeixun.net/meng/xiaqita/' target='_blank'>其它學(xué)科可能也是會用得到的。
四、要學(xué)會提問題
在閱讀的時候,考生要學(xué)會提問題,在閱讀完一個段落之后,可以在每段的句首位置寫出一個問題,當(dāng)你看到這個問題的就會想到這個段落講的是什么意思。這樣不讓自己的對段落有了清楚的認(rèn)識,還能做到很的歸納總結(jié)的作用。
五、學(xué)會舉一反三
在托福閱讀的整個學(xué)習(xí)過程中,考生要學(xué)會類推,也就是在你完全掌握了文章內(nèi)容之后,對于文章中出現(xiàn)的一些問題,我們可以把它聯(lián)系到日常的生活當(dāng)中,如果在生活當(dāng)中我們會怎么樣,利用這樣的聯(lián)帶的關(guān)系,考生可以更加的對閱讀文章時行融匯貫通,大在的提高自己的閱讀興趣和能力。這也是托福閱讀提高的一個很好的途徑。更多托福考試干貨敬請關(guān)注新東方在線托??荚?。
托福閱讀提速方法介紹
方法一:快速泛讀(fastextensivereading)
這里講的泛讀是指廣泛閱讀大量涉及不同領(lǐng)域的文章,要求讀得快,理解和掌握文中的主要內(nèi)容就可以。要確定一個明確的閱讀定額,定額要結(jié)合自己的實際,可多可少,例如每天讀20頁。
方法二:計時閱讀(timedreading)
計時閱讀每次進(jìn)行5~10分鐘即可,不宜太長。因為計時快速閱讀,精力高度集中,時間一長,容易疲勞,精力分散反而乏味。
方法三:尋讀(Scanning)
尋讀又稱查讀,同略讀一樣,尋讀也是一種快速閱讀技巧。
尋讀是一種從大量的資料中迅速查找某一項具體事實或某一項特定信息,如人物、事件、時間、地點、數(shù)字等,而對其它無關(guān)部分略去不讀的快速閱讀方法。
尋讀與略讀不同,略讀時,讀者事先對材料一無所知,而尋讀則是在讀者對材料有所了解的情況下進(jìn)行的。具體地說,尋讀帶有明確的目的性,有針對性地選擇問題的答案。
方法四:略讀(skimming)
略讀又稱跳讀(readingandskipping)或瀏覽(glancing),是一種專門的,非常實用的快速閱讀技能。
(1)、略讀有下列幾個特點:
A.以極快的速度閱讀文章,尋找字面上或事實上的主要信息和少量的闡述信息。
B.可以跳過某個部分或某些部分不讀。
C.理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。
(2)、略讀可以運用下列技巧:
A.要利用印刷細(xì)節(jié)(typo鄄graphicaldetails),如文章的標(biāo)題、副標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題、斜體詞、黑體詞、腳注、標(biāo)點符號等,對文章進(jìn)行預(yù)測略讀(previewskim鄄ming)。預(yù)測略讀要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式),以便把握大意,有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)及其相互關(guān)系。
B.以一般閱讀速度(200~250wpm)閱讀文章開頭的一、二段,力求抓住文章大意,背景情況,作者的文章風(fēng)格,口吻或語氣等。
C.閱讀段落的主題句和結(jié)論句。抓住主題句就掌握了段落大意,然后略去細(xì)節(jié)不讀,以求得略讀速度。
D.注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞和序列詞。轉(zhuǎn)折詞如however,moreover,inaddition等;序列詞如firstly,secondly等。
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