實(shí)例解析托福閱讀選非題
簡言之，選非題要求考生選一個(gè)不符合題干要求的選項(xiàng)。注意看清楚，是“不符合”的選項(xiàng)!對于這種題型，解題步驟其實(shí)很簡單：鑒別題型，尋找核心詞，確定出題區(qū)間，排除符合要求的選項(xiàng)。下面小編給大家?guī)韺?shí)例解析托福閱讀選非題，一起來看看吧!
實(shí)例解析托福閱讀選非題
在托福閱讀考試中有一類題型讓考生欲罷不能，生無可戀，它難度不高卻放倒了眾多考生，大名“Negative Factual Information Questions，否定事實(shí)信息題”小名“選非題”。選非題很好辨認(rèn)，典型問法是：Accordingto the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?根據(jù)文章所言，以下關(guān)于X的選項(xiàng)哪一項(xiàng)不是真實(shí)的?Theauthor’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT?作者在描述X的時(shí)候沒有提到以下哪一點(diǎn)?簡言之，本題要求考生選一個(gè)不符合題干要求的選項(xiàng)。注意看清楚，是“不符合”的選項(xiàng)!
對于這種題型，解題步驟如下：
1. 鑒別題型：大寫單詞EXCEPT / NOT
2. 審題：尋找題干核心詞
3. 定位：確定出題區(qū)間，找到列舉信息
4. 排除：排除符合原文要求的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)
下面我們借官方真題Official例題來看看選非題的解題過程。
官方真題Official34-3 Protection of Plants by Insects
【Paragraph 5】Extrafloralnectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than aquarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars,and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied byants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet.Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they laytheir eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.
12. According to paragraph 5, antsdefend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following waysEXCEPT
A. driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet
B. catching and eating adult beetles
C. eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits
D. making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits
EXCEPT選非過程：
1. 審題：找到題干核心詞seed beetles
2. 定位：確定出題區(qū)間，找到列舉信息
Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drivethem away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.
3. 排除：排除符合原文要求的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，注意選項(xiàng)的同義改寫
B. catching and eating adult beetles抓捕和吃掉成年甲殼蟲
= the ants prey onthe adult beetles 螞蟻捕食成年甲殼蟲
C. eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits吃掉在水果上的甲殼蟲卵
= eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay 螞蟻吃掉甲殼蟲成功產(chǎn)下的卵
D. making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits使甲殼蟲很難再發(fā)育的水果上產(chǎn)卵
= disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits 螞蟻干擾正在水果上產(chǎn)卵的雌性甲殼蟲
有同學(xué)說，A選項(xiàng)nipping at their feet(夾它們的腳)也對應(yīng)了原文they drive them away by nipping at their feet，那我們來看看nipping at their feet這句話原句具體信息：Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers,they drive them away by nipping at their feet.盡管螞蟻還不足以大到能夠殺死或嚴(yán)重傷害螞蚱，但是螞蟻可以通過夾它們的腳趕走螞蚱。
所以，本題最后的答案是：A
TIPS:
1. 符合題干要求的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般以列舉形式出現(xiàn)，比如a, b, and c;或者first，second 、moreover / furthermore, third / final等。
2. 當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都在原文當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，必定有一個(gè)答非所問，請注意看清題干要求
官方真題Official20-1 Westward Migration
【Paragraph 2】Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes,material success, and better lives.
4. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
A. the desire to move from one place to the next
B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status
C. the opportunity to change jobs
D. the need to escape religious or political crises
點(diǎn)評：
本題是一道非常經(jīng)典的選非題，很多同學(xué)在做本題時(shí)都會很快的排除D選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)镈：the need to escapereligious or political crises實(shí)在太容易在原文當(dāng)中找到對應(yīng)的句子：The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece ofland until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.所以，很多同學(xué)在排除D選項(xiàng)之后，好得意喲!
但，D選項(xiàng)就是咱們的正確答案!
What!!!
下面，我們來看一下解題過程。
EXCEPT 選非過程：
1. 審題：reasons, Americans migrated westward美國人向西部遷移原因
2. 定位：確定出題區(qū)間，找到列舉信息
本段都在講美國人向西遷移的原因，出題范圍較大;但是，我們可以很快的找到表列舉信息的信號詞moreover，所以可以確定moreover的前后至少各有一個(gè)原因。
3. 排除：排除符合原文要求的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，注意選項(xiàng)的同義改寫
A. the desire to move from one place to the next想要從一個(gè)地方搬遷到另一個(gè)地方
= Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place.許多經(jīng)歷了這次劇變的人，缺乏曾經(jīng)將他們和他們的祖先束縛在一個(gè)地方的紐帶。(也就是說人們不再只愿意住在a single place，而想要搬到不同的地方)
B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status希望改進(jìn)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
=believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position人們認(rèn)為他們有責(zé)任改進(jìn)他們的社會地位和經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
C. the opportunity to change jobs換工作的機(jī)會
=some people changed occupations easily人們可以很容易的換職業(yè)，occupation職業(yè)
D. the need to escape religious or political crises
本選項(xiàng)很容易找到原文信息：The European ancestors ofsome Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece ofland until some religious, political, or economiccrisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic.一些美國人的歐洲祖先，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來扎根于相同的村莊或土地，直到宗教危機(jī)、政治危機(jī)和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)使他們連根拔起，迫使他們橫跨大西洋。
但是，請注意本句話的主語：The European ancestors of some Americans，即一些美國人的歐洲祖先，與本題中的主語American不符。所以，本題答案是D選項(xiàng)。
托福閱讀的做題原則
如果詞匯基礎(chǔ)很好(比如說背過gre),讀起托福閱讀文章是享受的話,就不需要技巧了,只管去做題了.如果沒有很強(qiáng)的詞匯基礎(chǔ),可以看看.
托福的閱讀文章有五篇,共50道題,55分鐘完成.題型共有如下幾種,括號內(nèi)是題目的數(shù)目:1.主題題(3--4) 2.細(xì)節(jié)題(18--22) 3.詞匯題(16--17) 4.推斷題(3--6) 5.指代歸納題(3--6) 7.結(jié)構(gòu)題 8.態(tài)度題 9.答問題 10.圖形題
閱讀方法:1.全文通讀(詞匯基礎(chǔ)厚,否則不用); 2.帶著問題找出處(1’出題目有次序性;2’一道題的答案不與太多信息聯(lián)系); 3.topic(主題句)+考點(diǎn).
我重點(diǎn)推薦第三種方法.
ok,用第三種方法讀閱讀文章,有兩點(diǎn)目的,第一讀出文章大意,第二讀出考點(diǎn).讀出各段主題句---topic,讀出考點(diǎn)(了解出題原則).
十種重要的出題原則(__:
一.列舉:
1.列舉 名詞
a,b,c,and d (逗號離得近算) 插入語例外
a,b,c,and d 中誰特殊選誰
2.列舉 sentence
1,2為集中式列舉
3.分散列舉
找出相關(guān)段落中有關(guān)內(nèi)容
二. 舉例子:
G.S(概述)---Example ,問why ......,mention .......,則答案在G.S中找,且illustrate,give example 作為答案居多,examplification 舉例說明
兩個(gè)或以上的例子,則找topic sentence
三.考數(shù)字:
1.數(shù)量級:
hundreds of thousands of 至少 200,000; dozens of 至少 24; scores of 至少 40......
2.年代:
following(+1), a couple(+2),...... +8
3.成串?dāng)?shù)字:
具體無用,只是說明大,廣或者小,短,etc. 往往在下段的開頭找答案(在一區(qū)間內(nèi)) (95.8.6指95年8月的第六題)
四. 下定義:
1.定義內(nèi)容的改寫(95.8.1,95.8.25)
2.符合定義的例子(96.1.37,96.1.40) 根據(jù)定義判斷例子是否符合
3.出現(xiàn)定義的行數(shù):判斷位置
下定義常見方式:1’A is B 2’A,B, 3’A--B-- 4’A, or B 5’A:B 6’A, that/whick (定從)
known as,name ,called,define
五.比喻:
black gold 石油 black diamond 煤
whales on beach 虎落平陽
out of place 錯(cuò)位 facelift 整容時(shí)拉平
refurbish 修葺 remodel 翻新
做題的時(shí)候讀出比喻
六.對比:
A | match , parallel , rival | B
即指把A和B相比(三種比較),將B改一下即得Answer
as...as 形容詞,副詞的比較,最高級(一般考)
七.類比(天文學(xué)中出現(xiàn)較多):
可找具體文章練習(xí)
八.引用:
文中引用的部分,主要看出引用的話的趨勢,進(jìn)行判斷.
九.TOPIC句:
每段開頭的一,兩句話
有關(guān)的題目:1’主題題 2’結(jié)論題 3’結(jié)構(gòu)題 4’細(xì)節(jié)題
十.末句細(xì)節(jié):
注意段末轉(zhuǎn)折,及后文推斷.
以上的十大出題原則,希望能夠弄懂,在讀文章的時(shí)候注意這些地方,這些就是考點(diǎn),讀出就可作對題目的.需要做一定數(shù)量的題目來熟悉這些考點(diǎn).
具體的閱讀方法:
先看一遍題目,弄清楚有些什么題目,然后讀文章,找答案.
1.掃題(對文章預(yù)期):
掃有幾道題---有幾道有行數(shù)(詞匯,指代,有行數(shù)的題目多簡單)---大體,定性對文章分析.
2.做題次序:
主題題先空著,后做(需要對全文把握的題目:如結(jié)論,結(jié)構(gòu)題同),在答題紙上打點(diǎn),接著做后續(xù)的題目.
3.對于主題題:
聯(lián)系各段主題句.
4.找出處:
a.界定法(上,下體界定中間題) 95%,如果兩行太遠(yuǎn)則:
b.關(guān)鍵詞法(找關(guān)鍵詞:數(shù)字,大寫字母,不易被換的名詞和偏難的形容詞.
a,b兩法雙管齊下(95.8.14)
c.出題原則.
b,c可避免題目次序的調(diào)整
5.難題&時(shí)間:
最多三分鐘,開始遇到難題打點(diǎn),選一個(gè),最后再看.難題最多三,五個(gè).第一遍追求準(zhǔn)確率,檢查最多二,三個(gè)(5分鐘),在做完第三篇文章后看看時(shí)間."絕對難題"包括:很難的推斷題,很難的詞匯辨析題,首段
結(jié)論題.
各類題目解法:
1.主題題:
正面聯(lián)系各段主題句總結(jié),加上逆推從答案出發(fā),假想自己怎么寫(正常思維),排除體裁風(fēng)格不同的選項(xiàng);注意關(guān)鍵詞(各段主題句均出現(xiàn)的詞一定選).
2.細(xì)節(jié)題:
找(出處)---改(寫)---選(答案)
注意本題行數(shù)可能稍在上題前;改寫適當(dāng);選對>排除錯(cuò)的;不要亂想.
3.推斷題:(包括後文推斷)
找出處---推斷(合理)---選答案
4.指代題:
找出處,譯出指代內(nèi)容(注意重心原則,接力棒現(xiàn)象)
5.詞匯題:
背詞,猜,辨析
6.結(jié)構(gòu)題:
聯(lián)系各段主題句,連接處(段間),連詞
7.結(jié)論題:(包括末端結(jié)論和首段結(jié)論)
末段---首段---中間段主題句
如果首末段很長,則均只看主題句.
上面所說的技巧,需要結(jié)合真題練習(xí),熟悉才好.如果到考試的時(shí)候技巧用的不熟,就不要用,以免弄巧成拙.
只要你的詞匯基礎(chǔ)比較好,能讀懂文章的意思,那么做題肯定不成問題了.
ok,good luck,gters!
托福閱讀高分策略三步走
第一步
托福閱讀高分策略提醒大家要花兩三分鐘時(shí)間掃描每篇文章頭一兩個(gè)句子，定位文章難易程度。雖然平均每篇文章做題時(shí)間為11分鐘，答案是有的文章需要15 分鐘左右。一般來說，5篇文章中有兩篇難度較大，比方說，如果最后一篇文章難度較大，且有12~14道題，在這種情況下，按部就班做題就有可能因時(shí)間不夠而做錯(cuò)好多道題，帶來巨大的損失。因此首先定位文章難易程度，同時(shí)目測文章的含金量(既題量分布)，有助于科學(xué)分配閱讀部分的做題時(shí)間。
第二步
采取"結(jié)構(gòu)掃描"法分配閱讀具體一篇文章。所謂結(jié)構(gòu)，既托福閱讀文章的骨架。新托福閱讀文章是純學(xué)術(shù)體Acasemic,是北美國際留學(xué)生在大學(xué)里天天都能接觸到的教科書風(fēng)格的文章，這些文章涉及人文社科和自然段組成，正確的閱讀文章的方法應(yīng)該是把文章受句先吃透，文章首句經(jīng)常為文章主題。
第三步
把首段的其他句子盡快略讀，托福閱讀文章其他段落采取同樣的方法閱讀。各段落其他句子一般來說都是用來說明各個(gè)段落的主題句，沒有必要每個(gè)句子都徹底看個(gè)明白。有時(shí)候，段落中個(gè)別句子理解難度大，而不涉及練習(xí)題，在此句停留無疑是白百浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
托福閱讀題都有哪些陷阱?
詞匯類問題(Vocabulary Questions)是新托福閱讀考試每次必練習(xí)題型，而且題量較多，每篇文章通常出現(xiàn)3-5題，它要求考生確定文章中個(gè)別單詞或短語的具體意思(一個(gè)單詞可能有多個(gè)意思，但在給定選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與該單詞在閱讀文章中的意思相符)。這種題型總的來說還是比較簡單的，但這種題型中的“陷阱”即“熟詞僻義” 讓考生們頭痛不已。
所謂“熟詞僻義”也就是詞匯題中所考查的單詞盡管考生比較熟悉，對其常用含義也了解，但恰恰題目中考查的是該單詞在閱讀文章中的意思，而該意思是考生所不熟的。而往往考生們受該單詞常用含義的影響，導(dǎo)致選錯(cuò)答案。比如“calling”一詞的常用含義為“呼喊、召喚”，而新托福閱讀中則可能考到該詞的“職業(yè)、天職”的含義。
欲應(yīng)對此“陷阱”，建議考生們在備考中擴(kuò)大自己詞匯量的同時(shí)，掌握猜測單詞意思的技巧(利用上下文、構(gòu)詞法等)，同時(shí)注意這種題型主要考查單詞在文章里面的意思，建議考生們在選出答案后把答案放回原文進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。
有很多人仗著知道不少托福閱讀技巧很輕松地就中招了，題干中的陷阱主要出現(xiàn)在否定排除題，即俗稱的“三缺一”題型中，題目4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有3個(gè)符合文章內(nèi)容，剩下一個(gè)不符合，題目便是要求選出這個(gè)不符合文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。該題題干中要么會出現(xiàn)大寫的“NOT”，要么會出現(xiàn)大寫的“EXCEPT”，比如：
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?
The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT
而考生們在做題過程中往往會遺忘掉題干中的“NOT”和“EXCEPT”，選出一個(gè)和文章內(nèi)容相符的選項(xiàng)，最終在不知不覺中已經(jīng)丟掉唾手可得的分?jǐn)?shù)。
建議考生考試時(shí)一定要細(xì)心、鎮(zhèn)靜，尤其要特別注意這種題型中的“NOT”或“EXCEPT”，并且謹(jǐn)記：這種題目的答案要么是選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容原文沒提到，要么根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。
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