托福閱讀備考只看這一篇就夠了
托福閱讀備考不僅要提升閱讀水平，掌握做題技巧，還需要做好其他準(zhǔn)備工作，比如了解閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，了解閱讀考試題型等等，這些都是托福閱讀備考的重點(diǎn)。接下來(lái)，學(xué)習(xí)啦來(lái)為大家一一詳細(xì)介紹。
托福閱讀備考只看這一篇就夠了
托福閱讀備考要了解評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
2016年托福閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：新托福閱讀考試共三篇文章，每篇 12-14 道題，如果遇到加試時(shí)從考試的五篇文章中隨機(jī)選取三篇計(jì)分。在這三篇文章中所有回答正確的題目數(shù)量加起來(lái)就是你的“total points”。 除重要觀點(diǎn)題和歸類(lèi)題以外，每道題的分值都是 1 分。重要觀點(diǎn)題的分值可能是2分。歸類(lèi)題為 3 或 4 分?？荚囁梅?jǐn)?shù)范圍:：0-30 分。
新托福閱讀部分內(nèi)容變得更加學(xué)術(shù)化，其涵蓋的題材也更加廣泛，包括了歷史、科學(xué)、教育、商業(yè)、社科、藝術(shù)文學(xué)、工程技術(shù)、體育文娛 8 個(gè)方面。此外，閱讀部分還出現(xiàn)兩種新題型：“插入句子題”和“拖動(dòng)選擇的多選題”。
托福閱讀備考要了解題目類(lèi)型
各類(lèi)題型特征及解題方法：
(1)詞匯題 問(wèn)法：The word/phrase _X is closest in meaning to____
(2)指代題 問(wèn)法：The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to
(3)事實(shí)題 問(wèn)法：According to the passage， what/ which/ why/ when?
(4)推斷題(需要精確理解) 問(wèn)法：What can we infer from the passage? 注意：既然是 infer， imply， 就一定不是原文中明確說(shuō)出的，而是需要我們通過(guò)閱讀文章，有根據(jù)地進(jìn)行推測(cè)得出的結(jié)果。
(5)舉例說(shuō)明概述題 (例子的作用)
(6)插入句子題 講選項(xiàng)中所給的句子放入原文的某個(gè)位置，注意：這一部分需要我們分析文章段落和句子間的邏輯關(guān)系。
(7)句子要點(diǎn)題 問(wèn)法：which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?
(8)總結(jié)題
托福閱讀備考要規(guī)劃好時(shí)間
不管是以上所說(shuō)的哪種類(lèi)型的題目，其目的在于考察考生的英語(yǔ)能力，所以，如果考生能夠提升自己的閱讀能力，并熟悉托福閱讀的題型，則閱讀得高分甚至滿分都是有可能的。一些投機(jī)取巧的解題技巧，雖然一定程度上有可能幫助我們作對(duì)題目，但是本文中，小編想要提供的是如何提升自己的英語(yǔ)能力的建議，而非教授大家應(yīng)試技巧。
(1)時(shí)間分配：6~8min 閱讀文章 即 100~120words/min，12~14min 做題。
(2)屏幕閱度訓(xùn)練。
(3)邏輯分析能力訓(xùn)練：
“閱讀理解” 是什么意思?即在一定的詞匯和語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)之上，對(duì)文章中觀點(diǎn)的屬性和關(guān)系進(jìn)行認(rèn)知和分析的過(guò)程。
托福閱讀中，如果我們能夠把握句間和段落間的邏輯關(guān)系，這對(duì)于我們更好地理解文章內(nèi)容，是有事半功倍的幫助的。而邏輯關(guān)系，首先體現(xiàn)在詞匯和短語(yǔ)中，例如：
(4)有效閱讀：避免信息遺漏 mental framework 形成思維框架。
托福閱讀備考要用對(duì)復(fù)習(xí)方法
(1)句子分析：在我們已經(jīng)足夠詞匯量的基礎(chǔ)上，想要理解閱讀文章，首先得理解句子，因?yàn)榫渥訕?gòu)成段落，段落構(gòu)成文章。而理解句子，首先要學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。
句子類(lèi)型：
簡(jiǎn)單句(只有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：我和你都喜歡唱歌和跳舞) 并列復(fù)合句(多余一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：我喜歡唱歌，你喜歡跳舞) 并列復(fù)合句連詞： fanboys=for and nor but or yet so not only...but also 主從復(fù)合句：主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句+定語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句
修飾限制的成分：
定語(yǔ)(后置和前置) (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))
狀語(yǔ)：修飾非名詞性成分。分詞性短語(yǔ)、介詞性短語(yǔ)、副詞、不定式、獨(dú)立主格 同位語(yǔ)(the city of beijing)
插入語(yǔ)：不影響句子和結(jié)構(gòu)的插入成分。
標(biāo)志詞：that is, that is to say, what's more, to tell you the truth, frankly speaking
倒裝句：
完全倒裝(語(yǔ)義要求)：
部分倒裝(語(yǔ)法要求)：
比較句中的倒裝 eg. I run faster than does Alex (do). I love Alex more than does Jerry. I raise more pigs than does Alex. I raise more pigs than you do. (代詞不需要倒裝)。 強(qiáng)調(diào)句(不強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞和動(dòng)詞)：It is+強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that/who+其他成分。
非簡(jiǎn)單句的常用關(guān)聯(lián)方式：
fanboys=for and nor but or yet so not only … but also
(2)有效地做閱讀筆記：做閱讀比價(jià)，可以幫助你形成思維框架——思維導(dǎo)圖;同時(shí)，當(dāng)信息張力形成之后，你對(duì)知識(shí)的記憶便是隨之而來(lái)的副產(chǎn)品了。下面是一個(gè)思維導(dǎo)圖的例子：
筆記內(nèi)容：
結(jié)構(gòu)主體的核心詞——本段主要圍繞什么東西來(lái)講
時(shí)間和數(shù)字+對(duì)應(yīng)的事件——潛在的解題核心線索
人名、地名、專(zhuān)有名詞 ——好定位
舉例主體——舉例主體證明了什么
新概念及局部核心概念
重要的邏輯關(guān)系——符號(hào)化(因果、遞進(jìn)、解釋、對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折)。例如： Drier climatic conditions→desert areas↑ 意為，干旱的氣候?qū)е铝松衬畢^(qū)域面積的增加，→ 表示因果關(guān)系，“導(dǎo)致”，↑ 表示“增加”。如果我們能夠有一套比較科學(xué)的記筆記的符號(hào)和方法，那么，我們?cè)陂喿x托福文章的時(shí)候，就可以高效地閱讀文章并理解文章內(nèi)的邏輯關(guān)系。
托福閱讀經(jīng)典句子結(jié)構(gòu)1
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.
美洲羚羊，或稱(chēng)叉角羚，是該大陸典型的草原動(dòng)物。
2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
1986年看見(jiàn)哈雷彗星的千百萬(wàn)人當(dāng)中，有多少人能夠長(zhǎng)壽到足以目睹它在二十一世紀(jì)的回歸呢?
3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
人類(lèi)學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，恐懼，快樂(lè)，悲傷和驚奇都會(huì)行之于色，這在全人類(lèi)是共通的。
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
由于苯酚對(duì)人體帶有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被當(dāng)作常用的防腐劑了。
5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
任何盈利組織若要生存，最終都必須生產(chǎn)出消費(fèi)者可用或需要的產(chǎn)品。
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
一個(gè)地方的人口越多，其對(duì)水，交通和垃圾處理的需求就會(huì)越大。
7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
簡(jiǎn)明，直接，有力的寫(xiě)作難于花哨，含混而意義模糊的表達(dá)。
8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
隨著現(xiàn)代辦公室的日益自動(dòng)化，設(shè)計(jì)師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴(yán)肅的內(nèi)部裝飾來(lái)使其具有親切感。
9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
誹謗和流言的區(qū)別在于前者是書(shū)面的，而后者是口頭的。
10. The knee is the jointswheresthe thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿脛的連接處。
11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
酸是一種化合物，它在溶于水時(shí)具有強(qiáng)烈的氣味和對(duì)金屬的腐蝕性，并且能夠使某些藍(lán)色植物染料變紅。
12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
Billie Holiday’s作為一個(gè)爵士布魯斯樂(lè)杰出歌手的名聲建立在能夠賦予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
理論在本質(zhì)上是對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)了的現(xiàn)實(shí)的一種抽象和符號(hào)化的表達(dá)。
14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
兒童在能說(shuō)或能聽(tīng)懂語(yǔ)言之前，很久就會(huì)通過(guò)面部表情和靠發(fā)出噪聲來(lái)與人交流了。
15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas swheres once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
受當(dāng)代灌溉(技術(shù)設(shè)施)之賜，農(nóng)作物在原來(lái)只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長(zhǎng)。
16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
機(jī)械計(jì)時(shí)器的發(fā)展促使人們尋求更精確的日晷，以便校準(zhǔn)機(jī)械計(jì)時(shí)器。
17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.
人類(lèi)學(xué)是一門(mén)科學(xué)，因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)學(xué)家采用一整套強(qiáng)有力的方法和技術(shù)來(lái)記錄觀測(cè)結(jié)果，而這樣記錄下來(lái)的觀測(cè)結(jié)果是供他人核查的。
18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
真菌在腐化過(guò)程中十分重要，而腐化過(guò)程將化學(xué)物質(zhì)回饋于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解動(dòng)物糞便。
19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
音叉被敲擊時(shí)，產(chǎn)生幾乎純質(zhì)的音調(diào)，其音量經(jīng)久不衰。
20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
雖然美洲山河桃樹(shù)最集中于美國(guó)的東南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利諾州也能看見(jiàn)它們。
21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
用怪罪別人的辦法來(lái)解決問(wèn)題通常被稱(chēng)為尋找替罪羊。
22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
一個(gè)國(guó)家的主要食物是什么，大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長(zhǎng)得最好。
23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
在大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，某一事件發(fā)生的幾率等于它不發(fā)生的幾率
24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
大多數(shù)物質(zhì)遇冷收縮，所以他們的密度在固態(tài)時(shí)高于液態(tài)。
25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
大腦細(xì)胞儲(chǔ)存記憶的機(jī)理并不為人明白。
托福閱讀經(jīng)典句子結(jié)構(gòu)2
26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
到了二十一世紀(jì)中葉，美國(guó)畫(huà)家和雕塑家開(kāi)始在世界范圍內(nèi)對(duì)藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生重大影響。
27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
伊麗莎白市，一個(gè)重要的航運(yùn)和制造業(yè)中心，坐落于新澤西州的東部。
28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
Elizabeth Blackwell，美國(guó)第一個(gè)女醫(yī)生，創(chuàng)建了員工一直為女性紐約診所。
29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell曾告訴家人，他更愿意讓后人記住他是聾子的老師，而非電話的發(fā)明者。
30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
采摘下的迷迭香樹(shù)葉常綠不衰，因此人們把迷迭香樹(shù)與懷念聯(lián)系在一起。
31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
骨頭看起來(lái)是脆硬的，但它也有一定的彈性，使得骨骼能夠承受相當(dāng)?shù)拇驌簟?/p>
32. That xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
科學(xué)家曾相信：氙氣是不能形成化合物的。
33. Researchsintosthe dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
對(duì)風(fēng)暴動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究是為了提高風(fēng)暴預(yù)測(cè)從而減少損失，避免人員傷亡。
34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.
消除通貨膨脹應(yīng)確保還貸的錢(qián)應(yīng)與所貸款的價(jià)值相同。
35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
未來(lái)主義，二十世紀(jì)早期的一個(gè)藝術(shù)思潮。拒絕一切傳統(tǒng)，試圖通過(guò)強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)械和動(dòng)態(tài)來(lái)美化生活。
36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades swheres wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
Everglades是美國(guó)境內(nèi)最為荒涼和人跡罕至的地區(qū)之一，此處有大量的野生動(dòng)植物而且大多受(法律)保護(hù)。
37. Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
Lucretia Mott’s的影響巨大，所以一些權(quán)威部門(mén)認(rèn)定她為美國(guó)女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的創(chuàng)始人。
38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.
國(guó)際市場(chǎng)研究者的活動(dòng)范圍常常較國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)研究者廣闊。
39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowingsintosthe Atlantic Ocean from those flowingsintosthe Pacific.
大陸分水嶺是指北美洛磯山脈上的一道想象線，該線把大西洋流域和太平洋流域區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。
40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
對(duì)地球引力的研究表明，在不尋常的負(fù)荷之下地殼和地幔會(huì)發(fā)生位移。
41. The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.
尤它州制造業(yè)的年產(chǎn)值大于其工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的總和。
42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
墻花之所以叫墻花，是因?yàn)槠浯嗳醯闹Ω山?jīng)常要靠墻壁或順石崖生長(zhǎng)，以便有所依附。
43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.
社會(huì)心理學(xué)的主要焦點(diǎn)是人與人之間的交往，而不是他們各自生活中的事件。
44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
給美國(guó)的新移民增加教育設(shè)施比任何社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)都更多的激發(fā)了Elizabeth Williams的熱情。
45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to springsintosfull flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
典型的鵪鶉都長(zhǎng)有短而圓的翅膀，憑此他們可以在受驚時(shí)一躍而起，飛離它們的躲藏地。
46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
根據(jù)人類(lèi)學(xué)家的說(shuō)法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部輪廓與黑猩猩相似，額頭后傾，眉毛突出。
47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
直到1866年第一條橫跨大西洋的電纜才完全成功的架通。
48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他認(rèn)為是由科學(xué)技術(shù)給社會(huì)帶來(lái)的精神貧困。
49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
父母的教導(dǎo)如果堅(jiān)定，始終如一和理性，孩子就有可能充滿自信。
50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.
北美遠(yuǎn)古的Hopewell人很可能種植了玉米和其他農(nóng)作物，但打獵和采集對(duì)他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仍是至關(guān)重要的。
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