托福獨(dú)立口語題型趨勢之“二選一”與“三選一”
為了幫助大家備考托?？谡Z，對口語題型有一個深入的了解，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈＊?dú)立口語題型趨勢之“二選一”與“三選一”，來看看吧！
托福獨(dú)立口語題型趨勢之“二選一”與“三選一”
ETS總是不斷地給我們驚喜，or maybe驚嚇…總之，今年的托福界不算太安靜。先不說閱讀、聽力考試的新招讓考生們猝不及防，就說說我們口語考試，題目類型和內(nèi)容的改變已經(jīng)讓人漸漸遺忘了那個題型總是很固定，話題的重復(fù)率也總是很高，大家彼此都有些拘謹(jǐn)和純真的年代。
大家都很熟悉二選一的題型，它是Task 2的主要題型，通常是給出兩個不同的做法或想法，讓考生選擇傾向的一個并解釋。這個看似平常的題型卻是很多同學(xué)的軟肋，常常選出一個來卻只能簡單回答幾句原因，沒法有力地支持自己的選擇。在考官看來，就是沒有完成考題所要求的任務(wù)，并且沒法證明自己展開話題的能力。
除此之外，三選一的題型今年火爆Task1,占據(jù)絕對主導(dǎo)地位。截止到4月15日，大陸考區(qū)一共有9場考試，其中有7場考試的Task 1都是三選一的題型，這就意味著這種題型已經(jīng)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的“描述人、物、事、地”的題型，而且會一直持續(xù)到下半年。所以下半年有考試計(jì)劃的考生要引起相當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?，要?jiān)決攻克這種題型，掌握答題要領(lǐng)，取得理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。所以接下來，我們就使用今年的真題，來講講如何回答“二選一”與“三選一”的題目。
題目考查重點(diǎn)分析
可以看到，Task 1的三選一題和Task 2的二選一題各出現(xiàn)了7次，是非常高頻的。這就意味著如果你想在兩三個月內(nèi)刷分的話，你會不斷的遇到這種題型。所以如果你不擅長做這樣的題，那么就很難達(dá)到你的目標(biāo)分?jǐn)?shù)了。因此，我們有必要來看看這些題具體考察什么，以及我們需要怎么做。
考察重點(diǎn)：選取自己傾向的選項(xiàng)，并用證據(jù)來詳細(xì)地解釋支持自己的選擇。
我們同學(xué)往往都敗在了使用證據(jù)來詳細(xì)地解釋自己的選擇。而且還有很大一部分同學(xué)總是對這類問題充滿了疑惑：我的原因說幾條好呢?只說我選擇的這一個選項(xiàng)的原因嗎?那其他的選項(xiàng)我還用不用提?我在說原因的時候只能從正面來說嗎?我可以說其他選項(xiàng)的不好嗎?我blablabla~~~想必這些問題也一直圍繞在各位一線教師身邊。所以我們接下來的任務(wù)，就是來詳細(xì)地分析一下這樣的題目到底如何回答。
三、答題思路分析
1. 根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇最想選的一個選項(xiàng)
我們選擇選項(xiàng)的時候可以根據(jù)第一反應(yīng)來選，往往你立即做出反應(yīng)的一個選項(xiàng)是你能至少找出一條明顯的原因來支持的。所以我們至少可以確保不會出現(xiàn)“沒話說”的情況。如果你看完了題看完了所有選項(xiàng)，對哪一個選項(xiàng)都沒有“感覺”，那么我們的原則是選一個“好說”的。所謂“好說”，就是能容易地想到支持的原因，以及能詳細(xì)地解釋這些原因。考生們在練習(xí)階段應(yīng)該以“好說”這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為主，因?yàn)樵陬}海戰(zhàn)術(shù)的階段，你的任務(wù)是多發(fā)散思路、多積累素材，所以應(yīng)該花些時間研究研究每個選項(xiàng)，看看到底哪個好說。然而在實(shí)戰(zhàn)時，考生們要靈活的在兩種策略之間做出選擇，畢竟你們是和時間賽跑的人。
2. 完善證據(jù)
這一階段是最關(guān)鍵的，前面我們提到的考生們糾結(jié)的各種問題都出現(xiàn)在這一階段。我們先來通過官方指南給出的一個范例來看看，到底官方是如何來規(guī)定這類題是怎樣回答的。
以下內(nèi)容均選自官方指南(OG)：
這是Task 2的一道二選一的題目，同時也是一道經(jīng)典高頻題。也可以說，這是托福考生必備的一個題。我們來看看官方是怎么選擇選項(xiàng)，以及是如何證明其觀點(diǎn)的。
Step 1：In answering a question like this one, it is important that you begin by clearly stating what your opinion is. 陳述明確的立場。
Step 2：As for the reasons you give in support of your opinion, they can vary widely and may be based on your own experience and observations. For example, if the position you take is that it is better for students to study alone, you might say that when students meet to study in groups, they often waste time discussing matters that have nothing to do with their class work.你的原因可以基于你的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和觀察。官方指南中指出，如果你的立場是學(xué)生應(yīng)該獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)，那么你可以說這是因?yàn)榉纸M學(xué)習(xí)時學(xué)生會討論一些與學(xué)校無關(guān)的話題。大家注意，這就已經(jīng)回答了前文中提到的考生們的糾結(jié)之一：原因到底是從正面證明我選擇的選項(xiàng)還是可以對比另外選項(xiàng)的不好?那么答案是，我們當(dāng)然可以從陳述另一個選項(xiàng)的缺點(diǎn)從而來證明你選擇的選項(xiàng)是好的，是有說服力的。
Step 3：You might continue this explanation by contrasting the inefficiency of studying in a group with the kind of productivity a student can achieve when studying alone.接下來我們可以繼續(xù)對比獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)可以完成的任務(wù)，從而來證明分組學(xué)習(xí)的低效率。這其實(shí)是相當(dāng)于進(jìn)一步證明了分組學(xué)習(xí)的缺點(diǎn)，來烘托出獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)的優(yōu)勢。這就是用到了我們在論證時常用的對比法，不論是在二選一還是三選一的題中，我們都可以，并且是可以經(jīng)常選擇這種論證方式來證明自己所選擇的選項(xiàng)的有利之處。
Step 4：If you have personal experiences that help illustrate your point, you might want to include them in your explanation. If so, you should be clear about how they illustrate your point. 官方指南中指出，我們可以繼續(xù)用個人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來證明，并且要詳細(xì)地解釋你的個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)是如何證明你的觀點(diǎn)的。這是我們廣大托?？忌偈煜げ贿^的例證法。
Step 5：Or perhaps you want to take the opposite position, that it is better for students to study in groups. In that case, you would explain the advantages of group study and the disadvantages of studying alone. 如果你認(rèn)為分組學(xué)習(xí)更好，那么你可以分析分組學(xué)習(xí)的優(yōu)勢以及獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)的劣勢。
Step 6：In fact, it may be your opinion that in some cases it is better to study in groups and in other cases it is better to study alone. If that is the opinion you would like to express, you should explain—with reasons, examples, and/or specific details—why group study is better in some cases and individual study is better in others. 指南中還指出，考生們還可以回答有些時候分小組學(xué)習(xí)好，有些情況獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)好，并且用原因、例子及細(xì)節(jié)等證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。這就直接回答了另一個考生們糾結(jié)的問題--我的立場怎么選。如果再有同學(xué)或老師誤導(dǎo)你說必須選一個選項(xiàng)出來，你就可以把官方指南拿給他看。因?yàn)楣俜矫鞔_說了“there is no “right” or “wrong” answer to a question like this”,“The important thing is to clearly communicate to the person who will be listening to your response what your opinion is and explain the reasons you have for holding it.”大家要明確的是，獨(dú)立口語話題沒有正確答案，只要你能明確地陳述你的觀點(diǎn)并且解釋清楚你的觀點(diǎn)，任務(wù)就完成了。
我們來總結(jié)總結(jié)從官方指南中讀到的信息，有以下幾點(diǎn)：
1). 要開門見山表明自己的觀點(diǎn)，但沒有“一定”或“必須”怎么選。選哪個選項(xiàng)，是傾向一方還是分情況討論，這完全由自己決定。還是那句話，怎么“好說”怎么來。
2). 證明自己觀點(diǎn)的方式有很多種，陳述并解釋所選項(xiàng)的優(yōu)勢、對比另一個選項(xiàng)的缺點(diǎn)、舉例論證，都是可以選擇的。考生也可以選擇多種方式共同證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。
3). 指南中并沒有明確規(guī)定說幾條理由。所以從此以后這也不再是困擾你答題的一個因素了。具體說幾條理由不重要，重要的是官方指南中一直重申的要詳細(xì)論證你的觀點(diǎn)。細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗，這是最能體現(xiàn)托福口語考試精髓的一句話。
4). 指南中運(yùn)用的詞匯都是最輕的語氣：perhaps, may, would, 都證明了官方在考生的回答上做出的規(guī)定是非常寬容的。也就是說，考官不管你的立場是什么，只要你明確;他也不管你的理由有幾條，只要你夠詳細(xì);他更不管你的理由是正面論證還是反證或?qū)Ρ日撟C，只要你的理由有說服力。這就足矣。
接下來，我們利用今年的真題，來實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一下，到底怎么回答這類問題。
三、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
三選一題型演練
2017.01.07
Task 1: The university wants to provide more entertainment to students and there are three choices below. Which one would you choose?
1). A theater performance by student actors
2). A concert provided by professional musicians
3). A lecture from professor
解析：這是近期非常流行的情景題。通常是給出一個具體的情景，讓考生結(jié)合情景和自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)，來選出一個選項(xiàng)并證明。根據(jù)前面提到的步驟，我們先來分析一下每個選項(xiàng)好不好說。
1). A theater performance by student actors
--讓學(xué)生更有參與感，對這件事更投入，還能鍛煉提高學(xué)生的表演能力。
--成本低。
--費(fèi)時費(fèi)力。
2). A concert provided by professional musicians
--學(xué)生可能更喜歡，更高興。
--可以為學(xué)校帶來廣告等收入。
--成本高。組織起來困難。
3). A lecture from professor
--對學(xué)生有直接的益處，幫助學(xué)生提高學(xué)術(shù)水平，開闊眼界。
--受眾比較有局限性，專業(yè)可能不對口。
--娛樂性比較低。
經(jīng)過分析，我們可以看到前兩個選項(xiàng)是優(yōu)勢比較明顯的，所以我決定從前兩個選項(xiàng)中選一個。而這兩個選項(xiàng)有個很明顯的對比就是一個成本低而另一個成本高，所以我決定選第一個選項(xiàng)。
我們給出兩個參考答案，逐個來分析。
Sample Answer1
I personally prefer to choose a theater performance by student actors. On top of my mind, this performance is more economical to the university, compared with a concert by musicians.(對比法) I mean, the university could save tons of money that would be spent on inviting the musicians otherwise. Another highlight of this option is that students can get more participation in college events, so they would be more likely to make effort to, and enjoy this activity. I still remember when a musical was planned to be shown by students in my university, not only the actors, but the rest of us were involved in organizing, publicizing, and of course enjoying watching the musical. We were all looking forward to seeing our favorite actors and actresses who were already well-known around the whole campus.(例證法)
這個答案筆者用了兩個理由來證明了選擇a theater performance by student actors的原因。第一個原因是通過對比a concert by professional musicians來突出我選擇的選項(xiàng)的好處--成本低。第二個是先給出我的理由，并用具體事例來證明這個performance對學(xué)生的好處。這就是綜合運(yùn)用了兩種論證方式來證明了我的觀點(diǎn)。
接下來我們再稍微換個方式來說一個答案：
Sample answer2
I personally prefer to choose a theater performance by student actors. On top of my mind, this performance is more economical to the university, compared with a concert by musicians.(對比法) I mean, the university could save tons of money that would be spent on inviting the musicians otherwise. Another advantage springs to my mind is that the performance fulfills a much more recreational function than a lecture by professor. To be honest, a lecture is more of an educational activity rather than a recreational one. I’m sure that students would get more thrilled at a performance than at a lecture if they really want to have fun and enjoy their spare time. (對比法)
這個答案保留了前一個答案的前半段，后半段第二條原因我改成繼續(xù)使用對比法來證明performance的優(yōu)勢。所以整個答案就形成了第一個理由對比第二個選項(xiàng)，第二個理由對比第三個選項(xiàng)的模式，從而突出我選擇的performance的比較優(yōu)勢。
2017.02.18
Task 1: Which do you think contributes most to a country’s success?
1). Many business opportunities
2). A well-rounded medical care system
3). A developed educational system
解析：這道題與上一道不同的是，這個話題涉及到社會而不是簡單的校園場景，對考生肚子里的墨水要求更高了。如果熟悉托福獨(dú)立寫作題目的同學(xué)會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這其實(shí)同時也是一道獨(dú)立寫作題，屬于社會類話題，分析起來比較復(fù)雜。但是在我們這里畢竟是道口語題，所以我們只需要稍微簡單分析一下即可。
1). Many business opportunities
--增加稅收。為政府提供資金去支持各個方面的發(fā)展，包括醫(yī)療和教育。
--促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
--提供就業(yè)崗位。
--但是一般跨國企業(yè)在決定是否在一個國家的某一個城市開展業(yè)務(wù)時很注重當(dāng)?shù)氐幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。而medical care system和educational system屬于政府的公共服務(wù)內(nèi)容，也是政府有沒有能力搞好基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的體現(xiàn)。
2). A well-rounded medical care system
--加強(qiáng)社會穩(wěn)定，為國家的發(fā)展提供良好的環(huán)境。
--提高公民身體素質(zhì)，為各個領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展提供健康的勞動力。
--但是良好的醫(yī)療體系需要政府的資金支持，而政府的資金很大一部分來自于稅收和對企業(yè)的投資。
3). A developed educational system
--為國家輸送高素質(zhì)的人才，用于各個領(lǐng)域的研究和開發(fā)，比如科技、軍事和醫(yī)療。
--但是良好的教育體系是基于政府的資金支持的，尤其是基礎(chǔ)教育。
題目中的“the most”決定了這道題目只能選擇一個選項(xiàng)，通過對比我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一個選項(xiàng)是為后兩個選項(xiàng)提供基礎(chǔ)的，所以我的立場就很明確了。
答案范例如下：
Sample answer
I firmly believe that many business opportunities contribute the most to the success of a country. It is apparent that business opportunities add tax revenues to the government. I mean, when domestic market develops and local corporations start to thrive, government would immediately benefit from this situation as the government could collect the considerable tax revenue. In addition, when joint ventures enter, there would be more tax revenue which government could then allocate to supporting different areas such as infrastructures. Accordingly, the whole country is in a position to advance.(因果論證)By comparison, both a well-rounded medical care system and a developed educational system require a large deposit from government, which would be hardly taken good care of if the government is in financial strait. This, therefore, demonstrates the importance of business opportunities that could actually add to government finance, not consume it. (對比法)
本文用了兩種論證方式，一個是因果論證，這種論證方式也是考生們非常熟悉的，就是通過分析結(jié)果來解釋因，或者通過分析原因來解釋果。文章中通過分析政府得到稅收之后可以投資各領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展從而體現(xiàn)有很多商業(yè)機(jī)會的好處。這就是通過分析結(jié)果來解釋原因。第二種方式是對比法，通過對比醫(yī)療體系和教育體系需要花政府的錢，證明不如商業(yè)機(jī)會對國家的直接影響大。整篇答案其實(shí)都是圍繞著稅收這個點(diǎn)展開的，這也給考生們提供了另外一種思路，圍繞一個原因展開，利用多種方式共同論證。
二選一題型演練
2017.03.25
Task 2: To communicate with others, do you prefer to send text messages or make phone calls?
這個問題很直接，沒有復(fù)雜的背景，只需要考生選擇自己的立場就好了。我們先來分析一下這兩個選項(xiàng)各自有什么優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
1). Send text messages
--可以有時間思考，想好了再編輯想說的話。
--聽不到對方的聲音，不用擔(dān)心對方的語氣，避免雙方覺得尷尬。
--可以等對方有時間再回短信，不會產(chǎn)生打電話過去對方很忙無法接聽的情況。
2). Make phone calls
--更有效率，節(jié)省時間。
--可以讓雙方溝通更清楚，避免因?yàn)槲淖挚床怀稣Z氣等產(chǎn)生誤會。
--顯示出對對方的重視。
其實(shí)這道題目的兩個選項(xiàng)都很好說，那接下來我們一共有兩個sample answer, 我們逐個來看。
Sample answer 1
I absolutely prefer to send text messages when communicating with others. The reasons are pretty simple. First of all, I have sufficient time thinking about what I want to say, and I would carefully think about the proper words I could use so I wouldn’t worry about any misunderstanding with the person I chat with, which would probably happen more often if I use some inappropriate words when calling someone.(因果分析+對比法)The second reason why I prefer text messages to phone calls is that the person I’m trying to contact can reply to my text anytime when he or she feels comfortable. I mean, sometimes you can’t reach the person you want to talk with because the person may have something important or emergent at hand, so it’s more convenient to send texts and wait for the reply. More importantly, the person I’m contacting wouldn’t feel bothered if I text.(因果分析+對比法)
這個答案兩條理由都用了因果論證和對比法，先直接解釋了理由，然后進(jìn)一步與打電話作對比突出發(fā)短信的好處?？忌鷤円部梢詫W(xué)習(xí)這種思路，就是分別解釋兩條優(yōu)點(diǎn)，然后再分別對比另一個選項(xiàng)的不足，能更有力地證明你的觀點(diǎn)。
Sample answer 2
I think it really depends on the situation when I’m trying to contact someone. To be specific, sending text messages is more comfortable sometimes when I don’t have anything important or emergent to talk with a person. For example, if I want to ask my mom what to eat at dinner, I’ll text her, not call her. This is simply because what to eat at dinner is nothing serious and important to me, and I just want to know it in advance, so whenever my mom answers me and texts me back doesn’t really matter.(舉例論證) By contrast, in some emergent or important occasions, I will definitely call the person I want to reach because I have to figure things out immediately. To exemplify, if I’m doing a business at a bank counter and it requires my home address that was previously registered at the bank, I’ll call my mom, as the time is limited and I have to get the correct address immediately. Accordingly, whether I would choose to text messages or make calls depends on different situations.(舉例論證)
這個答案我沒有選出一個明確的選項(xiàng)，而是通過分析不同情況來證明選擇哪個要視情況而定。并且在分析完大概的情況之后，我分別舉了一個例子來更直接地證明什么情況會發(fā)短信以及什么情況會打電話。這也是根據(jù)官方指南給出的其中一種思路來組織的一個答案，相信考生們也有類似的想法。
總之，在分析了官方指南之后，相信考生們對考試的理解更清晰了，對獨(dú)立口語題的各種問題也解決了，所以以后會更胸有成竹地做每一個練習(xí)題。在這里也建議廣大考生，抓緊時間練習(xí)二選一和三選一的題，以近三年真題為主，大量做題，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以備在今年的考試中取得理想的成績。
托福口語范文：教師可能犯的錯誤
托?？谡Z真題Task1 – Describe a common mistake that experienced teacher often make.
Teachers may make mistakes, including those experienced teachers. Describe one of the mistakes teachers may commit.
托?？谡Z范文一:
2016年9月11日托?？荚嚳谡Z解析
Sample answer:
Well, L think a common mistake that even an experienced teacher tend to make is fail to take every student uniqueness into account. Like my math teacher in the primary school always thought everyone got what he meant, but actually only a few top students understood, and this resulted in truly bad grades. Also, there are times that teachers can be sort of impatient especially students ask questions that they are supposed to handle well. This way students seriously get upset and lose confidence. Perhaps they will not inquiry again and leave the important points until the test comes.
托?？谡Z范文一:
Well, I think a common mistake that even experienced teachers tend to make is how to attract students’ attention. Perhaps a lot of teachers are really knowledgeable and prepare the classes hard enough, but they don't know how to interact and design the courses, so we may find it difficult to concentrate in class; like I remember when I was in my junior high school, my biology teacher, shewas quite experienced, but she only read textbooks, like “frogs, are a kind of amphibian…” we tried so hard to focus, but it was only a matter of time before everyone got distracted. Honestly, we do want our teacher to interact and communicate more with us, to make the class both fun and academic.
托福口語范文：怎樣決定你的所學(xué)專業(yè)
托?？谡Ztask 2
Which do you think is better? Deciding on your major before entering college or after taking some courses?
托?？谡Z范文一:
2016年10月16日托?？谡Ztask 2真題答案
Personally, I prefer to let students choose their major after taking some courses. To begin with, students struggle to blend in the university culture for the first year, since high school and university are too different. In high school, students get proper guidance and instruction on everything, however, in a university, students are responsible for themselves and the professors might not even know their names, therefore, it's a bad idea to deal with too many things at the same time. Fortunately, if they choose their major after taking some courses, students get a chance to be exposed to classes in different field, and they can take their time and pick up a major that they like. Eventually, they have enough motivation because of their interest.
托?？谡Z范文二:
Task 2參考答案:
Well I would choose to decide on major after taking some courses in college. Because before entering college, most senior high students in China are confused about their future career perspectives; they have little social or work experiences and have been busy with the national college entrance examination, who barely have any time to think over their future or what they are passionate about, so a year of broad education in grade one may give students sufficient time to avoid rushing into some areas which they would regret about and also contribute to an all-round development.
托福獨(dú)立口語題型趨勢之“二選一”與“三選一”相關(guān)文章：
托福獨(dú)立口語題型趨勢之“二選一”與“三選一”
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