怎么解決托福閱讀來(lái)不及做題
托福閱讀大家面臨的問(wèn)題不少,尤其是初次接觸托福閱讀文章和托福閱讀試題的同學(xué),那么這些問(wèn)題該怎么解決呢?其實(shí)有時(shí)候多練多總結(jié)就可以了,下面針對(duì)幾個(gè)新手常出現(xiàn)的毛病和問(wèn)題做一個(gè)介紹。
怎么解決托福閱讀來(lái)不及做題
很多托福閱讀文章我都讀不懂
一般來(lái)說(shuō),托福閱讀文章讀不懂主要是詞匯不過(guò)關(guān)引起的,還是要多背,反復(fù)背,直到考試結(jié)束才停止。詞匯書(shū)上,王玉梅的《TOEFL詞匯》和張紅巖的新作《詞以類記》兩本都背下來(lái),應(yīng)該足夠。同時(shí)也可以考慮降低材料難度,基礎(chǔ)不牢者可以用Longman綜合,北極星學(xué)生用書(shū)入門,實(shí)在還不行就用《閱讀特訓(xùn)》練習(xí)。
我做托福閱讀試題老來(lái)不及
其實(shí)對(duì)速度影響最大的一般還是詞匯量,而且還要對(duì)詞匯很熟悉,看到單詞不是先想起中文解釋,再想起具體形象,而是直接“蹦出”具體形象。另外,長(zhǎng)難句也會(huì)對(duì)閱讀速度造成影響,解決辦法上文(“新托福相對(duì)舊托福變化”中)。
當(dāng)然,考試時(shí)也沒(méi)有必要對(duì)每個(gè)句子甚至每個(gè)單詞都讀懂,所以結(jié)合“出題原則”以及對(duì)OG、北極星等材料中出題點(diǎn)的把握,就能培養(yǎng)對(duì)易考內(nèi)容的感覺(jué),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)有重點(diǎn)的閱讀(不過(guò)這個(gè)感覺(jué)培養(yǎng)也不是很容易,要多練多看),可以節(jié)省一些時(shí)間。實(shí)在來(lái)不及,就用“讀文章各段首句,然后看題目,再找文章內(nèi)相應(yīng)部分做題”的辦法。
托福閱讀要不要做筆記?
閱讀部分時(shí)間本來(lái)就很緊,而且做題時(shí)文章是有顯示的,不像聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)過(guò)的信息不會(huì)再出現(xiàn)(除了listen again題型會(huì)重復(fù)兩句),所以閱讀一般都不用記錄筆記。
其實(shí)這些問(wèn)題不光是托福閱讀的新手,很多復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)一段托福閱讀試題的人也有同樣的疑惑,面對(duì)托福閱讀文章一定要掌握好方法才能有更大的進(jìn)步。
托福閱讀怎么掌握詞匯
首先,托福閱讀確實(shí)是需要六級(jí)以上的詞匯量才能得到相對(duì)較高的分?jǐn)?shù)。為什么?
第一是因?yàn)橥懈i喿x中有一種題目叫做詞匯題,詞匯題是這樣的一種題:你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞就肯定能做對(duì),而且能很快地做對(duì)。你不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞就是經(jīng)過(guò)層層推斷,耗費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間還很容易得到錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)果,所以說(shuō)解決詞匯題的王道就是認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞。那么詞匯題在托福閱讀中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上說(shuō),每篇閱讀題有3-6個(gè)單詞題(每篇托福閱讀總共只有13個(gè)題呀),可見(jiàn)詞匯題的重要性--只要把詞匯題解決了,就能輕松拿下托福閱讀中的一大塊分?jǐn)?shù),還為做其它題節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。托福閱讀的詞匯題中考到的詞匯是什么難度呢?大概是6級(jí)的詞匯,也有稍難一些的。所以為了保險(xiǎn)起見(jiàn),單詞的水平要達(dá)到6級(jí)以上,這樣就可以把閱讀中單詞題的分?jǐn)?shù)拿滿。第二是閱讀速度的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于中國(guó)考生,托福閱讀的一大障礙在于時(shí)間不夠用,讀文章的速度太慢了。不是說(shuō)認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就能快速讀懂文章,而是說(shuō)單詞量太小閱讀速度必然大打折扣!
第二,托福閱讀需要知道一點(diǎn)專業(yè)詞匯這不假,但絕非很難很專的詞匯。第一是托福閱讀考察的詞匯是偏于專業(yè)性質(zhì)的,原因是這樣:托??荚囀菫榱丝纯忌挠⒄Z(yǔ)水平能否保證其在大學(xué)中順利學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)知識(shí),因此考察的內(nèi)容是偏重學(xué)術(shù)的方面的,而閱讀文章也多從大學(xué)課本的簡(jiǎn)易內(nèi)容中選取。所以在背單詞的時(shí)候?qū)τ趯W(xué)術(shù)詞匯給予一定程度的重視是合理的。第二是托福閱讀考察的專業(yè)詞匯難度有限。這點(diǎn)也是很自然的,因?yàn)橥懈.吘故且婚T英語(yǔ)水平考試,又不是專業(yè)考試。難度較大的專業(yè)詞匯在閱讀中確實(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn),但根本不是考察的內(nèi)容,而且其意思可以很容易地猜出來(lái)。舉個(gè)例子:It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals,這是OG閱讀題中的一個(gè)原句。這句話中的cetacean就是一個(gè)過(guò)分專業(yè)而無(wú)需背的單詞,你只要認(rèn)識(shí)了whales,dolphins,mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)動(dòng)物,而且是哺乳動(dòng)物,這就相當(dāng)于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要記憶的是mammal,whale,dolphin這種比較常用的專業(yè)詞匯,而不是cetacean這種生僻的類型,把精力放在背這種艱澀的單詞上是很不值得的。
托福閱讀解析詞匯內(nèi)容
如何識(shí)別此類問(wèn)題
詞匯類問(wèn)題很容易辨認(rèn),在文章中被考到的單詞或短語(yǔ)會(huì)被用陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái),問(wèn)題的提問(wèn)形式通常為:
☆ In the case of a word, the question might be :
The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
☆ In the case of a phrase, the question might be :
In stating X, the author means that
The phrase X in the passage is closest in meaning to
其中,以第一種形式,也就是考察考生某單詞在文章上下文中意思的問(wèn)題類型最為常見(jiàn)。
如何答題
1. 在文章中定位到陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)。
2. 仔細(xì)閱讀該詞或短語(yǔ)所在句子。
3. 在句子中尋找可以幫助理解陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)的具體意思的線索。
4. 選擇答案,并將所選擇的單詞或短語(yǔ)放入原文進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),以確認(rèn)這個(gè)句子在全文中仍是有意義的。
提醒考生注意,選擇答案時(shí),不要僅僅因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)選項(xiàng)符合該單詞的某一個(gè)正確意思就將其作為正確選項(xiàng);題目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了那一個(gè)詞義。
如何利用各種線索
☆ 結(jié)構(gòu)線索(即指明句子中各成分之間關(guān)系的特定單詞、短語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu))
1. 對(duì)比
Example: OG Practice Set 5, question 6
Passage 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters and tailors formed unions and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed…
The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ made progress
○ became active
○ caused changes
○ combined forces
解析:?jiǎn)卧~readily所在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but,根據(jù)文章中but后面的內(nèi)容我們可以得出短語(yǔ)gathered some momentum在此句中的的意思為made progress。
2. 例子
Example: OG Practice Set 4, question 10
Passage 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
The word distort in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ mistrust
○ misinterpret
○ criticize
○ resent
解析:distort所在的文章句子后出現(xiàn)“ for example”, 根據(jù)for example 中的內(nèi)容,我們可以得出distort在此句中的意思為misinterpret。
3. 并列信息
Example: OG Practice Set 5, question 3
Passage 3: …Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ prolonged
○ established
○ followed
○ upset
解析:disrupt 在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)and連接的并列信息hurt,根據(jù)這一并列信息,我們可以得出disrupt在此句中的意思為upset。
4. 因果關(guān)系
Example: OG Practice Set 6, question 1
Passage 1: …Feeding, courtship, preproduction, and even “rest” are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming “machines” is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.
The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ use
○ improve
○ counteract
○ balance
解析:enhance 在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)表示因果關(guān)系的短語(yǔ)as a result,根據(jù)前一句中的原因,我們可以得出enhance在此句中的意思為improve。
5. 連詞or
Example: OG The EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS question 1
Passage 1: Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may e universal…
The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ curious
○ unhappy
○ thoughtful
○ uncertain
解析:despondent 所在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句,疑問(wèn)句中的連詞or 表示選擇,因此我們可以得出despondent在此句中的意思為unhappy?
☆ 數(shù)字/時(shí)間
Example: OG Practice Set 3, question 11
Passage 6: With the advent of projection, the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public –an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, score, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.
The word expanded in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ was enlarged
○ was improved
○ was varied
○ was rejected
解析:expanded所在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)從“1 or 2 inches”到“6 or 9 feet”,因此我們可以輕而易舉得出expanded在文章中上下文意思為 was enlarged。
☆ 標(biāo)點(diǎn)線索
Example: OG Practice Set 3, question 4
Passage 3: Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission…
The word readily in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ frequently
○ easily
○ intelligently
○ obviously
解析:readily 在的文章句子中出現(xiàn)表示附加或補(bǔ)充信息的圓括號(hào)(),根據(jù)圓括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容,我們可以得出readily在此句中的意思為easily。
☆ 構(gòu)詞法
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法,單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)有三部分:前綴(prefixes),詞干(stems)和后綴(suffixes)。詞干是單詞的構(gòu)成基礎(chǔ),前綴和后綴則分別加在詞干的前面和后面,從而改變單詞的詞性和含義。而前綴、后綴和詞干都有其固定含義,因此根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法,我們就可以利用其固定含義來(lái)判斷生詞的意思。
Example: OG NINETEENTH-CENTURY POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES
Passage 1: …During his administration he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency…
The word immeasurably in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ frequently
○ greatly
○ rapidly
○ reportedly
解析:immeasurably一詞的詞根為measure(測(cè)量、度量),詞綴分別為im-(不),-able(能…的),-ly(由形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~)。因此我們可以判斷immeasurably一詞在此句中的意思為greatly?
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