托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句分析：強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)
以下我們來(lái)分析托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句分析：強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請(qǐng)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句分析：強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)
強(qiáng)調(diào)句(The Emphatic Pattern)是通過(guò)對(duì)句子某一部分的強(qiáng)調(diào)來(lái)達(dá)到修辭作用的句子。
以下我們來(lái)看強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)~
It is/ was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(通常是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ))+ that/ who(當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)且主語(yǔ)指人)+其他部分
嗯~o(_▽?zhuān)o說(shuō)的這里，大家一定什么都還不知道吧~哈哈。。。哈哈哈哈。。。。_(￣0￣)_~。。。好吧，我們來(lái)舉個(gè)栗子
The prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday.
昨天，王子在樓梯上發(fā)現(xiàn)了灰姑涼的水晶鞋。
首先我們來(lái)普通地分析一下這個(gè)普通的句子的普通的結(jié)構(gòu)。
主語(yǔ)：the prince;謂語(yǔ)：found;賓語(yǔ)：Cinderella’s crystal shoe;地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：on the stairs;時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday
然后!我們來(lái)變形強(qiáng)調(diào)句!美少女變身balalalala~
強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)
It was the prince who/that found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)
It was Cinderella’s crystal shoe that the prince found on the stairs yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
It was on the stairs that the prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe yesterday.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
It was yesterday that the prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs.
變身完成~~~很簡(jiǎn)單啊有木有~但是。。。這一切還沒(méi)有結(jié)束!
閏水老師特別tips時(shí)間!
1. 構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it本身沒(méi)有意義;
2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that，who，即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)也如此，that，who不可省略;
3. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只用兩種，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。原句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，用It was …… ，其余的時(shí)態(tài)用It is ……;
5. 和主語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
強(qiáng)調(diào)句再去掉it is/was…that/who…之后，剩下的部分仍可以組成完成的句子;而主語(yǔ)從句去掉it is/was…that…之后句子結(jié)構(gòu)講不完成。請(qǐng)欣賞以下栗子：
主語(yǔ)從句：It was great [that the prince found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday].
王子發(fā)現(xiàn)了灰姑涼的水晶鞋子簡(jiǎn)直是棒棒噠~
以上句子中that從句為主語(yǔ)成分不可以去掉哦
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was the prince who/that found Cinderella’s crystal shoe on the stairs yesterday.
而這句去掉it was…who/that…完全沒(méi)有問(wèn)題啊~~~
好了好了，說(shuō)了這么多，我不得不拿一個(gè)酷炫狂拽屌炸天的句子來(lái)嚇嚇你們。
In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.
紅色標(biāo)出的是今天的重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的部分it is…that…，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子主語(yǔ)thefertile plain of Latium;where從句修飾the fertile plain of Latium。因此主干部分就是【the fertile plain of Latium】主語(yǔ)【created】謂語(yǔ)【the habits and skills】賓語(yǔ)of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration,and a land-based society.
很有可能是拉丁姆平原——拉丁人最初建立羅馬的地方，造就了羅馬人土地定居、土地所有權(quán)、土地經(jīng)濟(jì)、土地行政以及以土地為基礎(chǔ)社會(huì)的性格和技巧。
怎么樣，結(jié)合之前講解的從句知識(shí)，這句話理解起來(lái)是不是so easy啊
另外，善良的我還要提醒一下not…until..(直到…才…)也可以變身強(qiáng)調(diào)句哦~
變身句型為It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其他部分
來(lái)看個(gè)普通的栗子
The prince was not satisfied until he found Cinderella.
直到找到灰姑涼，王子才樂(lè)開(kāi)了花。
巴拉拉再次變身!
It was not until the prince found Cinderella that he was satisfied.按照之前的方法句型套用進(jìn)去就完成了!紅色部分去掉之后不影響整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)!
說(shuō)的這里機(jī)智的童鞋一定會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，那謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞呢!動(dòng)次打次呢?!呵呵呵呵呵呵，實(shí)話跟你們說(shuō)吧，之前的內(nèi)容完全和謂語(yǔ)的強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有半毛錢(qián)關(guān)系~咳，但是大家別激動(dòng)啊~如果你在一個(gè)句子中發(fā)現(xiàn)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面出現(xiàn)了不做句子成分的do/does/did，那么恭喜你!你看到的就是強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型哦! 再次有請(qǐng)栗子君~
The prince does want to marry Cinderella.→句子原型The prince want to marry Cinderella.
王子的確是想娶灰姑涼滴!→王子想娶灰姑涼。。。請(qǐng)感受兩者語(yǔ)氣的不同(5秒鐘后。。。。。)是不是真的很不一樣!強(qiáng)調(diào)之后duang duang duang的感覺(jué)!這就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特效!
綜上!強(qiáng)調(diào)句我們就說(shuō)到這里了~還是那句話啊~so easy!如果在考試當(dāng)中碰到形跡可疑的強(qiáng)調(diào)句，默念句型，提取主干，爸爸再也不用擔(dān)心你的長(zhǎng)難句啦!
托福閱讀材料：女性25歲后結(jié)婚更持久
Scientists have determined it's not advisable to hurry marriage. Get the scoop on the best age to be wed.
科學(xué)家們建議，結(jié)婚也不可以操之過(guò)急?，F(xiàn)在，讓我們對(duì)應(yīng)該何時(shí)結(jié)婚來(lái)探個(gè)究竟吧。
We doubt you were shocked when Avril Lavigne announced she was splitting from her husband of three years. But while it's tempting to assume the cause was her brattypersona or rocker lifestyle, comments from her friends suggested that something more universal was at play: She was only 21 when she tied the knot and later told pals that she realized she'd been too young to make such a life-altering decision. Could fellow young celebrity divorces Reese Witherspoon, Kate Hudson, and Britney Spears have also hit the same age-related issue?
當(dāng)艾薇兒宣布與她結(jié)婚了3年的丈夫離婚時(shí)，你一定感到非常震驚。于是大家紛紛猜測(cè)其中的原因，或許是由于她令人討厭的性格，或許是由于她那種搖滾式的生活。然而，來(lái)自于她的朋友們的評(píng)論卻暗示了一個(gè)非常普通的原因：當(dāng)年艾薇兒結(jié)婚時(shí)才只不過(guò)21歲，后來(lái)她曾跟她們說(shuō)過(guò)，她意識(shí)到自己還太年輕，不應(yīng)該就這樣做出一個(gè)會(huì)改變一生的決定。同樣，像瑞茜威瑟斯彭、凱特哈德森以及布蘭妮斯皮爾斯等這些離了婚的名人，會(huì)不會(huì)也是由于年齡的問(wèn)題?
The Magic Number 神奇的數(shù)字
There are practical reasons for the mid-20s dividing line, and most of them boil down to two biggies: education and money.
以25歲作為一個(gè)結(jié)婚的分水嶺是有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)理由的，這些理由的絕大部分都可以歸結(jié)于兩大因素：受教育程度和金錢(qián)。
Turns out, the more years of higher education a woman has under her belt on her wedding day, the lower the chances that she'll get divorced ... and by 25, you're more likely to have earned a degree or two. "Educated women tend to be more confident about who they are and less willing to settle for a man who doesn't meet their standards," explains Terri Orbuch, Ph.D., author of Five Simple Steps to Take Your Marriage From Good to Great.
其結(jié)論是，一個(gè)女人受到高等教育的年數(shù)越多，其離婚的可能性就越低。到了25的時(shí)候，你很可能已經(jīng)獲得了1個(gè)或者2個(gè)學(xué)位了?！?個(gè)步驟使你的婚姻從良好走向完美》一書(shū)的作者特里奧布奇博士說(shuō)：“受過(guò)良好教育的女人往往更了解自己需要什么，所以不會(huì)選擇那些不符合自己標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的男人?！?/p>
Odds are that by 25 you're also supporting yourself, so there's less incentive for you to rush into marriage because you're seeking financial security from him.
這也可能是，等到了25歲，你便可以養(yǎng)活自己了，所以也就不急著需要一個(gè)婚姻里去尋求男人在經(jīng)濟(jì)上給予的保障。
But the marriage-related benefits of working and having money of your own go beyond feeling secure, says Pepper Schwartz, Ph.D., author of Finding Your Perfect Match. Learning to budget your cash carefully when you're single will help you avoid financial problems--one of the main causes of couple fights--for the rest of your life. And juggling responsibilities, dealing with differing personalities, and resolving conflicts on the job force you to develop skills that are necessary for maintaining long-term love.
但是，《找到你的完美婚姻》一書(shū)的作者派帕施瓦辛格博士說(shuō)，與婚姻有關(guān)的好處，比如工作和自己賺到的錢(qián)，會(huì)超越這種感覺(jué)上的保障。當(dāng)你還是單身的時(shí)候，給自己的消費(fèi)做好預(yù)算，能夠避免你今后的生活出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題，而這也是夫妻雙方出現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)吵的最主要原因。至于逃避責(zé)任，與各種不同性格的人打交道，處理工作上的矛盾等事情，都會(huì)迫使你培養(yǎng)出那些為維持一段長(zhǎng)期婚姻所需要的技能。
Knowing the Real You 認(rèn)識(shí)真正的你 At 25, you've had time for some crucial life experiences, including a relationship or two that may have improved your Mr. Right radar. "You've probably dated enough to have a better idea of what you don't want in a man, which makes it easier to know what you can live with and can't live without," says Orbuch.
到了25歲，你就有時(shí)間去做一些很重要生活體驗(yàn)，包括一兩次戀愛(ài)，這會(huì)有助于你更好的去尋找自己真正的另一半。奧布奇還說(shuō)，“你很可能在約會(huì)了很多次以后，就會(huì)知道自己不喜歡什么樣的男人，這會(huì)使你更容易的知道什么樣的人是你的唯一?！?/p>
Perhaps the most important aspect of waiting is that you'll know what your goals and values really are, says Paul Coleman, Psy.D., author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to Intimacy. While you don't want to marry someone just like you, marriage is a lot easier if you two share a similar outlook on life.
《完整的白癡指南》一書(shū)的作者，哲學(xué)博士保羅卡爾曼說(shuō)，或許等一等再結(jié)婚最重要的理由是你會(huì)知道你真正的目標(biāo)和價(jià)值觀是什么。當(dāng)你不想與一個(gè)跟你一樣的人結(jié)婚的時(shí)候，跟一個(gè)與你有著相同觀點(diǎn)的人結(jié)婚就會(huì)變得很容易。
Twenty-four and already married to the man of your dreams? Don't worry: Many young marriages survive. But given the choice, you might consider putting off the big day until your mid-20s or later.
你是不是已經(jīng)24歲并且嫁給心中的白馬王子了?如果是這樣也用不著擔(dān)心：很多年輕的婚姻照樣能夠白頭偕老。如果再給你一次選擇的機(jī)會(huì)，你或許可以考慮一下把自己的終身大事推遲到25歲以后。
托福閱讀材料之興奮劑
From federal investigations into Major League Baseball(美國(guó)職業(yè)棒球大聯(lián)盟) to allegations of substance abuse in track and field, performance enhancing drugs(興奮劑) have been in the news a lot. The most well-known performance enhancers are steroids(類(lèi)固醇), drugs that can make athletes bigger and stronger. But they can also cause serious medical problems.
So how do steroids work, and what makes them so dangerous?
First, it’s important to understand that the body naturally produces steroids. For men, the best known is testosterone(睪丸激素). Testosterone is an anabolic steroid(合成代謝類(lèi)固醇), meaning that it encourages new muscle growth. So the more testosterone you have in you, the greater potential you have to be bigger and stronger. It makes sense, then, that artificial anabolic steroids mimic testosterone produced in the body.
Here’s how they work. Anabolic steroids attach to cells and encourage them to produce more protein, which muscles need to grow and become stronger. So steroids basically (1)speed up and enhance the process of muscle growth that you can accomplish by lifting weights and other kinds of exercise. A weightlifter on steroids will develop larger muscles and do so faster than a “clean” weightlifter.
Millions of people take performance enhancing drugs such as caffeine and vitamins every day. But unlike these drugs, steroids can cause serious, long lasting problems. For example, steroid use puts extra pressure on the liver to cleanse the bloodstream of the many toxins in steroids.
Prolonged steroid use can result in liver damage. They also affect brain chemistry(腦化學(xué)), and can cause depression and severe mood swings known as ‘roid rage(類(lèi)固醇癲狂)’. There’s certainly nothing wrong with building your body, but using steroids to do so will ultimately (2)break you down.
譯文：
興奮劑，讓人沉浮
從對(duì)美國(guó)職業(yè)棒球大聯(lián)盟藥物濫用指控的聯(lián)邦調(diào)查來(lái)看，服用興奮劑已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)熱門(mén)話題。其中最著名的興奮劑是類(lèi)固醇，它可以讓運(yùn)動(dòng)員更大更強(qiáng)。但是它們也會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的醫(yī)學(xué)問(wèn)題。
那么類(lèi)固醇是怎樣發(fā)揮作用的呢?是什么使它們?nèi)绱宋ｋU(xiǎn)?
首先，知道身體能夠自然產(chǎn)生類(lèi)固醇是很重要的。對(duì)于男性來(lái)說(shuō)，最廣為大家所知的就是睪丸激素。睪丸激素是一種合成代謝類(lèi)固醇，它能夠促進(jìn)新的肌肉的生長(zhǎng)。因此如果你的睪丸激素越多，你的潛力就越大越強(qiáng)。這樣一來(lái)，人造合成類(lèi)固醇模仿人體內(nèi)分泌的睪丸激素應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
它們是這樣工作的。合成類(lèi)固醇依附于細(xì)胞上，促使它們產(chǎn)生更多肌肉生長(zhǎng)和壯大所需要的蛋白質(zhì)。因此類(lèi)固醇主要是加快和加強(qiáng)肌肉生長(zhǎng)，而這樣的效果你可以通過(guò)舉重和其它的運(yùn)動(dòng)練習(xí)達(dá)到。一個(gè)服用類(lèi)固醇舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員的肌肉會(huì)比一個(gè)“干凈”的運(yùn)動(dòng)員生長(zhǎng)得更大更快。
成千上萬(wàn)的人們每天都在服用咖啡因，維他命之類(lèi)的興奮劑。但是與其它藥物不同的是類(lèi)固醇會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重，持久的問(wèn)題。例如，使用膽固醇會(huì)對(duì)肝臟凈化血液帶來(lái)壓力，因?yàn)槟懝檀祭镉泻芏喽舅亍?/p>
長(zhǎng)期使用類(lèi)固醇可導(dǎo)致肝損害。它們同樣會(huì)影響腦化學(xué)，并會(huì)導(dǎo)致抑郁癥和被稱(chēng)為“類(lèi)固醇癲狂”的嚴(yán)重情緒波動(dòng)。強(qiáng)身健體當(dāng)然沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但是如果你使用類(lèi)固醇來(lái)完成，那么最終你會(huì)垮掉。
Notes:
(1)speed up 加速;使加速
I sped up my car as soon as I left her house.
一離開(kāi)她家，我便加快了速度。
(2)break down 分解;發(fā)生故障;失敗;毀掉;制服
The bridge broke down in last earthquake.
那座橋在上次地震中坍塌了。
托福閱讀材料之步行可以鍛煉大腦
Tweet:I am often teased for my stubborn habit of traveling by foot. I often walk the 3 mi. home from work rather than take the subway. When I visit less pedestrian-friendly cities, kindhearted motorists regularly pull over and offer me a ride, assuming that my car has broken down or I'm in need of some help.
Tweet說(shuō)，身邊的人經(jīng)常嘲笑我固執(zhí)的步行習(xí)慣。從公司到家，有三公里，我都是步行回去，不坐地鐵。當(dāng)我去到不太方便步行的城市，熱心的駕駛員經(jīng)常停下來(lái)讓我搭車(chē)，他們以為我的車(chē)壞了或我需要幫助。 But for me, walking is a good opportunity to process the day and let my mind wander without the oppression of the endless to-do list that awaits me at home. Plus, it helps my back recover from a day spent bent in front of a computer screen. Health-wise, I have always assumed I'd have the last laugh, and now there's even more evidence on my side.
但對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，步行是一種很好的方式來(lái)度過(guò)一天，它讓我有時(shí)間走下神，不必為家里無(wú)休止的事情感到苦惱。另外，它還能幫助我恢復(fù)在電腦前彎曲了一天的腰。健康方面，我一直認(rèn)為我能笑答最后，現(xiàn)在，有更多的證據(jù)證明我是對(duì)的。
A study published in Neurology has found that the simple act of walking may improve memory in old age. As we age, our brains shrink and the shrinkage is associated with dementia and loss of cognitive functions such as memory. To test whether physical activity could mitigate some of these degenerative effects, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh tracked the physical activity of 299 healthy men and women with an average age of 78. The participants' activity ranged anywhere from walking 0 blocks to 300 blocks (up to 30 miles) per week.
一篇發(fā)表在《神經(jīng)學(xué)》上的研究報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，行走的簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)作能夠提高老年期的記憶。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，我們的大腦也會(huì)縮小，而縮小的程度是與老年癡呆和認(rèn)知功能相關(guān)的，例如記憶力。為了測(cè)試體育運(yùn)動(dòng)是否能減輕這些退化因素，匹茲堡大學(xué)的研究人員記錄下了299位平均年齡78的老年人。參加者的活動(dòng)范圍從每周0到300個(gè)街區(qū)(最多30公里)。
Nine years later, the walkers underwent brain scans, which revealed that those who had walked more had greater brain volume than those who walked less. Four years after that, the volunteers were tested again —this time for dementia. Among the group, 116 people showed signs of memory loss or dementia. Those who had walked the most —at least 72 city blocks (or about 7 mi.) each week —were half as likely to have cognitive problems as those who walked the least. 九年后，這些參與者接受腦部掃描，掃描后發(fā)現(xiàn)那些走路走得多的人，他們的大腦要比走路少的人要大。又過(guò)了四年，參與者有接受了測(cè)試，這次是老年癡呆。在這個(gè)群體中，有116人記憶力衰退或有老年癡呆。而那些走路走的最多的—至少每周72個(gè)街區(qū)(大約7公里)，只有比那些走路最少的人一半的認(rèn)知問(wèn)題。
The findings are in line with past studies linking physical activity with brain function, but dementia experts say there's not enough data yet to prescribe exercise to prevent memory loss. It's also too soon to say whether exercise may prevent dementia or simply delay it in people who would eventually develop it anyway. But when it comes to Alzheimer's, even a short delay could mean great gains in quality of life.
這些發(fā)現(xiàn)與以前的研究一致，把體育運(yùn)動(dòng)與大腦功能聯(lián)系起來(lái)。但老年癡呆癥專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，還沒(méi)有充足的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)規(guī)定，運(yùn)動(dòng)可以防止記憶力減退。運(yùn)動(dòng)是否能預(yù)防老年癡呆會(huì)或能減緩老年癡呆患者的癥狀，這些都還言之過(guò)早。但涉及到老年癡呆，即使是短暫的延遲也意味著生活質(zhì)量大大的提高。
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