兩步教你搞定托福閱讀文章總結(jié)題
托福閱讀文章總結(jié)題通常在最后一題出現(xiàn)，考察考生對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)、作者行文思路和全文核心觀點(diǎn)的把握。那么我們?cè)撊绾卧谟邢薜淖鲱}時(shí)間內(nèi)理清文章架構(gòu)、抓住核心主旨呢?小編教大家兩步走的招數(shù)，輕松搞定托福閱讀文章總結(jié)題。
兩步教你搞定托福閱讀文章總結(jié)題
第一步就是要在最快的速度內(nèi)拉出文章構(gòu)架：即在做所有題之前先快速跳讀一遍文章。通讀文章的時(shí)候只需要讀每段的首句、末句和轉(zhuǎn)折句。一般抓住了首尾句和轉(zhuǎn)折句就抓住了一段的主旨。讀首尾句的原因我們大家都很理解，那么讀轉(zhuǎn)折句的意義何在呢?
文章的首句說了一件事，如果下面沒有轉(zhuǎn)折的話，那下面的話肯定是在解釋上一句話，或者順著上一句話往下說，最后可能在總結(jié)一下，那我們只讀首尾句就可以概括出這段話的主旨，但是如果出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，也就是說后面說的事情和之前講的不一樣，也就是說文章的意思有兩層，轉(zhuǎn)折句就是第二層意思的概括。讀的時(shí)候做筆記是非常有必要的，看似在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，實(shí)則節(jié)省時(shí)間，因?yàn)槊馊チ撕竺孀鲱}還要再看原文的痛苦，托福閱讀中的文章架構(gòu)都是很清晰，一般我們看段首尾句和轉(zhuǎn)折句就可以抓住文段的中心。
第二步判斷選項(xiàng)，做文章小結(jié)題，我們要謹(jǐn)記選出來的選項(xiàng)是要能概括文章大意的，所以一些細(xì)節(jié)性的，和文章表述相矛盾的，或者是文章中未提及的選項(xiàng)都可以借助排除法進(jìn)行選擇。那什么是細(xì)節(jié)性的呢?細(xì)節(jié)就是不需要被解釋的內(nèi)容，也就是說陳述的是一件事實(shí)，我們判斷一個(gè)句子是不是細(xì)節(jié)，就要看它前后有沒有解釋。和文章表述相矛盾或者是原文中沒有提到的信息要排除，為什么呢?因?yàn)槲覀冞x的要是能表達(dá)文章主要意思的選項(xiàng)，跟原文表述都相反怎么可能入選呢?有很多同學(xué)覺得自己分辨不出那些是文章沒提及的，那些是跟文章相違背的，其實(shí)這都是關(guān)于細(xì)節(jié)性的考察，我們之前做的題目就是積累細(xì)節(jié)的過程，要是一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了我們沒看過的內(nèi)容，雖然不能很斷定的說文章有沒有提及，但絕對(duì)不是文章的主旨，因?yàn)橹髦疾豢赡苤惶嵋淮?，而且在不顯眼的地方出現(xiàn)的，借助我們記的筆記，總結(jié)出各段的大意，我們很容易判斷出那些是段落主旨大意那些是細(xì)節(jié)性或者無關(guān)的信息。
平時(shí)做托福閱讀文章題的時(shí)候我們不要單純的只求速度，還要弄明白這道題背后的出題意思，做完一個(gè)文章小結(jié)題，我們要仔細(xì)的對(duì)照跟文段主要意思的匹配關(guān)系，細(xì)細(xì)體會(huì)，文章小結(jié)題就會(huì)迎刃而解。
托福閱讀小結(jié)題的解題方法(實(shí)例詳解)
在托福閱讀題型中，小結(jié)題即每篇文章最后一道大題需要從六個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出三個(gè)作為正確答案，每道題分值是2分。這題是考生最為頭疼的一個(gè)，很多考生都覺得這一道題很難因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)多而且托福閱讀時(shí)間緊迫，通常在做到最后一題的時(shí)，還沒來得及仔細(xì)甄選，頁面已經(jīng)變成了“時(shí)間到”的提示，所以就很悲催的進(jìn)行了下一項(xiàng)的作答，相當(dāng)影響心情和對(duì)后面的考試產(chǎn)生不利影響。
其實(shí)，如果練習(xí)得多的考生并不覺得小結(jié)題特別的難，只要掌握一些做題方法，這題將會(huì)成為托福閱讀考試中性價(jià)比很高的一題。那么有哪些技巧可以幫助考生解答托福閱讀小結(jié)題呢?下面就跟小編一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。
第一步就是要在最快的速度內(nèi)拉出文章構(gòu)架：即在做所有題之前先快速跳讀一遍文章。通讀文章的時(shí)候只需要讀每段的首句、末句和轉(zhuǎn)折句。一般抓住了首尾句和轉(zhuǎn)折句就抓住了一段的主旨。讀首尾句的原因我們大家都很理解，那么讀轉(zhuǎn)折句的意義何在呢?
文章的首句說了一件事，如果下面沒有轉(zhuǎn)折的話，那下面的話肯定是在解釋上一句話，或者順著上一句話往下說，最后可能在總結(jié)一下，那我們只讀首尾句就可以概括出這段話的主旨，但是如果出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，也就是說后面說的事情和之前講的不一樣，也就是說文章的意思有兩層，轉(zhuǎn)折句就是第二層意思的概括。讀的時(shí)候做筆記是非常有必要的，看似在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，實(shí)則節(jié)省時(shí)間，因?yàn)槊馊チ撕竺孀鲱}還要再看原文的痛苦，托福閱讀中的文章架構(gòu)都是很清晰，一般我們看段首尾句和轉(zhuǎn)折句就可以抓住文段的中心。
第二步判斷選項(xiàng)，做文章小結(jié)題，我們要謹(jǐn)記選出來的選項(xiàng)是要能概括文章大意的，所以一些細(xì)節(jié)性的，和文章表述相矛盾的，或者是文章中未提及的選項(xiàng)都可以借助排除法進(jìn)行選擇。那什么是細(xì)節(jié)性的呢?細(xì)節(jié)就是不需要被解釋的內(nèi)容，也就是說陳述的是一件事實(shí)，我們判斷一個(gè)句子是不是細(xì)節(jié)，就要看它前后有沒有解釋。和文章表述相矛盾或者是原文中沒有提到的信息要排除，為什么呢?
因?yàn)槲覀冞x的要是能表達(dá)文章主要意思的選項(xiàng)，跟原文表述都相反怎么可能入選呢?有很多同學(xué)覺得自己分辨不出那些是文章沒提及的，那些是跟文章相違背的，其實(shí)這都是關(guān)于細(xì)節(jié)性的考察，我們之前做的題目就是積累細(xì)節(jié)的過程，要是一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了我們沒看過的內(nèi)容，雖然不能很斷定的說文章有沒有提及，但絕對(duì)不是文章的主旨，因?yàn)橹髦疾豢赡苤惶嵋淮?，而且在不顯眼的地方出現(xiàn)的，借助我們記的筆記，總結(jié)出各段的大意，我們很容易判斷出那些是段落主旨大意那些是細(xì)節(jié)性或者無關(guān)的信息。
平時(shí)做托福閱讀文章題的時(shí)候我們不要單純的只求速度，還要弄明白這道題背后的出題意思，做完一個(gè)文章小結(jié)題，我們要仔細(xì)的對(duì)照跟文段主要意思的匹配關(guān)系，細(xì)細(xì)體會(huì)，文章小結(jié)題就會(huì)迎刃而解。
托福閱讀真題1
Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets. An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their Pleistocene overkill hypothesis, they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths, giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.
Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history. Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people.
Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year's crop of young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them, they may have allowed more young to survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species. As these populations expanded, they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife
(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life
(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch
(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch
2. The word Undoubtedly in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) occasionally
(B) unexpectedly
(C) previously
(D) certainly
3. The word components in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) parts
(B) problems
(C) changes
(D) varieties
4. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?
(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.
(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major extinctions occurred.
(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by humans.
(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.
5. The word Besides in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) caused by
(B) whereas
(C) in addition to
(D) in favor of
6. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 17 as an example of a carnivore that
(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch
(B) was unusually large for its time
(C) was not able to compete with humans
(D) caused the extinction of several species
7. The word they in line 22 refers to
(A) human hunters
(B) game animals
(C) other predators
(D) large mammals
8. According to the passage , what is one difference between the hunting done by some humans
and the hunting done by gray wolves?
(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.
(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.
(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.
(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on young
animals.
9. The word favored in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) escaping
(C) preferred
(D) local
10. According to the passage , the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from
(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals
(B) large animals moving into a new environment
(C) humans hunting some species more than others
(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals
PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC
托福閱讀真題2
Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible. What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers — all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.
1. The author's main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits
(A) conceal layers of rock
(B) can be found in various places
(C) are usually small
(D) must be removed from construction sites
2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?
(A) in desert sand dunes
(B) in forests
(C) on hillsides
(D) near rivers
3. The word accessible in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) buried
(B) improved
(C) available
(D) workable
4. According to the passage , rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditions
EXCEPT when
(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing
(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks
(C) it is combined with alkalis
(D) natural forces wear away the Earth's crust
5. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?
(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay.
(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay.
(C) Its presence indicates inferior clay.
(D) It is a major component of clay.
6. The word it in line 13 refers to
(A) iron
(B) feldspar
(C) granite
(D) clay
7. Based on the information in the passage , it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST
appropriate for making objects that
(A) must be strong
(B) can be porous
(C) have a smooth texture
(D) are highly decorated
8. The phrase account for in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduce
(B) explain
(C) combine with
(D) list all of
9. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.
(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when fired.
(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate for making china teacups.
(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become nonporous.
PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC
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