成吉思汗英文簡介
成吉思汗英文簡介
成吉思汗，是世界史上杰出的政治家、軍事家。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的成吉思汗英文簡介，供大家參閱!
成吉思汗簡介
(May 31, 1362 - August 25, 1227), the Mongolian empire Khan, the title "Genghis Khan" (Genghis Khan), meaning "has the sea quartet." An outstanding politician and military strategist in world history. 1162 years (Song Gaozong Shaoxing thirty-two years, Jin Shizong Dading two years) was born in the desert grassland in the upper reaches of the desert area (now Mongolia Kent province), named Timur really. 1206 spring to establish a large Mongolian country, after several times to launch a foreign conquest of war, to conquer the region west of Central Asia, Eastern Europe on the beach. 1227 years in the conquest of Xixia died, after being buried.
1265 (Yuan two years) in October, the ancestors of Kublai Khan respect for the Genghis Khan Temple for the Taizu. 1266 (yuan three years) in October, the temple built, the system of respect for the temple, the ancestors of the ancestral chase respect Genghis Khan posthumous title for the holy emperor. 1271 (Yuan eight years), Kublai Khan will be the "big Mongolia" to "big yuan". 1309 years (to two years) in December, Yuan Wuzong seamounts with respect for posthumous law days of the East, the temple Taizu. Since then, Genghis Khan's posthumous title became the emperor of heaven and earth.
成吉思汗人物生平
Childhood experience
Genghis Khan, Bo children only Jinshi, named Timber really, was born in the Jin Dynasty Sejong Dading two years (1162), after the father was killed, the Department of scattered. Through continuous efforts, the joint Zha Muhe and his father's security off off the mine, reorganization begging Yan, and finally slowly develop the ultimate unity of Mongolia. At that time, the northern region of China was under the rule of Jurchen Jin Dynasty. The desert north and south grassland ministries are independent and independent. The Jin Dynasty to its implementation of the "divide and rule" and the slaughter of plunder "down" policy.
In 1146, the Mongolian leader of the Pakistani child Khan was Jin Xizong to "punish the rebellion law" in the name of crucified on the donkey. Mongolian tribal alliance has organized a number of resistance struggle, their generations of ancestors to pay the blood and life. In this social environment was born Temujin really naturally will be the victory of the country as his life the most important goal.
He has been the hatred in mind, it is this generation of hatred led to the grassland inside and outside the long-term campaign, Temujin mother of the wife of his wife was born in Hongji Department of assassination, The autumn of 1161, Mongolian begging Yan head of the head of the speed of the river should also be hunting, found through the Mongolian resident station of the amount of money. He was with the help of several brothers, according to the then "grab the pro" tradition, defeated the whisper begging people, robbed the wife of the amount of money, so the amount of money into the wife of the same time.
The second year, but also the speed of the death of the Tartar Department of leaders of the iron wood really Wu Ge, just then the first son was born. In order to celebrate the victory of the war, but also the speed of the birth of their eldest son named "Timber really". Iron wood really nine years old, the father was iron wood really Wu Ge son Zhaobo not poisoned. But also the speed of the death, I Pakistan child Khan Sun Tai Chi Wu Department of the Tower of the opportunity to stir up trouble, to incite the Mongolian ministry to abandon the real mother of iron and wood, so that a position from the tribal leader suddenly fell into the abyss of suffering.
Thirteen wing warfare
When the wood was really 18 years old, the old enemy took off his wife. Temujin really contempt for children to fight the Ministry of war, defeated the children of begging children. 1184 years ago, Temujin was recommended as Mongolia begging Yan Khan Khan.
Iron wood really said that Khan caused an ambitious Zha Muhe of hate, Zha Mu combination of tower children, Tai Chi Wu and other 13 to Timur really launched the "thirteen wing war." This is the only time to experience more than 60 games in the war.
Unified tribe
With their own strength constantly strong, Timur really began to kill the father of the enemy enemies revenge. Defeated Zhu Erbu Department, to kill its leader, the Ministry of Muhua Li father and son surrender. After the woods to become the first iron wood will be the first to seal the king, let him alone side by a little Central Plains.
Grassland aristocrats are afraid of the rapid rise of Temujin, recommended Zha wood for the "ancient Khan", that all sweat sweat, oath and iron wood really enemies. They formed 12 coalition forces, to the Temujin and Kelie Department launched a broad field of war. Zha Muhe led by the mobs of the people can not withstand the iron wood really sweat army sweat, less than one day fell apart, Zhaomo surrender Wang Khan. Then Tieshu really attack the tower of the children, the leader of the neighbors do not suicide suicide, tower leader of the other head also pulled out even surrender. Temujin really chase Tai Chi Wu Department, in the command of the war was Tai Chi Wu Department will be shot in the neck, dying. The next morning, Tai Chi Wu Department of the public to surrender to the real wood.
Tai Chi Wu Department of the destruction of the eradication of the Temujin really unified Mongolian ministries of the huge obstacles, and its several members will be like the archer Zhe Zhe, Najia A has become a real thing to conquer the world. Later, the expedition to the West Liao destroy the law of the law is their first time in the west and the speed of the role of the most special, to catch up with the murder of the Soviet Union is the Soviet Union, they are alive, Dagong is also their.
1202 autumn, Temujin really concentrated forces, the eradication of the enemy tower tower children. The autumn of 1203, Temujin has been attacked with their own war endless Wang Khan's gold account, Wang Khan father and son were defeated. 1204 years, Temujin really conquered is barbarian.
Wang Khan alone one person would like to go to the barbarian, in the barbarian border will be used as a spy to kill, his son Sang Kun was dead.
The strong Kelie was destroyed, Temujin really occupied the rich grassland of the eastern grassland - Hulunbeier grassland. Mongolian grassland is only the barbarian and power can be confused with the Temujin, lost in the hands of the ministries of the aristocracy has gathered in the very sweat, trying to use the support of the sun sweat to recover their own lost cattle and sheep pasture. But the grassland people do not want the tribe everywhere in the situation, and without the war of the "sun sweat" is also vulnerable, after the possession of the cliff of the war, is the brutal part of its completely eliminated.
Known as Khan
1206 spring, the Mongol nobles in the difficult river (now Een River) source of the General Assembly, the kings and ministers for the iron wood really respect on the "Genghis Khan."
But before the late Qing Dynasty, Yuan, Ming and the early Qing Dynasty in the history of Chinese history, there is no respect on the "Genghis Khan" records, the history of the Tae ancestral records of Wang Chongchen for the honorary "Emperor Cheng Ji Si." The same period of the Southern Song Dynasty Peng Da Ya series "Black Tartar" is also recorded as the emperor of Genghis ("the main emperor of the emperor of the name of the little name of the real name is not really 僣 said Jisi emperor"), Peng is the Southern Song Dynasty to contact the Mongolian attack Jin Dynasty envoy. Yuan Dynasty Li Zhichang "Changchun Zhenren Journey to the West on the volume" is also recorded as "Chao said Cheng Ji Si emperor Ching people Qiu division." 1998 found in the Yuan Dynasty silver gilt "salt mountain holy card" also book said, "Godsend, Genghis emperor imperial edict, disease". The history of the West is recorded as Genghis Khan, and passed into China, leading from the late Qing Dynasty when the history of Chinese history (such as "sea map", "Wu Wuer", "Mongolian chronicle", "New Yuan" ) Appear both with or alone with Genghis Khan's records. Officially ascended the throne to become a great Mongolian emperor (Mongolian empire sweat) This is the beginning of the Mongol Empire. Then issued the "Genghis Khan Code", is the world's first application of the most extensive written code, the establishment of a set of aristocratic democracy based on the Mongolian aristocracy system.
External expansion
Annihilate Xixia
After the founding of Genghis Khan, the power of the benefits, the implementation of thousands of households, the establishment of the guard. Began to launch a large-scale conquest of war. After more than twenty years of war with the Western Xia, repeated the main force of the Western Xia army, forced Xixia king beggar fall, in addition to the northwest northwest barrier to smooth south attack gold. Genghis Khan twenty-one years, led his troops to destroy the Xixia 100,000 main force, the following year the Western Xia died.
Attack the country
Genghis Khan six years, pro-rate army cut gold, began a 24-year Mongolian gold war. (Now Hebei million in the northwest), will be the river Fort (now Huai'an southeast), annihilate Jinjun a lot of elite; and war to come (this is Hebei ), Jin Shan (now Beijing Yanqing), defeated Jinjun more than ten million; hit Jinjun in Tokyo (now Liaoning Liaoyang), Xijing (now Shanxi Datong), Juyongguan and other places. After the constant change tactics, sub-three-way capture the hinterland of the Central Plains and the western Liaoning region.
Genghis Khan nine years (1214 years) in March, set the general capital (now Beijing) under the city. Material is difficult to grams of the city, then sent to force and forced the Jin Dynasty dedication Qi country princess, gold silk and horses, led troops out of Juyongguan. In June, the capital moved to Nanjing (now Kaifeng, Henan) and "breach of contract" as an excuse to take the people of the heart of the floating and the military force to change the military changes in the machine will be moved to the three, Mongolian ... ... (jiǔ Liao, Jin, Yuan Dynasty was conquered by the various tribes of the North were known) Army attack in the city to assault and surrender of the policy, in the following year in May grams of city. In order to meet the needs of siege, Genghis Khan Ministry will gradually establish the construction of artillery, siege to guns for the first Later siege combat, a gun that is up to hundreds of, and soon break the city. At the same time, in order to draw the advanced technology of the nation plundered craftsmen artists, one city that swept tens of thousands. Then build artisan army, set up plant iron smelting weapons. In the communication contact to create "arrow speed ride", the speed of hundreds of miles, military orders and military dispatch speed faster. Good at playing cavalry long, "Mongolian whirlwind," said.
Genghis Khan twelve years (1217), Genghis Khan seal wood Hua Li for the Taishi, the king, command of the gold war, since the rate of return to Mongolia to prepare the main levy.
West levy
Genghis Khan thirteen years, sent the vanguard generals Zhebie off the West Liao bend the law forces, clear the obstacles to the west.
Genghis Khan fourteen years, the assassination of the city of Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan, To the grounds of military expansion and captive property for the purpose of pro-power army about 200,000 roadside expedition.
Over the years have broken the assassination of assassination (in the middle of the Syur River), Bukhara and Samarkand and other places. Sent to do not, speed not to rate the army chase the assassination of the king of the king of Mo Ma, forced to flee to wide field Gisihai (now the sea) in the island, after the death. And then continue to move west, far from the Crimean Peninsula; since the rate of the pursuit of the son of Maha Sang Lan Ding to the river (Indus).
Huazar sub-mode was eliminated, and the army of the army and the capital of the ancient India River and the Volga River became fierce battlefields. The prince of the assassination of the prince Zan Lan Ding led the remnants of resistance, in the battle of eight Lu bend in one fell swoop eliminated nearly 3 million Mongolian soldiers. But the assassination of Zaran Zi has been the trend, Zhalandin was surrounded by Genghis Khan Shen River in the edge, and finally fled to India, Genghis Khan teacher back to desert north.
Died
In the autumn of 1225, after 7 years west of Genghis Khan back to the Mongolian grassland. Due to Xixia League League, the main will be hated with Muhua Li, Genghis Khan regardless of 64 years old, adhere to the expedition Xixia. On the way hunting injury, high fever can not afford, but he still does not retreat. Xixia Wang was forced to send messengers to drop.
Genghis Khan dying, recuperate in Liupanshan, leaving three well-known wills: the use of Song Jinshi hatred Road Song, the song off the gold. Genghis Khan twenty-two years on July 12 (August 25, 1227), Genghis Khan in Liupan Mountain Qingshui County (now Gansu) died, aged 66 years old.
Its son Wo Kuo Tai and dragons to comply with Genghis Khan policy, in the Wo Kuo Tai sweat six years (1234) off the gold.
Yuan two years (1265 years) in October, the ancestors of Kublai Khan respect Jisi Khan Temple for the yuan Taizu.
Yuan three years (1266) in October, the temple built, the system of respect for the temple, the ancestors of the ancestral chase respect Ji Gui sweat posthumous title for the holy emperor.
To two years (1309 years) in December, Yuan Wuzong seamounts with respect for posthumous law of heaven and earth, temple Taizu. Since then, Genghis Khan's posthumous title for the days of heaven and earth holy emperor.
成吉思汗為政舉措
political
Establish a regime
See also: Great Mongolia
Enacted grammar
Before the Genghis Khan unified Mongolia, because the Mongolian has no text, so there can be no statutory law. 1206 years when Genghis Khan founding, it ordered the loss of stupid suddenly set aside to set up a green book, which is the Mongolian official enacted into the beginning of grammar. But the Mongolian first statute - "Zhasa ceremony" is more than ten years later, in the west after the development of the flower pattern. According to "Historical Records" records, 1219, "Genghis Khan hold the conquest of the world flag to set sailor sub-model," before the division, "he convened a meeting, held a leeway, in their middle of their own leadership rules, Law and ancient habits to re-do the rules, "which is the so-called" Zhasa ceremony. " In his "World Conqueror History", Zhifei devoted himself to the chapter "The Law of Genghis Khan's Development and the Postponement of His Excellence", which states: "Because the Tartars do not have their own words, he ordered the children of Mongolia Write the text, and the relevant Zha Za and the law in the volume on the volume.
These voluminous, called 'Zha Sa ceremony', preserved in the first king of the treasures. Whenever the new Khan ascended the throne, the army mobilized or the kings gathered together to do business with the government, they took these volumes out and acted in accordance with the above, and in accordance with the provisions of the way to deploy the army, the destruction of the county, In the Mongolian society, sweat, and perhaps the supreme ruler, enjoy the supreme authority, sweat remarks, the command is the law, Genghis Khan, the law is the same, in the history of Chinese and foreign history, The "Dazasa" record is the command of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's "speech", also known as the "big law".
The leader is closed
Genghis Khan unified Mongolian grassland after the first thing is the big seal hero, clan, the war has been implemented in the thousands of households to further improve and institutionalize the establishment of the military and military unity of the system, has appointed a number of thousands of officials , Ten thousand officials and clan kings, the establishment of a layer of membership, command flexibility, easy to rule, to enlist the military and political organizations. Genghis Khan to occupy the area of households compiled for 95 thousand households, sub-open to the founding hero and your relatives, were ruled.
"History" and "Mongolian secret history" list the names of these thousands of officials, origin, the main experience and the composition of the thousands of households, including 78 heroes, 10 consort prince, there are three consort princes have 10 1000, so the actual closure of the only 88 people, which is the history of Mongolia Khanate famous eighty-eight heroes. The establishment of the system, marking the tribal and clan system of the final collapse. This is a military, political, economic trinity of the system, Mongolian Khanate rule system is the most important part. The creation of special merits of the Yan, was also granted all kinds of privileges, that class is Genghis Khan "golden family" rule the pillars of the Mongolian people. This is actually a war to defeat the original ministries of the slave owners and clan aristocracy, and re-cultivated a new slave class, which is based on Genghis Khan's gold family, supplemented by various levels of the new slave owners class The
Fukushen-like Xue Jun Jiangui sweat finished thousands of households, after ten thousand households, immediately proceed to expand the army guard Qie Xue Jun. Due to Qie Xuejun four turns into the value, habitually known as four timbre Xue. One of the security personnel said the timid Xue evil, even for the fear of Xue Dan. Is the implementation of the mission of the escort of those who called the fear of those who engage in the court service of the timid evil known as the fear of evil deacon. It is from the ten thousand officials, the family of thousands of officials, ten officials, ten officials and free people's son in the selection, which shows that Genghis Khan very much attention to protect the reliability of this team. Genghis Khan provisions, Qie Xue Jun's main responsibilities are three: First, guard sweat of the gold account; Second, "wartime for the former warriors", as the sweat personally command of the combat troops; Third, in charge of various matters The It can be said that the establishment of the Genghis Khan Xuejun army is both a direct control by the sweat of the armed forces, but also in charge of a central administrative affairs of the day, it has developed into a Mongolian Khanate central large governing body. Genghis Khan gave them a superior position: the state of the chivalrous man is higher than the family of thousands of officials; It is very necessary for Genghis Khan to establish such a powerful armed force, to safeguard the sweat, to consolidate the new nation, to prevent the resurrection of the clan aristocracy and the re-emergence of the civil war. Of course, it is also a powerful tool for Genghis Khan to conquer war abroad
Culture
Create text
Mongolian had no text, only knot carved wood notes. In the iron wood really crusade is quite the Ministry of the war, to catch a man named Tata of the Uighurs. He is a very handsome sun sweat of the Indian officer, the sun sweat respect for his country Fu, let him master gold and money Valley. Temujin really let Tatai stay in their own left and right, "is after, where there is a purpose, with the seal, still palm". Soon, Temujin really let Tata Tong A ruby wicked alphabet spelling Mongolian, teach the prince to study, this is the so-called "fear of the word book." Since then, the Mongolian Khanate of the instrument, "in the return of those who are back with the word", "back to the word only twenty-one letters, the rest only on the side make up."
Line in the Han Chinese, Khitan, Jurchen all factions only use Chinese characters. "And in a considerable period of time, in the Mongolian native or" only small wood. "" Back to the word "refers to the" fear of words. "Although Kublai When the Yuan Dynasty after the withdrawal of the Central Plains is basically no, and "fear of the word book" after the beginning of the 14th century reform, more perfect, has been used today. It is in the history of the Mongolian Khanate that it is possible for the Genghis Khan to be enacted into the law and the youth, and that the first Mongolian nation Of the ancient history of "Mongolian secret history", is written with this fear of words.
Religious policy
Genghis Khan and his descendants established the Mongolian Khanate across the Eurasian continent, when the world of various religions within the scope of its rule almost everything. Including the Mongolian Buddhism, the Tibetan, the Western Xia and the Han people believe in Buddhism, gold and the Southern Song Dynasty Taoism, Manichaeism, Uighurs and Western countries believe in Islam (back to Islam, answer), Mongolian plateau Tribes and even Kinko, the United States and the United States believe in Christianity (including Nestorianism, that is, Nestoli faction; also can be warm, Rome) and so on. Mongolian aristocracy conquered the world, basically taking the policy of slaughter and plunder, but its religious policy is more enlightened, does not force the conqueror to change the Mongolian religion, but to declare freedom of religion, allowing the existence of various sects, and allow the Mongolian Free to participate in various sects, the believers are basically exempt from taxes and corvee. The implementation of this policy, to a certain extent, reduced the conquest of the rebellion of the Mongolian aristocracy of the world and the world have played a small role.
With the Central Asian, Persian, Caucasus and Eastern Plains Plains and other places were conquered, came to the East's returnees unprecedented increase. Mongolian aristocrats use the return to the upper and wealthy big Jia as oppression and exploitation of the Central Plains Han's helper, such as Huazarzi mold teeth teeth assassination tile red, do not spend assassination aristocratic race red support Sidin, wealthy Austrian are assassinated, , All in the ruling body as a very important position. The returnees who moved to Mobei and the Central Plains were allowed to retain their religious beliefs, set up mosques in their settlements, Muslim teachers were overwhelmed, ascetic, and enjoyed the same duty-free treatment The But the general Muslims - wood speed Lu is the same as the same people to pay taxes, the burden of hair.
In short, "in China, due to the Mongolian 'freedom of belief' and 'inclusive' policy, Islam took the opportunity to develop eastward, a large number of Muslims moved to China, for the formation of the Muslim nation laid the foundation. Since Kublai Khan, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty mainly advocated Lamaism, Tibetans Sibaba was honored as "big treasure king", "big yuan division". After every death of the emperor, will take a man from Tibet as a heir, until the Yuan Dynasty perish. Buddhism thus mastered the regime in Tibet and introduced the doctrine to the Mongolian region.
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