曹操簡介英文版
曹操簡介英文版
曹操，東漢末年杰出的政治家、軍事家、文學(xué)家、書法家 ，三國中曹魏政權(quán)的奠基人，下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理的曹操簡介英文版，希望對(duì)你有用!
曹操簡介
Cao Cao (155 - March 15, 220), the word Mengde, a Geely, small word hiding, Pei country Qiao County (now Anhui Bozhou) people. The late Eastern Han Dynasty outstanding politicians, military strategists, writers, calligraphers, the three countries in the founder of the regime.
The Eastern Han Dynasty, the world chaos, Cao Cao to the name of the emperor in the name of the Quartet, the internal elimination of two Yuan, Lu Bu, Liu table, Ma Chao, Han Sui and other separatist forces, external surrender Southern Huns, Wuhuan, Xianbei, unified in northern China, and The implementation of a series of policies to restore economic production and social order, to expand the garrison, to build water conservancy, reward agriculture, mulberry, pay attention to handicraft industry, resettlement of exile, the implementation of "rent modulation", so that the Central Plains society gradually stabilized, the economy turned. The Yellow River basin under the rule of Cao Cao, the political level of a certain degree of Qingming, the gradual recovery of the economy, class oppression slightly reduced, the social atmosphere has improved. Cao Cao in the name of the Han Dynasty to take some of the measures have a positive effect. Cao Cao alive, served as prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Wei Wang, laid the foundation of Cao Wei Liguo. After the death of posthumous title for the King Wu. His son Cao Pi emperor, chasing respect for the emperor, the temple Taizu.
Cao Cao fine art, good poetry, to express their political aspirations, and reflect the suffering of the people at the end of the life, the magnificent spirit, generous sad; prose is also clean and tidy, open and prosper the Jian'an literature, to future generations left a valuable spirit Wealth, known as Jian'an wind, Lu Xun evaluation of its "transformation of the founder of the article." At the same time Cao Cao is also good at calligraphy, Tang Zhang Huai in the "book off" will Cao Cao's chapter as "wonderful".
曹操為政舉措
Huang Huai River Basin in the Eastern Han Dynasty warlord melee in the social economy was unprecedented destruction, the people were Tu, land barren, survivors were forced to leave their homes, living in the other side. Can be described as "the name is empty and not home, hundred miles no people who can not count," "Bone exposed in the wild, thousands of miles without chicken Ming." In the face of this tragic scene, when Cao Cao lived a series of policies to restore the economy and stabilize the situation. From the performance of Cao Cao in political, military and economic aspects, such as the implementation of reclamation, the construction of water conservancy, the implementation of salt and iron official sales system, the socio-economic recovery and economic rectification played a positive role.
Politics
Punish tyrannical
Cao Cao began to take the career on the attempt to use more stringent laws to change the situation at the time of the rampant. As a result of the disaster in the central, Cao can not display their own intentions. To his own control of the regime, only to fully implement the suppression of the tyrannical rule of law policy. He said: "husband and punishment, the people of the life also"; "chaos of the government, to the first sentence." He used Wang Xiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lu Qian, full of pet, Jia Kui and other local officials, to suppress the lawless tyrannical. If Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in Jizhou has been practiced to compare the rule, you can see two different situations: "Han at the end of politics in the wide, Shao to wide wide, it is not." Yuan Shao in the wide and vertical policy, "so that Haoqiang unauthorized, relatives and mergers, the poor people under the poor, on behalf of the rental Fu, Hyun Qiang family wealth, lack of life." In this way, naturally can not make "people attached, armor strong." So Yuan Shao, although the larger, more soldiers, food more foot, and ultimately Cao defeated. Cao was Jizhou, immediately "heavy and powerful merger of the law", which received the "people happy" effect. Sima Guang said Cao "chaos for the rule", is not without evidence.
Stabilize the situation
Han Xian emperor was the West Liangjun fight, the state state of animal husbandry are fighting soldiers self-reliance, cut off tribute. The situation in China as a whole is the separatist separatism and the warlord. In this crisis, Cao Cao hijacked the dead end of the emperor, moved the capital Xuchang, with force to tie the north of the pack, trying to unify China, played a stable role in the Eastern Han Dynasty government affairs.
Only is the move
Han period selection of officials, the choice of both people should have justice and filial piety and other aspects of moral integrity, but also a noble family background.
Cao Cao employment is not heavy reputation, he chose officials to "express justice", to the rule of law. With Cui Yan, Mao Yu in charge of the election, "its use, are clear people, although the prestigious and not help the line, the end did not get into." To frugal, by the people of the world Section of self-encouragement, although your pet of the minister, the public service not too ". Social atmosphere has improved.
For the maintenance and development of forces, so that more people for their own business services, not subject to the above restrictions, stressed that "only is the move." As long as talented, even if the lack of feudal moral quality, born under the people, he also pay attention to promotion. 210 years to 217 years, he has three times under the "mercy order", the selection and appointment of some talented people. To break the concept of the door of the family, to the landlord class middle and lower class characters, to suppress tyranny, to strengthen the centralization. The socio-economic areas of the ruling areas have been restored and developed.
Shang Li heavy law
Cao Cao's thought is influenced by Confucianism, its foundation belongs to the category of Confucianism, Shang Renyi comity, and try to justice, morality, comity and education and administration, that is, "etiquette ceremony." On the other hand, Cao Cao heavy law still surgery, torture law, history is very clear, which constitutes another important side of Cao Cao's thinking. This is the "appropriation for the first". So, Cao Cao's thought is a contradictory unity. In the chaos of the Cao Cao both stressed the criminal law, did not forget the use of etiquette. He always rude and heavy law, both hands use, and both in the ceremony, both hands with the show in the unique deceitful fraud can.
Military
Unified north
Cao Cao skilled in the art of war, played a positive role in the unity of the North, the Yellow River after the uprising, the disintegration of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlord melee. In the melee, not only Dong Zhuo, Li and other Liangzhou warlords everywhere slaughter the people, robbery of property, which generally appeared "people eat, state depression" desolate scene. From the beginning of two years (191 years) to Jian'an thirteen years (208 years), Cao Cao has eliminated the north and south of the Yangtze River separatist forces, unified most of northern China. Cao Cao in the reunification of the northern war lasted 17 years, is the battle of the founding of Cao Wei, and later for the Western China unified China laid a solid foundation.
Proficient in art
Cao Cao studied art of war, a profound military theory, has been familiar with Sun Wu, Wu Qi and other writers of the previous generation of military writers, in the study of the basis of their martial arts, written as "Bingbushuji" a book, combined with their own experience to discuss the war. Written by the "grandson slightly solution", to create a note "Sun Tzu" thirteen precedent, rich and the development of ancient Chinese military theory. Advocated "soldiers to Yi moving" concept of war, stressed that the famous teacher, in line with morality. In the strategic and tactical flexibility, because of things surprising, any success, soldiers tirelessly.
Rule the military strict
In the military side, he governed the military strict, strict laws and regulations, one on the march on the way, Cao Cao will not be allowed to trample on the wheat field, if any violation, all beheaded. Soldiers are dismounting, for fear of bad wheat seedlings. Can be Cao Cao's horses because of fear of stepping on the wheat field. He cut his sword cut off a lot of hair, to show punishment, which shows law enforcement seriously. "Code of the military Code" included in the "Wei Wu Jun order", "Wei Wu boat war", "Wei Wu step war" and so on, but also reflects his strict military orders.
In the use of the military, the history of his "marching teacher, much more than Sun Wu of the law, and because of things odd, the enemy of the enemy to win, change as God. Self for military books more than ten thousand words, Zhujiang conquest, are new books, And in the series of fighting, often used to attack the West, to avoid the virtual, ambush, outflanking, and so on, in the case of Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao, Ma Chao, Han Sui and a series of fighting, Raid, from the room, robbing food, attack him to save this, to lure the enemy and other tactics, rivalry enemy wins, weakened strong. He is indeed a very outstanding military strategist. Li Jing's "Li Weigong asked right", where the non-"Dr. He prepared" and other works are praised Cao Cao's march.
Care for the future
In the Royal will, Cao Cao in the ban, music into the line between the array, take Zhang Liao, Xu Huang in the death of the prisoner, are Zuo Li meritorious service, as a star. Cao Cao can be based on the characteristics of generals, with its long. For example, Xu Chu, Code Wei strong and powerful, loyalty to the law, Cao Cao let them war for the army, the situation is the body of the body; Zang Pa has the letter in the East soil, Cao Cao will be green, Xu two state entrusted to him, which can concentrate on Yuan Shao, do not have to look at the East; down the text of the text is Liu table account under the generals, in Jianghan area quite Wei En, Cao Cao Ren Jiangxia Prefecture, commissioned by side, so Royal Sun Quan.
Economy
Implementation of the field
Between Han and Wei, social production suffered serious damage, the emergence of famine. During this period, the supply of food became the biggest problem of military groups, because of insufficient rations and invincible. Cao Cao in the north, the construction of water conservancy, to solve the problem of lack of grain, agricultural production has a certain role in the recovery.
Jian'an the first year, Cao Cao adopted only the proposal of jujube, the use of broken gold scarf seized the material, in the promise of raising people in the field, then see the results, So Cao Cao ordered the state in the county set up Tian Guan, set up in the field.
The implementation of the system is to ensure that the state investment, reproduction efficiency, of course, higher than the ordinary farmers. So a short period of time will be the place into a "farmer soldiers field, the sound of dogs and dogs, terraced rice paddies," the thriving, called it a big initiative is not excessive.
Tou Tian effectively solve the Cao Cao Group's food problem, so Cao Cao said: "Then the field, so rich country, destroy the group against, grams of the world." While setting up the garrison, Cao Cao took various measures to support the farmer's economy. In view of the current population loss, the situation of barren land, Cao Cao has to take the flow of migrant workers, migrant population, to persuade farmers mulberry, water conservancy, household registration and other measures, enrich the households, to restore agricultural production. In addition, Cao Cao has also promulgated laws and regulations, to restore the normal rent system to prevent the tyrannical small farmers. Jian'an five years, Cao Cao promulgated a new collection system, to Jian'an nine years, but also clear: "the income of four acres of land, households out of silk two, cotton two pounds only, he was not good at hair." Cao Cao before and after the implementation of This series of measures, so that the brink of collapse of the farmer's economy has been restored and developed. This has become a solid economic foundation of Cao Cao Group. Cao Cao ruling area of agricultural production quickly restored. This is Cao Cao in the economy a great success.
Reform household registration
Cao Cao in the break Ye City, in view of the late Eastern Han Dynasty heavy head tax, to households modulation, the landowners (including farmers and landlords) income per mu for four liters, each household out of silk two, "This policy has greatly reduced the burden on the peasants and has received unanimous support."
Water conservancy
Cao Cao in the world to vigorously build water conservancy facilities and fruitful, such as Zhou Yu's home in the establishment of the seven city of Shuang San Yan has been to the Northern Song Dynasty Song Renzong can also be poured twenty thousand per day of fertile land.
To promote cleanliness
Open source at the same time, Cao Cao is also very attention to throttling, and set an example, to promote clean. History book called Cao Cao "elegant frugality, bad gorgeous, the palace is not beautiful, Shi Yu Fu Fuji, curtains screen, the bad is satisfied that the production temperature, no edge decoration." Simply put, clothes do not Flowers and whistles, shoes have not carved embroidery color, curtain curtain screen full of patches, bed couch "foul of them." Cao Cao's vigorous correction, the Eastern Han Dynasty since the luxury of the wind twisted, the world's people are honest and diligent self-discipline. Even if the dignitaries are not too much extravagant extravagance, and even some people deliberately worn old clothes to please Cao Cao's strange things.
Jian'an fourteen years, Cao Cao in turn had to order to correct this strange unhealthy tendencies. Cao Cao's will, but also reflects his own frugal style: "The world is not yet stable, not follow the ancient also. Burying, are in addition to service." The soldiers are garrison, are not from Tuen Department. Convergence to the service, no possession of jade treasures. "In contrast, Sun Quan's old age is faint confused. Sun Quan in the prince of the waste of the Hu is more confused by the ministers were confused, has become a laughing stock.
Culture
Collection of books
Cao Cao loves grave code and six arts. In the unification of the north of the melee, pay attention to the protection and collection of books. Jian'an five years (200 years) he defeated Yuan Shao later, ordered "to collect their baggage treasures." After Wei Gong, set up in charge of classics officials, widely collected in the war scattered in the Eastern Han Dynasty official and folk books, "taboo death", hidden in the three foreign and secretary of the province. Also asked Cai Yong's daughter Cai Wenji talk about their books, Cai Wenji "Shuji sent to the text without error." Because of his emphasis on the country's cultural construction, and gradually established the country's collection of Wei.
Religion
Cao Cao received Taiping Road, asked five bucket of meters Road forces, centralized control of alchemists, and even "relying on the emperor", the purpose of all in the dark "fate". Cao Cao's life by the "fate in my" Wei's great cause of sanctification, with the first year of the first year by Cao Pi was acquired by Zen. From the rise of Cao Cao forces and even the Han and Wei Zen generation, during which many major historical events and the original Taoism involved deep.
Nation
Huns
Jian'an twenty-one years (216 years) in April, Han Xian emperor booked Cao Cao Wei Wang. In July, the Southern Huns alone in the call kitchen spring to greet him, was detained in Ye City, Cao Cao took the opportunity to divide the Southern Huns into five, the election of the Chinese people to supervise the Sima.
Wuhuan
The Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan (also known as "Karasuma") to occupy the western Liaoning, on the valley, right North Ping three counties, their respective king, often infested north four states, "to kill officials." Wu Huan treadton total three princes, with Yuan Shao is better, had to help Yuan Gong off Gongsun Zan. Guandu after the war, Yuan Shao returned to Jizhou soon died, and his son Yuan Shang, Yuan Xi and defected Wuhuan treadton. Cao Cao North Zheng Wuhuan, completely from the strategic needs. It is necessary to completely eliminate the Yuan forces, but also unified three counties. White wolf mountain a war, Cao Jun victory, and Wu Huan prisoners to more than 10 million of the Han Chinese and quiet, and the two states of Wuhuan million "down (Uhuan hukou grassroots units)" moved to the mainland. And promote the gradual integration of Wuhuan people with the Han nationality, which has a positive effect on consolidating the social order in the north and making the people's production and life stable.
Society
Cao Cao alive also advocated too burial.
曹操文學(xué)成就
Cao Cao on literature, calligraphy, music and so have deep cultivation. Author of "grandson slightly solution", "Bingbing then" "Meng Dexin book" and other books. Good poetry, "Artemisia", "view of the sea", "turtle though life" and so express their political ambitions, and reflect the end of the people suffering life, magnificent, generous desolate, his literary achievements, the main table today's poetry, Prose is also very characteristic.
Cao Cao's poetry, this deposit more than 20 articles, all Yuefu poetry body. Content can be divided into three categories. One is related to current affairs, one is to express the ideal-based, one is immortal poetry.
And the current affairs of a certain relationship with the "lotus exposed line", "Artemisia line", "bitter cold line", "step out of the summer line" and so on. "Xi Lu line", "Artemisia line" two poems, for the early years of Jian'an. Before a reflection of He Jinmou punish eunuchs defeated, Dong Zhuo into Luoyang chaos; after a writing Kanto state of the county to discuss the soldiers, but also with ambition, mutual kill, in the content to tighten to undertake. Psalms in a concise language, highly summed up to write this period of historical process, so known as "the end of the Ming Dynasty, the history of true poetry." In particular, in the poem "Artemisia" in his poetic style, he wrote the majority of the people in the war suffered by the deep suffering: "armor Health 蟣 lice, million people to death, bones exposed to wild, thousands of miles without From the Jian'an eleven years, the poem describes the winter Taihang mountain cold, barren, steep, vivid, but also write the poet's inner Complex feelings. "Step out of the summer line" for Jian'an twelve years when the three counties Wuhuan. The poem includes "Yan" (prelude) and four solutions. "Yan" focused on the poet set off when the complex mood. One solution "view of the sea", written into the military through the Tateishi when the perception; two solutions "winter October", three solutions "different soil", write homework on the way; four solutions "turtle though life", write this important battle After the victory of the ideological activities. Which "view of the sea" describes the sea scene, "autumn bleak, Hong Bo filled, the sun and the moon trip, if out of which; star Han brilliant, if out of it", magnificent, dignified, against the background of the poet inclusive of the universe, throughput The sun and the moon broad mind. "Tortoise Shou" to a series of vivid metaphor, the expression of the poet's view of life and career: "old and stable, aiming for thousands of miles, martyrs old age, heart endless." This is the poet to implement a lifelong positive and enterprising spirit of the true confession.
To express the ideal of the poem "degree off the mountain", "wine", "short song" and so on. The first two write political ideals. He thought of peace and prosperity is the Confucianism and law mining, Enwei and the use of the virtuous governor of politics. Which in the context of the social destruction of the social background, is undoubtedly a progressive significance. "Short song" is the theme of seeking Yin, "the mountain tire of high, the sea did not tired of deep, Zhou Bo spit feeding, the world heart" and other verses, to express mercy thirsty, 廣納 talent to Ji as its great cause mood.
In the artistic style, Cao Cao poetry simple, not algae decorated. They are deeply emotional, calm and sung to win. In the poetic mood, then generous sad for its characteristics. Generous sad, this is the common tone of Jian'an literature, but in Cao Cao's poems, it is the most typical performance, the most prominent. In the poetic genre, Cao Cao's Yuefu poems do not copy Han Yuefu regulations, but the development. Such as "Xi Lu line", "Artemisia line", in the Han Yuefu are elegy, he used the old lyrics to describe the new content. Cao Cao opened a tradition to write the current affairs of Yuefu, far-reaching impact. Jian'an writers and from the Northern and Southern Dynasties until the Tang Dynasty many poets, they intend to make a large number of Yuefu poems, can be said that this tradition of inheritance and development.
Cao Cao's achievements in literature, but also in his Jian'an literature (see Jian'an seven children) from the constructive role, Jian'an literature can be in the long war, social disruptive background to flourish, with his attention and promote Not open Liu Xie in the discussion of the reasons for the prosperity of Jian'an literature, once pointed out that "Wei Wu to Wang Zhizhen, Ya love poetry." In fact, the main writer of Jian'an period, there is no close relationship with him. Cao Pi, Cao Zhi is his son, "seven children" and Cai Yan, also have to shelter in his shade. It can be said that the "Ye Xia literati group" is formed on the basis of the material conditions he provides; and their creation is carried out under the influence of his advocacy.
In addition, Cao Cao, there are many other articles handed down, such as "please add Guojia Fengyi table", "let the county from the Ming Ben order", "and Wang Xiu book", "worship the so-called bridge mystery" Simple, emotional, fluency really.
Cao Cao works, according to Qing Yao Zhenzong "Three Kingdoms" research, there are "Wei Wu Di set" 30 volumes recorded 1 volumes, "Bing Shu" 13 volumes and so on more than ten species, and more has been lost, this deposit is only "grandson note." Ming Zhang Pu series scattered see poetry, text and other 145 as "Wei Wu emperor set", income "Han Wei and Six Dynasties hundred sets" in. Ding Fu Bao "Han Wei and Six Dynasties Masters" also "Wei Wu Emperor set", the collection of works slightly more than Zhang Pu series. In 1959, the Chinese bookstore according to Ding Fu Bao, a little finishing supplement, into the "grandson note", and attached to the "Wei Zhi Wu Di Ji", "Cao Lun chronology" and so on, re-printed as "Cao Cao set."
Calligraphy
Cao Cao is a generation of calligraphers are little known, this is mainly Cao Cao handed down the calligraphy works less reason. "Book of the Tang Dynasty," said: "opera, such as golden flowers, all over the exquisite, Jing Yu sub-Hui, Yao if the Cape charm."
West Jin Sagong Zhang Hua in the "Museum" said: "Han Shi, Anping Cui Yuan, Yuan Zi 寔, Hong Nong Zhang Zhi, Chi Chi Chang and cursive, and Taizu Ya.
Southern calligraphy critics Yu Yuwu in his "book", the ancient celebrity calligraphy works are divided into: the upper, middle and lower three products, each product is divided into upper, middle and lower, a total of nine products; Of the calligraphy works included in the middle of the goods, called "Li Mo Xiongzhao." Tang Dynasty calligrapher and commentator Zhang Huai-chen, according to the ancient calligrapher's artistic achievements, they are divided into God, wonderful, can be three categories: Jialite out of God, the use of fine for the wonderful, ; He was in the calligraphy commentary monograph "book off" in that Cao Cao "You Gong Zhang grass, male Yuen", its chapter grass works as wonderful. In view of this, Cao Cao's calligraphy works can not be classified as god goods, top grade, but in the national calligraphy home is a few.
There are historical records, he was often in addition to the famous calligrapher: Zhong Yao, Liang Hu, Handan Chun, Wei birthday, grandson Jing and others to learn from the calligraphy, but also to the favorite secretary of the words of Liang Hu in the account , Try to figure out, appreciate; sometimes sleep at night, then they slowly taste, pondering nail full of words Lianghu. Not only that, Wei Gong plaque he let Liang Hu write, you can say are all down. He and Zhong Yao between there is a little-known story: Zhong Yao dumping his life to the calligraphy career, when Cao Cao learned that Zhong Yao for the big calligrapher Cai Yong left to the birth of a book on the monograph , Refused to gas and hate blood vomiting more than when he was his own dedicated Wuling Dan took Zhong Yao to take.
Cao Cao is a good book, probably because of busy fighting, political affairs, no chance to write, so he spread the ink in the world very little.
Song Zhengqiao in the book "Annals Golden Stone", only included Cao Cao wrote a "monument to the monument"; Ming Yang Shen in the "Dan lead", it is only said that when the Yuan Dynasty Cao Cao wrote " In the "Jinshi recorded", Cao Cao in Wuchang "Yellow Crane Tower" side has written a large, cold and angry, is the book "flood platform" three words. Is retained in the world only two words, and that Cao Cao in the levy Hanzhong, written in the stone gate south of a large stone on the "Dagon snow" word, now moved into the Hanzhong Museum. Bozhou "Cao Cao underground transport road" where to see the "dun snow" word, according to Tuoben engraved; above two official script small word "Wei Wang", because of the title, but also blurred, The question.
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