2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解沖刺模擬試題帶答案
閱讀理解在考研英語(yǔ)占很重的分值，需要考生多做模擬試題鞏固知識(shí)，爭(zhēng)取拿高分。今天，學(xué)習(xí)啦小編準(zhǔn)備了2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解沖刺模擬試題，以供考生練習(xí)。
2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解沖刺模擬試題：【原文】
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever morecunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or justplain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the scienceof conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists haveyet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun tocome close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligentgizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence hasremoved much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assemblyarms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us withmechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled bytireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization ofelectronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that canperform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greaterprecision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make atleast a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose areal challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says DaveLavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give arobot enough‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced verymixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s whenit appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copythe action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begunto extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the humanbrain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and humanperception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognizethe error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlledfactory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing sceneand immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneouslyfocusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the singlesuspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earthcan't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quitehow we do it.
2018考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解沖刺模擬試題：【題目及答案】
26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.
[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D]the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
27. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means
[A]programs. [B]experts. [C]devices. [D]creatures.
28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is todesign a robot that can
[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
[B]interact with human beings verbally.
[C]have a little common sense.
[D]respond independently to a changing world.
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
[A]make a few decisions for themselves.
[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.
[C]improve factory environments.
[D]cultivate human creativity.
30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevantinformation.
[D]best used in a controlled environment.
名師解析
26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in 人類(lèi)的創(chuàng)造性最初表現(xiàn)在
[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction. 用機(jī)器來(lái)創(chuàng)作科幻小說(shuō)。
[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. 制造業(yè)對(duì)機(jī)器的廣泛使用。
[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
發(fā)明工具以處理困難和危險(xiǎn)的工作。
[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
精英人士對(duì)危險(xiǎn)和枯燥的工作的巧妙的處理。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】通過(guò)“ Human ingenuity ”和“ initially ”可以定位到第一段開(kāi)始。“從人類(lèi)產(chǎn)生智慧初期至今，人們一直在設(shè)計(jì)越來(lái)越巧妙的工具來(lái)應(yīng)付那些危險(xiǎn)的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是骯臟的工作。”由于講的是人類(lèi)最初的創(chuàng)造力，因此可以排除 [A] 、 [B] 、 [D] 。
27. The word “gizmos" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means
單詞“ gizmos ” ( 第二段第一行 ) 最有可能的意思是
[A]programs. 程序。 [B]experts. 專(zhuān)家。
[C]devices. 設(shè)備。 [D]creatures. 生物。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】詞義題。
【分析】本題雖然考查的是詞義，但是顯然不是希望考生通過(guò)儲(chǔ)備更大的詞匯來(lái)回答，而是希望考生能夠利用文中出現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)推斷這個(gè)單詞的意思。第二段第一句的意思說(shuō)“由此引起的結(jié)果是，現(xiàn)代世界已經(jīng)充斥著越來(lái)越多的智能 ____ ，盡管我們幾乎都注意不到它們，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類(lèi)勞力。”然后作者提及到了“工廠機(jī)械手”、“自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)”以及“機(jī)器人駕駛員”等等。由此我們可以認(rèn)定這些設(shè)施都是對(duì)“ gizmo ”的例舉和解釋。而這幾樣?xùn)|西具有一個(gè)共同的特征，即它們都是“工具”。相比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有 [C] 最合適。
28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is todesign a robot that can
根據(jù)本文，現(xiàn)在超越人類(lèi)能力范圍的是設(shè)計(jì)一種能 ________ 的機(jī)器人。
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
完成諸如腦手術(shù)這樣的精細(xì)的工作。
[B] interact with human beings verbally.
與人類(lèi)進(jìn)行口頭交流。
[C] have a little common sense.
有一些常識(shí)。
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
對(duì)一個(gè)變化的世界獨(dú)立應(yīng)付。
【答案】 D
【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】根據(jù)“超越人類(lèi)能力”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息，我們可以定位到第三段中“ Dave Lavery ”的第二句話(huà)，即“ we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘ common sense ’ to reliablyinteract with a dynamic world ”。因?yàn)樵摼渲械?ldquo; dynamic ”就是“動(dòng)態(tài)的、變化的”意思，因此我們可以判定答案[D] 是正確的。 [A] 文中已經(jīng)提及。 [B] 的例子就是“自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)”。 [C] 可以在第三段最后一句“我們不能給他足夠的常識(shí)”中找到被排除的依據(jù)。
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
除了減少人類(lèi)勞動(dòng)，機(jī)器人還能夠
[A]make a few decisions for themselves. 為自己做幾個(gè)決策。
[B]deal with some errors with human intervention. 通過(guò)人類(lèi)干預(yù)處理一些錯(cuò)誤。
[C]improve factory environments. 改善工廠環(huán)境。
[D]cultivate human creativity. 培養(yǎng)人的創(chuàng)造性。
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】本題要求考生尋找機(jī)器人還能夠從事什么工作，這就需要對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較。尋找答案。[A] 提到機(jī)器人能夠?yàn)樽约鹤鰩讉€(gè)決策，通過(guò)“ decision ”這個(gè)單詞可以定位到第三段第一句話(huà)“但是如果機(jī)器人要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段，他們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行，并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地做一些決定”，這句話(huà)表明，目前機(jī)器人還不能獨(dú)立做一些決定。 [B] 的意思符合第三段第三句，“雖然我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人去糾正一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤”。至于 [C] ，文中提到機(jī)器人是受環(huán)境控制的，而不是反之。 [D] 的說(shuō)法也反了。
30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
作者使用猴子的例子，為的是說(shuō)機(jī)器人
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
被期望復(fù)制人腦內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
能夠立即覺(jué)察到不正常情況。
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevantinformation.
在聚焦相關(guān)信息方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如人類(lèi)。
[D] best used in a controlled environment.
最適合在受控環(huán)境下使用。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】作者意圖題。
【分析】作者最后一段提到“猴子”這個(gè)例子，是考查文章最后一段的理解。由于文章舉這個(gè)例子就是為了說(shuō)明計(jì)算機(jī)雖然功能強(qiáng)大，但是仍然無(wú)法和人腦的復(fù)雜性相比，因?yàn)槿四X看一眼迅速變化的場(chǎng)景就能夠迅速的排除不相干的信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子，這一點(diǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)是做不到的。因此，可以判斷 [C] 正確。
難句解析：
1. Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever morecunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or justplain nasty.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句前面是“ since ”引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，后面主句中有一個(gè)“ that ”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句“ that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty ”用來(lái)修飾“ work ”。
2. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated byintelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universalexistence has removed much human labor.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主句是“ the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos ”，后面是兩個(gè)“whose ”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，“ but ”連接了這兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
3. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds ofbrain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greaterprecision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是一個(gè)“ there be ”結(jié)構(gòu)，“ robot systems ”后面有一個(gè)“ that ”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，而破折號(hào)引出一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明部分來(lái)修飾“ submillimeter accuracy ”，其中包含一個(gè)比較級(jí)。
4. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene andimmediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneouslyfocusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the singlesuspicious face in a big crowd.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主語(yǔ)是“ the human mind ”，并列謂語(yǔ)“ can glimpse ”和“ disregard”，逗號(hào)后面“ instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a windingforest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd ”是現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)。
全文翻譯：
從人類(lèi)產(chǎn)生智慧初期至今，人們一直在設(shè)計(jì)越來(lái)越巧妙的工具來(lái)應(yīng)付那些危險(xiǎn)的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是骯臟的工作。這種動(dòng)力產(chǎn)生了機(jī)器人科學(xué)——一門(mén)將人類(lèi)的能力賦予機(jī)器的科學(xué)。如果科學(xué)家們還沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造出科幻小說(shuō)的機(jī)械版本，他們也已經(jīng)很接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了。
由此引起的結(jié)果是，現(xiàn)代世界已經(jīng)充斥著越來(lái)越多的智能裝置，盡管我們幾乎都注意不到他們，但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類(lèi)勞力。我們的工廠里轟鳴著機(jī)器人生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)的節(jié)奏;我們的金融服務(wù)在自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)上完成，它們還會(huì)機(jī)械地、禮貌地感謝我們使用業(yè)務(wù);我們的地鐵車(chē)輛由不知疲倦的機(jī)器人司機(jī)駕駛。多虧了電子和微觀機(jī)械儀器的不斷縮小，現(xiàn)在已有一些機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行腦部和骨髓手術(shù)，準(zhǔn)確性精確到亞毫米，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)熟練的醫(yī)生用他們的雙手所能達(dá)到的水平。
但是如果機(jī)器人要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段，他們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行，并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地做一些決定。這些目標(biāo)提出了一個(gè)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。“雖然我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人去糾正一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤，” NASA 的一個(gè)機(jī)器人項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理戴維· 拉維里說(shuō)，“我們?nèi)匀徊荒苜x予機(jī)器人以足夠的‘常識(shí)’，使它們能夠與動(dòng)態(tài)的世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流。”
實(shí)際上對(duì)真正的人工智能的探索已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了各種各樣的結(jié)果。雖然剛開(kāi)始在 20 世紀(jì) 60 和 70 年代有過(guò)一段樂(lè)觀的時(shí)期，那時(shí)候看起來(lái)晶體管電路和微處理器的發(fā)展將使它們?cè)?2010 年能夠模仿人類(lèi)大腦的活動(dòng)——但是最近研究人員已經(jīng)開(kāi)始將這個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)延后了不是數(shù)百年至少也有數(shù)十年。
在試圖建造思維模型的過(guò)程中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類(lèi)大腦中的近 1,000 億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想象得更聰明，人類(lèi)的感知也比以前想象得更復(fù)雜。他們建造出來(lái)的機(jī)器人在嚴(yán)格控制的工廠環(huán)境里，能夠在儀表盤(pán)上識(shí)別一毫米以下的誤差。但是人的大腦能夠掃描一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景，迅速排除 98% 的不相干的物體，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一張可疑的臉。地球上最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)也不能達(dá)到這種能力，并且神經(jīng)學(xué)科學(xué)家仍然不知道我們是怎樣做到這一點(diǎn)的。
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