考研政治包括毛概，思修，馬哲，還有一科是形勢與政策以及當代世界經(jīng)濟與政治，就是目前的國內(nèi)國際比較重要的事件。以下是小編為大家收集的關于2024考研政治真題試卷及答案考答案的相關內(nèi)容，供大家參考!

2024年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試思想政治理論試題及參考答案

一、單項選擇題：1—16小題，每小題1分，共16分。下列每題給出的四個選項中，只有一個選項是最符合題目要求的。

1. 習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想是推進理論創(chuàng)新的光輝典范。新時代譜寫馬克思主義中國化時代化新篇章，要堅守理論創(chuàng)新的基礎和前提，堅守好理論創(chuàng)新的“魂”和“根”。中國化時代化的馬克思主義的“魂脈”和“根脈”是

A. 馬克思主義和中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化

B. 共產(chǎn)主義社會理想和“天下大同”理想

C. 全人類共同價值和社會主義核心價值觀

D. 共產(chǎn)主義遠大理想和中國特色社會主義共同理想

【答案】A

2. 一個地方的氣候主要取決于緯度、海陸位置、地形，以及大氣環(huán)流和洋流等因素。緯度、海陸位置、地形等因素在一定時期內(nèi)基本保持不變，大氣環(huán)流與洋流二者相互作用就形成相對穩(wěn)定的氣候狀態(tài)，但當其中一個因素突然“掉鏈子”,就會發(fā)生厄爾尼諾之類的異?，F(xiàn)象。厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象不僅推高全球變暖幅度，更可能導致頻次更多、范圍更廣、強度更大的極端天氣，進而影響全球氣候。厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象對全球氣候的影響表明，偶然因素是

A. 決定事物發(fā)展趨勢的根本性因素

B. 事物發(fā)展中可有可無的影響因素

C. 事物發(fā)展中不可忽視的影響因素

D. 事物發(fā)展過程中確定不移的因素

【答案】C

3. 除了幾十顆衛(wèi)星編織的“天上一張網(wǎng)”,還有地基增強系統(tǒng)構成的“地上一張網(wǎng)”,北斗衛(wèi)星導航系統(tǒng)開啟了高精度定位技術進步的“加速度”。有了“天上一張網(wǎng)”,為什么還要再建“地上一張網(wǎng)”?傳統(tǒng)的衛(wèi)星導航系統(tǒng)能提供的精度僅為5～10米，而北斗衛(wèi)星導航系統(tǒng)可以實現(xiàn)提供實時米級、分米級、厘米級的更高精度的定位服務。從農(nóng)林牧漁到吃穿住行，隨著北斗衛(wèi)星導航芯片或模塊越來越多嵌入生產(chǎn)生活，每一個人都愈發(fā)清晰地感知到北斗的力量。北斗衛(wèi)星導航系統(tǒng)在發(fā)展中應用、在應用中發(fā)展表明，技術進步的根本動力是

A. 科學研究的規(guī)范

B. 實踐主體的意志

C. 認識主體的興趣

D. 社會實踐的需要

【答案】D

4. 列寧在談到未來社會時寫道，“生產(chǎn)力將以什么樣的速度向前發(fā)展，將以什么樣的速度發(fā)展到打破分工、消滅腦力勞動和體力勞動的對立、把勞動變?yōu)椤畹牡谝恍枰?這都是我們所不知道而且也不可能知道的”,“我們只能談國家消亡的必然性，同時著重指出這個過程是長期的，指出它的長短將取決于共產(chǎn)主義高級階段的發(fā)展速度，而把消滅的日期或消亡的具體形式作為懸案，因為現(xiàn)在還沒有可供解決這些問題的材料”。這表明，列寧在展望未來社會時

A. 揭示了社會歷史發(fā)展的各項措施、方式、方法

B. 認為不存在適用于各種社會形態(tài)發(fā)展的普遍規(guī)律

C. 沒有提出未來社會發(fā)展的方向、原則和基本特征

D. 不對歷史發(fā)展的各種細節(jié)作具體描繪

【答案】D

5. 隨著我國生產(chǎn)資料私有制社會主義改造的基本完成，國內(nèi)的社會矛盾和階級關系發(fā)生重大變化。在此背景下，毛澤東在1957年2月作《關于正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾的問題》的報告，明確提出把正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾作為我國政治生活的主題，其根本著眼點是

A. 調(diào)動一切積極因素為社會主義建設服務

B. 擴大社會主義民主，健全社會主義法制

C. 維護社會穩(wěn)定，實現(xiàn)長治久安

D. 消除社會矛盾，實現(xiàn)民族大團結

【答案】A

6. 習近平總書記指出：“實踐發(fā)展永無止境，解放思想永無止境，改革開放也永無止境，改革開放只有進行時、沒有完成時?！毙聲r代堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義，根本動力仍然是全面深化改革開放。改革開放的鮮明特征和首要任務是

A. 解放和發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)力

B. 形成更加成熟更加定型的制度

C. 處理好政府和市場的關系

D. 促進社會公平正義、增進人民福祉

【答案】A

7. 社會治理是國家治理的重要領域，關系國家長治久安、社會安定有序、人民安居樂業(yè)。二十世紀60年代浙江楓橋干部群眾創(chuàng)造了依靠群眾就地化解矛盾的“楓橋經(jīng)驗”。今年是毛澤東同志批示學習推廣“楓橋經(jīng)驗”60周年，也是習近平總書記指示堅持和發(fā)展“楓橋經(jīng)驗”20周年。11月6日，習近平總書記在會見全國“楓橋 式工作法”入選單位代表時，再次強調(diào)要堅持和發(fā)展好新時代“楓橋經(jīng)驗”。新時代“楓橋經(jīng)驗”最突出的特點是

A. 加強社會治理的頂層設計

B. 最大限度把矛盾風險防范化解在基層

C. 把人文關懷和心理疏導有機結合起來

D. 有效發(fā)揮政府的主導作用

【答案】B

8. 我國是一個有十四億多人口的大國，無論社會現(xiàn)代化程度有多高，解決好吃飯問題，

始終是治國理政的頭等大事。保障我國糧食安全的關鍵在于

A. 健全種糧農(nóng)民收益保障機制

B. 推進農(nóng)業(yè)供給側結構性改革

C. 落實藏糧于地、藏糧于技戰(zhàn)略

D. 完善主產(chǎn)區(qū)利益補償制度

【答案】C

9.中國是全國各族人民共同締造的統(tǒng)一的多民族國家。中國上下五千年的歷史，就是

一個統(tǒng)一的多民族國家形成和不斷發(fā)展的歷史。對中華民族形成起決定作用的是

A. 對種族和血緣的認同

B. 對中華民族共同體的認同

C. 對宗教信仰的認同

D. 對共同生活地域的認同

【答案】B

10. 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭前的中國社會是封建社會。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后，獨立的中國逐步變成半殖民地

的中國，封建的中國逐步變成半封建的中國。所謂“半封建”是指

A. 封建經(jīng)濟占據(jù)國家經(jīng)濟的一半

B. 中國出現(xiàn)資本主義生產(chǎn)關系。

C. 中國喪失完全獨立的地位

D. 封建剝削制度的根基徹底動搖

【答案】B

11. 孫中山先生是偉大的民族英雄、偉大的愛國主義者、中國民主革命的偉大先驅(qū)。1894

年11月，在植香山召開的興中會成立大會通過了由孫中山起草的《興中會章程》。在章程中，

孫中山提出了

A. “振興中華”的口號

B. “建立民國”的口號

C. “反帝反封”的口號

D. “民主自由”的口號

【答案】A

12. 1937年7月7日，日本帝國主義發(fā)動了盧溝橋事變，企圖以武力吞并全中國。盧溝

橋事變的發(fā)生

A. 揭開了抗日戰(zhàn)爭的序幕

B. 成為中國人民抗日戰(zhàn)爭的起點.

C. 標志著中國進入全民族抗戰(zhàn)階段

D. 標志著世界反法西斯同盟的正式建立

【答案】C

13. 1848年，解放戰(zhàn)爭形勢已經(jīng)有了極大的發(fā)展，許多解放區(qū)已經(jīng)連成一片，許多城市已經(jīng)解放或者即將解放，人民解放軍和人民解放戰(zhàn)爭的正規(guī)性程度大為提高，全國勝利已經(jīng)在望。這種情況要求黨迅速克服存在于黨內(nèi)和軍隊內(nèi)的任何無紀律無政府狀態(tài)，把一切必須和可能集中的權力集中于中央。為此，中共中央決定建立

A. 精兵簡政制度 B. 請示報告制度C. 民主協(xié)商制度D. 黨外通報制度

【答案】B

14.習近平總書記在黨的二十大報告深刻指出：“全面依法治國是國家治理的一場深刻革命，關系黨執(zhí)政興國，關系人民幸福安康，關系黨和國家長治久安。必須更好發(fā)揮法治固根本、穩(wěn)預期、利長遠的保障作用，在法治軌道上全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家。全面依法治國，關鍵在于

A. 加快形成嚴密的法治監(jiān)督體系

B. 堅持依法治國和以德治國相結合

C. 堅持黨領導立法、保證執(zhí)法，支持司法、帶頭守法

D. 深入開展法治宣傳教育

【答案】C

15. 黨和國家歷來重視基礎研究工作。中共中央政治局2023年2月21日就加強基礎研究進行第三次集體學習。中共中央總書記習近平在主持學習時強調(diào)，加強基礎研究是實現(xiàn)高水平科技自立自強的迫切要求，是建設世界科技強國的必由之路。加強基礎研究，歸根到底要靠

A. 體制機制 B. 國際合作平臺 C. 學科建設布局 D. 高水平人才

【答案】D

16. 2023年9月18日至26日，第78屆聯(lián)合國大會高級別周在聯(lián)合國總部進行。相比以往，本屆聯(lián)大將更多目光投向了“全球南方”,議程主要著眼于“全球南方”國家提出的需求，討論氣候變化、主權債務減免、如何幫助陷入困境的國家實現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國在繁榮、健康、發(fā)展、教育、性別平等方面的發(fā)展目標。中國作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，在本屆聯(lián)大期間出席多場會議，表達“全球南方”天然成員的訴求與主張?！叭蚰戏健眹业穆曇舾懥粒潜緦寐?lián)大的亮點。這表明

A. 全球南北對話的僵局已經(jīng)破解

B. “全球南方”國家在國際組織中的話語權和影響力占據(jù)了主導地位

C. 南方國家改變國際秩序游戲規(guī)則的議題成為了國際社會的普遍共識

D. 國際力量對比正在發(fā)生深刻變化，百年變局正在深入發(fā)展演進

【答案】D

二、多項選擇題：17—33小題，每小題2分，共34分。下列每題給出的四個選項中，至少有兩個選項是符合題目要求的。多選、少選或錯選均不得分。

17. 隨著新一代人工智能技術的發(fā)展，基于大模型的生成式人工智能(AIGC) 在 快 速回答提問、創(chuàng)作代碼、翻唱經(jīng)典歌曲等方面取得了新的突破。但是，隨著技術迭代， 人工智能高效地應用于各行各業(yè)時，其帶來的風險也不容忽視，比如人工智能生成 近似原畫的內(nèi)容、構圖，可能侵犯原創(chuàng)作者的知識產(chǎn)權;人工智能技術被惡意使用， 可能用來從事制造虛假信息、詐騙等違法活動。守住法律和倫理底線，推動人工智能朝著科技向善的方向發(fā)展，關鍵還在于人們更智慧地使用人工智能工具。“更智慧地使用人工智能工具”意味著

A. 技術進步要以維護人民的根本利益為最高標準

B. 人類活動能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)合目的性與合規(guī)律性的統(tǒng)一

C. 科技發(fā)展是由主觀意志決定的客觀物質(zhì)活動

D. 成功的實踐是真理尺度與價值尺度的統(tǒng)一

【答案】ABD

18. 茶葉，采自天然;茶器，匠心獨具;茶藝，彬彬有禮。飲茶品茶，陶冶性情;以茶會友，品味人生。從山間一片葉，到萬家杯中茶，茶葉的生長與旅行，講述著關于文明與生活的故事，沉淀著中華文明獨特的價值理念。有人說“離開了茶文化，茶葉就僅僅只是一片葉子”。從“一片葉子”到“茶文化”表明

A. 觀念的東西不外是移入人腦并經(jīng)過人腦改造過的物質(zhì)的東西而已

B. 世界上一切事物所具有的特定意義只是經(jīng)驗外化于對象的意義

C. 客體潛在的價值轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實的價值，依賴于實踐基礎上的主體創(chuàng)造

D. 客體的價值及價值大小，取決于客體的屬性及滿足主體需要的程度

【答案】ACD

19. 習近平指出：“人類文明多樣性是世界的基本特征，也是人類進步的源泉。世界上 有200多個國家和地區(qū)、2500多個民族、多種宗教。不同歷史和國情，不同民族和習俗，孕育了不同文明，使世界更加豐富多彩?！蔽ㄎ锸酚^關于社會形態(tài)的理論中，內(nèi)在地包含著文明多樣性的思想。下列關于人類文明多樣性表述正確的有

A. 獨特的生產(chǎn)方式和生活方式?jīng)Q定著文明發(fā)展的不同樣態(tài)

B. 各種文明都具有獨自的比其他文明更優(yōu)越、更強大的文化基因

C. 每一種文明都代表著一方文化的獨特性，是人類文明的重要組成部分

D. 每一種文明都是在與其他文明相隔離的狀態(tài)下獨自產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和演變的

【答案】AC

20. 商品經(jīng)濟是社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展到一定階段的產(chǎn)物。在資本主義社會之前的發(fā)展階段，商品經(jīng)濟只是一種簡單商品經(jīng)濟，這一階段商品經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的基礎是

A.生產(chǎn)資料公有制 B.個體勞動 C.生產(chǎn)資料私有制 D. 雇傭勞動

【答案】BC

21. 習近平指出：“經(jīng)濟全球化是社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的客觀要求和科技進步的必然結果， 不是哪些人、哪些國家人為制造出來的。經(jīng)濟全球化為世界經(jīng)濟增長提供了強勁動力，促進了商品和資本流動、科技和文明進步、各國人民交往?！睂е陆?jīng)濟全球化迅猛發(fā)展的因素有

A.信息技術革命打破了生產(chǎn)要素的地域限制，使整個世界生產(chǎn)連成一片

B.國際分工和生產(chǎn)要素全球流動的比較優(yōu)勢，促進了產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈深度融合

C. 發(fā)達國家主導制定的貿(mào)易和競爭規(guī)則，使廣大發(fā)展中國家成為主要受益者

D. 國際經(jīng)濟組織成員國對本國或本地區(qū)市場控制的放松，加快了貿(mào)易投資自由化

【答案】ABD

22. 毛澤東在談到黨對民主革命規(guī)律的認識時指出，從黨的建立到抗日時期，我們經(jīng)過了兩次勝利兩次失敗?！霸诳谷諘r期，我們才制定了合乎情況的黨的總路線和一整套具體政策。這時候，中國民主革命這個必然王國才被我們認識，我們才有了自由”。這表明

A. 黨已完全掌握了新民主主義革命的發(fā)展規(guī)律

B. 馬克思主義必須與中國革命具體實際相結合

C. 黨對民主革命規(guī)律的認識必須有一個過程

D. 新民主主義革命理論是總結正反兩方面經(jīng)驗形成的

【答案】BCD

23.今年以來，我國經(jīng)濟持續(xù)回升向好，高質(zhì)量發(fā)展扎實推進，我國仍是全球增長最大引擎。據(jù)權威部門統(tǒng)計，前三季度我國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值同比增長5.2%;全國居民人均可支配收入同比實際增長5.9%;高技術產(chǎn)業(yè)投資增長11.4%。前10個月社會物流總額同比增長4.9%，物流需求恢復向好，行業(yè)提質(zhì)升級加速?？傮w上看，我國經(jīng)濟長期向好的基本面沒有變也不會變，因為我國具有

A. 超大規(guī)模市場的需求優(yōu)勢

B.產(chǎn)業(yè)體系配套完整的供給優(yōu)勢

C.社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的體制優(yōu)勢

D. 大量高素質(zhì)勞動者和企業(yè)家的人才優(yōu)勢

【答案】ABCD

24. 2023年5月29日，習近平總書記在二十屆中央政治局第五次集體學習時指出，當今時代，人才是第一資源，科技是第一生產(chǎn)力，創(chuàng)新是第一動力，要把建設教育強國、科技強國、人才強國有機結合起來， 一體統(tǒng)籌推進，形成推動高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的倍增效應。在全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家進程中，堅持教育、科技、人才一體推進是因為

A. 教育、科技、人才三者之間具有一致性和相互支撐性

B. 教育、科技、人才在綜合國力競爭中的關鍵性地位更加凸顯

C. 教育、科技、人才是全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家的基礎性和戰(zhàn)略性支撐

D. 把教育、科技、人才擺在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展重要位置是社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設的歷史經(jīng)驗

【答案】ABCD

25. 黨的二十大以來，習近平總書記到不同省區(qū)市深入考察時，多次強調(diào)各地要立足自身實際牢牢把握在國家發(fā)展大局中的戰(zhàn)略定位。比如，要求浙江“要在以科技創(chuàng)新塑造發(fā)展新優(yōu)勢上走在前列”，強調(diào)內(nèi)蒙古發(fā)展的重中之重是“做大做強國家重要能源基地”，指出黑龍江“要當好國家糧食安全‘壓艙石’”，等等。習近平總書記的重要指示，為中國式現(xiàn)代化的地方實踐提供了根本遵循。準確把握各地區(qū)在國家發(fā)展大局中的戰(zhàn)略定位有利于

A. 發(fā)揮各地比較優(yōu)勢，塑造我國發(fā)展新優(yōu)勢

B. 優(yōu)化區(qū)域經(jīng)濟布局，拓展我國發(fā)展動力源

C.統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展和安全，掌握我國發(fā)展主動權

D.同步實現(xiàn)共同富裕，推動我國發(fā)展邁上新臺階

【答案】ABC

26. 加快發(fā)展數(shù)字經(jīng)濟是我國建設現(xiàn)代化產(chǎn)業(yè)體系的重要內(nèi)容。根據(jù)《中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展報告2023》，截至2022年底，中國數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)量和算力總規(guī)模均居世界第二。十年間，中國數(shù)字經(jīng)濟規(guī)模從11萬億元增長到50.2萬億元，占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重達到41.5%。數(shù)字經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展充分表明

A. 數(shù)據(jù)已成為新的生產(chǎn)要素

B. 數(shù)字經(jīng)濟正在成為新一輪國際競爭的重點領域

C.數(shù)字經(jīng)濟已取代實體經(jīng)濟

D.數(shù)字經(jīng)濟是穩(wěn)增長促轉(zhuǎn)型的重要引擎

【答案】ABD

27. 1924年至1927年由國共兩黨合作發(fā)動的大革命，在中國大地上掀起了反帝反封建的偉大斗爭，在中國革命史上寫下了光榮的一頁。與辛亥革命相比，大革命

A. 斗爭的規(guī)模更加宏偉

B. 革命的社會內(nèi)涵更為深刻

C. 斗爭的形式更加隱蔽

D. 群眾的動員程度更為廣泛

【答案】ABD

28. 社會主義改造基本完成以后，中國共產(chǎn)黨面臨如何進行社會主義建設的問題。毛澤東明確提出：“現(xiàn)在是社會主義革命和建設時期，我們要進行第二次結合，找出在 中國怎樣建設社會主義的道路。”1956年，以毛澤東同志為主要代表的中國共產(chǎn)黨人提出了一系列關于社會主義建設的重要方針，其中包括

A. 在經(jīng)濟建設上實行“既反保守又反冒進”的方針

B. 在對外關系上實行“一邊倒”的方針

C. 在科學文化工作中實行“百花齊放、百家爭鳴”的方針

D. 在黨與民主黨派的關系上實行“長期共存、互相監(jiān)督”的方針

【答案】ACD

29. 1939年10月，毛澤東在《《共產(chǎn)黨人》發(fā)刊詞》中，把黨的建設稱為“偉大工程”。2022年10月，習近平總書記在黨的二十大報告中指出，必須持之以恒推進全面從 嚴治黨，深入推進新時代黨的建設新的偉大工程，以黨的自我革命引領社會革命。

下列關于黨的自我革命的正確表述有

A. 勇于自我革命是中國共產(chǎn)黨區(qū)別于其他政黨的顯著標志

B. 自我革命精神是黨永葆青春活力的強大支撐

C. 所有政黨都是在不斷自我革命中淬煉而成的

D. 自我革命是我們黨跳出歷史周期率的第二個答案

【答案】ABD

30. 中華傳統(tǒng)美德蘊含著豐富的思想道德資源，對于我們今天的道德建設具有重要價值。習近平總書記指出：“要繼承和弘揚我國人民在長期實踐中培養(yǎng)和形成的傳統(tǒng)美德，堅持馬克思主義道德觀、堅持社會主義道德觀，在去粗取精、去偽存真的基礎上，堅持古為今用、推陳出新，努力實現(xiàn)中華傳統(tǒng)美德的創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化、創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展”。中華傳統(tǒng)美德的“創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化、創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展”體現(xiàn)為

A. 對中華傳統(tǒng)美德中具有當代價值的道德精神加以挖掘

B. 賦予中華傳統(tǒng)美德新的時代內(nèi)涵

C. 用中華傳統(tǒng)美德滋養(yǎng)社會主義道德建設

D. 形成以中國傳統(tǒng)文化為主體的道德體系

【答案】ABC

31. 《中華人民共和國愛國主義教育法》由中華人民共和國第十四屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第六次會議于2023年10月24日通過，自2024年1月1日起實施。這是新時代加強愛國主義教育，傳承弘揚愛國主義精神，實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興中國夢的必然要求。下列關于愛國主義教育法表述正確的有

A、愛國主義教育法是社會主義核心價值觀入法的具體體現(xiàn)

B、愛國主義教育法有利于維護國家統(tǒng)一和民族團結

C、愛國主義教育法是懲治危害國家安全、榮譽和利益行為的法律武器

D、愛國主義教育法為加強新時代愛國主義教育提供了法治保障

【答案】ABD

32. 2023年4月3日，學習貫徹習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想主題教育工作會議在北京召開。會議強調(diào)，這次主題教育要牢牢把握“學思想、強黨性、重實踐、建新功”的總要求。要全面學習領會習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想，全面系統(tǒng)掌握這一思想的基本觀點、科學體系，把握好這一思想的世界觀、方法論，堅持好、運用好貫穿其中的立場觀點方法，不斷增加對黨的創(chuàng)新理論的

A. 政治認同 B. 思想認同 C. 理論認同 D.情感認同

【答案】ABCD

33. 在中方支持下，2023年3月6日至10日，沙特阿拉伯與伊朗在北京舉行對話。3月10日，中沙伊三方簽署并發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明，宣布沙伊雙關同意恢復外交關系。這是黨的二十大后中國外交的“大手筆”。中方推動沙伊握手言和的重要意義表現(xiàn)在：

A. 創(chuàng)造了調(diào)解沖突的新范式，為其他地區(qū)熱點問題的解決提供了新思路

B. 使沙伊矛盾得以最終解決

C. 助力中東地區(qū)實現(xiàn)和平、穩(wěn)定與安全

D. 為國際社會注入和平合作的正能量

【答案】ACD

三、材料分析題：34—38小題，每小題10分，共50分。要求結合所學知識分析材料回答問題。

34. 結合材料回答問題：

為全面貫徹落實黨的二十大精神，黨中央決定，把大興調(diào)查研究作為在全黨開展主題教育的重要內(nèi)容。習近平總書記就“深入調(diào)查研究”提出明確要求，強調(diào)既要學會調(diào)查，也要擅長研究，“在調(diào)查的基礎上深化研究，提高調(diào)研成果質(zhì)量，切實把調(diào)研成果轉(zhuǎn)化為解決問題、改進工作的實際舉措”。這為全黨大興調(diào)查研究提供了重要遵循。

調(diào)查研究要善于抓問題、求答案。調(diào)查是全面、客觀、準確掌握情況的過程，并不自然產(chǎn)生科學觀點、得出正確結論。開展調(diào)查研究，要做好真實情況和各種問題的調(diào)查，也要在調(diào)查的基礎上進行深入細致的研究。調(diào)查研究要敢于發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、正視問題、解決問題，“直奔問題去”。調(diào)查研究的問題從哪里來?人民群眾最關心的就業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)療、托育、養(yǎng)老、住房等現(xiàn)實問題，維護社會穩(wěn)定、防災減災救災和重大突發(fā)公共事件處置保障短板等重點難點問題，貫徹新發(fā)展理念、構建新發(fā)展格局、推動高質(zhì)量發(fā)展等重大問題，都是調(diào)查研究的題目;工作中易忽視的細節(jié)、易梗阻的程序，都可以成為調(diào)查研究的問題切入點。習近平總書記每到基層考察調(diào)研，總會從貼近民生的細節(jié)入手，從最細微的事項問起：走進六盤山區(qū)破矮的土坯房舀起一瓢水嘗嘗水質(zhì)，向技術人員詢問機械的工作原理、購買價格、插秧效率，向出租車司機征詢對年節(jié)打車難的解決辦法，等等，確?！罢嬲鎸崒嵃亚闆r摸清楚”。早年在福建省工作時，針對福建林農(nóng)守著“金山銀山”過窮日子的狀況，習近平抓住“山要怎么分”“樹要怎么砍”“錢從哪里來”“單家獨戶怎么辦”四個難題深入調(diào)研，推出了有針對性的改革舉措。只調(diào)查不研究，就提不出解決問題的有效對策;只研究不調(diào)查，決策難免成為無源之水、無本之木。只有把調(diào)查和研究很好統(tǒng)籌起來，調(diào)查研究才能成為獲得真知灼見的源頭活水，成為領導干部提高認識能力、判斷能力和工作能力的基本功。

調(diào)查研究的關鍵在實效。衡量調(diào)查研究搞得好不好，不是看調(diào)查研究的規(guī)模有多大、 時間有多長，也不是光看調(diào)查報告寫得怎么樣，關鍵要看調(diào)查研究的實效，看調(diào)查成果的運用，看能不能把問題解決好。實踐告訴我們，深入一線，“進行解剖麻雀式的調(diào)研”,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，舉一反三，從“解決一個問題”到“解決一類問題”,這樣調(diào)查研究的系統(tǒng)性、預見性、創(chuàng)造性、實效性就會大大增強。

摘編自 《人民日報》(2023年6月8日、8月28日、9月5日)

(1)如何理解“調(diào)查是全面、客觀、準確掌握情況的過程，并不自然產(chǎn)生科學觀點、

得出正確結論”?(5分)

(2)為什么“解決一個問題”能推動“解決一類問題”?(5分)

【答案】稍后直播講解一下!

35.結合材料回答問題：

黨的十八大以來，在習近平生態(tài)文明思想科學指引下，黨領導人民站在人與自然和 諧共生的高度謀劃發(fā)展、推進中國式現(xiàn)代化，我國生態(tài)文明建設從理論到實踐都發(fā)生了歷史性、轉(zhuǎn)折性、全局性變化，創(chuàng)造了舉世囑目的生態(tài)奇跡和綠色發(fā)展奇跡。

江南鄉(xiāng)村的蝶變、塞罕壩沙地變林海、蒼山洱?；謴捅旧?、九曲黃河重現(xiàn)清流…… 世界見證一個個生態(tài)文明建設的中國故事?！拔覀兊淖鎳旄{、山更綠、水更清”，黨的二十大報告中的這句話道出了中國人民的切身感受。綠色循環(huán)低碳發(fā)展已成為當今時代新的經(jīng)濟增長點。今年上半年，在能源產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色轉(zhuǎn)型引領下，我國光伏電池、風力發(fā)電機組等產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量同比分別增長54.5%和48.1%。新能源汽車“揚帆出?！?，與之相關的汽車用鋰離子動力電池、充電樁等產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量同比分別增長46.4%和53.1%。綠色發(fā)展跑 出“加速度”，為國民經(jīng)濟總體回升向好提供了有力支撐。從成功舉辦《生物多樣性公 約》第十五次締約方大會、《濕地公約》第十四屆締約方大會，到推動建立全球清潔能 源合作伙伴關系、啟動100個減緩和適應氣候變化項目，再到與數(shù)十個國家共同發(fā)起“一 帶一路”綠色發(fā)展伙伴關系倡議……中國始終積極參與國際環(huán)境保護治理，開展綠色雙多邊合作，攜手各國共建地球生命共同體，為全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入不竭動力。中國的生態(tài)奇跡和綠色發(fā)展奇跡引發(fā)國際社會熱烈反響。中國被視為全球綠色轉(zhuǎn)型的領跑者和綠色發(fā)展的表率。許多世界知名專家紛紛表示，中國企業(yè)有望成為世界能源產(chǎn)業(yè)的領軍力量，進而對全球生態(tài)環(huán)境治理和全人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展發(fā)揮積極作用。

我國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展已進入加快綠色化、低碳化的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展階段。但是，目前我國 生態(tài)環(huán)境保護結構性、根源性、趨勢性壓力尚未根本緩解，必須以更高站位、更寬視野、更大力度來謀劃和推進人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化。習近平總書記在全國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護大會上指出，“要深入貫徹新時代中國特色社會主義生態(tài)文明思想，堅持以人民為中心， 牢固樹立和踐行綠水青山就是金山銀山的理念，把建設美麗中國擺在強國建設、民族復興的突出位置，推動城鄉(xiāng)人居環(huán)境明顯改善、美麗中國建設取得顯著成效，以高品質(zhì)生態(tài)環(huán)境支撐高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，加快推進人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化。”

摘編自 人民網(wǎng)(2023年7月20日、8月3日、8月11日)

(1)如何理解“以高品質(zhì)生態(tài)環(huán)境支撐高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，加快推進人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化”?(6分)

(2)從人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化角度，分析中國式現(xiàn)代化道路的世界意義。(4分)

36.結合材料回答問題：

材料 1

1919年1月，陳獨秀在回應當時社會上對《新青年》的攻擊時寫道：

“本志同人本來無罪，只因為擁護那德莫克拉西(Democracy) 和賽因斯(Science)兩位先生，才犯了這幾條滔天的大罪。要擁護那德朱生，便不得不反對孔教，禮法，貞節(jié)，舊倫理，舊政治;要擁護那賽先生，便不得不反對舊藝術，舊宗教;要擁護德先生又要擁護賽先生，便不得不反對國粹和舊文學”。

“西洋人因為擁護德賽兩先生，鬧了多少事，流了多少血，德賽兩先生才漸漸從黑暗中把他們救出，引到光明世界。我們現(xiàn)在認定只有這兩位先生，可以救治中國政治上道德上學術上思想上一切的黑暗。”

摘自 《復興文庫》第1編第7卷第3冊

材料2

1940年1月9日，毛澤東在陜甘寧邊區(qū)文化協(xié)會第一次代表大會上的講演中指出：

“我們共產(chǎn)黨人，多年以來，不但為中國的政治革命和經(jīng)濟革命而奮斗，而且為中國的文化革命而奮斗;一切這些的目的，在于建設一個中華民族的新社會和新國家。在 這個新社會和新國家中，不但有新政治、新經(jīng)濟，而且有新文化。這就是說，我們不但要把一個政治上受壓迫、經(jīng)濟上受剝削的中國，變?yōu)橐粋€政治上自由和經(jīng)濟上繁榮的中國，而且要把一個被舊文化統(tǒng)治因而愚昧落后的中國，變?yōu)橐粋€被新文化統(tǒng)治因而文明先進的中國。一句話，我們要建立一個新中國。建立中華民族的新文化，這就是我們在文化領域中的目的。”

“一切外國的東西，如同我們對于食物一樣，必須經(jīng)過自己的口腔咀嚼和胃腸運動，送進唾液胃液腸液，把它分解為精華和糟粕兩部分，然后排泄其糟粕，吸收其精華，才能對我們的身體有益，決不能生吞活剝地毫無批判地吸收。所謂‘全盤西化’的主張，乃是一種錯誤的觀點。形式主義地吸收外國的東西，在中國過去是吃過大虧的。中國共產(chǎn)主義者對于馬克思主義在中國的應用也是這樣，必須將馬克思主義的普遍真理和中國革命的具體實踐完全地恰當?shù)亟y(tǒng)一起來，就是說，和民族的特點相結合，經(jīng)過一定的民族形式，才有用處，決不能主觀地公式地應用它……中國文化應有自己的形式，這就是民族形式。民族的形式，新民主主義的內(nèi)容——這就是我們今天的新文化?！?摘自 《毛澤東選集》第2卷

材料3

2023年6月2日，習近平總書記在文化傳承發(fā)展座談會上的講話中指出：

“開放包容始終是文明發(fā)展的活力來源，也是文化自信的顯著標志。中華文明的博大氣象，就得益于中華文化自古以來開放的姿態(tài)、包容的胸懷。乘持開放包容，就是要更加積極主動地學習借鑒人類創(chuàng)造的一切優(yōu)秀文明成果。無論是對內(nèi)提升先進文化的凝 聚力感召力，還是對外增強中華文明的傳播力影響力，都離不開融通中外、貫通古今。經(jīng)過長期努力，我們比以往任何一個時代都更有條件破解‘古今中西之爭’,也比以往任何一個時代都更迫切需要一批熔鑄古今、匯通中西的文化成果。我們必須堅持馬克思 主義中國化時代化，傳承發(fā)展中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，促進外來文化本土化，不斷培育和創(chuàng)造新時代中國特色社會主義文化?！?/p>

“對歷史最好的繼承就是創(chuàng)造新的歷史，對人類文明最大的禮敬就是創(chuàng)造人類文明新形態(tài)。希望大家擔當使命、奮發(fā)有為，共同努力創(chuàng)造屬于我們這個時代的新文化，建設中華民族現(xiàn)代文明!”

摘自 《求是》2023年第17期

(1)結合新文化運動以來的歷史，分析中國共產(chǎn)黨對中國文化發(fā)展方向的探索及其意義。(6分)

(2)為什么說“我們比以往任何一個時代都更有條件破解‘古今中西之爭’”?(4分)

【答案】

中華文明的博大氣象，得益于中華文化自古以來開放的姿態(tài)、包容的胸懷。在新的歷史起點上更好擔負起新的文化使命，就要秉持開放包容，更加積極主動學習借鑒人類創(chuàng)造的一切優(yōu)秀文明成果。

鑄就中華文化新輝煌，就要秉持開放包容的態(tài)度，在取長補短、擇善而從、兼收并蓄中豐富和發(fā)展中華文化。當然，對外學習、汲取養(yǎng)分，絕不是全盤接受、照抄照搬。無論是對內(nèi)提升先進文化的凝聚力感召力，還是對外增強中華文明的傳播力影響力，都離不開融通中外、貫通古今。經(jīng)過長期努力，我們比以往任何一個時代都更有條件破解“古今中西之爭”，也比以往任何一個時代都更迫切需要一批熔鑄古今、匯通中西的文化成果。這一重要論述，指明了在新的歷史起點上繼續(xù)推動文化繁榮、建設文化強國、建設中華民族現(xiàn)代文明的路線圖和方法論：在破解“古今中西之爭”，熔鑄古今、匯通中西的思想進程中，鑄就中華文化新輝煌。要實現(xiàn)這一目標，必須不忘本來、吸收外來、面向未來，推進馬克思主義中國化時代化，傳承發(fā)展中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，促進外來文化本土化，不斷培育和創(chuàng)造新時代中國特色社會主義文化。

37.結合材料回答問題：

材 料 1

2023年5月1日，習近平總書記給中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學科技小院的學生回信強調(diào)：“你們在信中說，走進鄉(xiāng)土中國深處，才深刻理解什么是實事求是、怎么去聯(lián)系群眾，青年人 就要‘自找苦吃’,說得很好。新時代中國青年就應該有這股精氣神?！绷暯娇倳浀?回信，既是對新時代中國青年“自找苦吃”精神的充分肯定，也是對他們的般切期望。

摘編自 《光明日報》(2023年5月10日)

材 料 2

河南省林縣位于太行山東麓，歷史上屬于嚴重干早地區(qū).史料記載，林縣山多水少，土薄石厚，鑿井無泉，致遠汲深，居民懸釜待炊，于是有取水十余里外者，老弱婦女抱甕蹀踱，人高疲極。林縣人民祖祖輩輩想水、盼水，始終懷有一個水的夢想。新中國成 立后，黨和政府十分關心林縣的缺水問題。1960年，“引漳入林”工程啟動，林縣人民 歷經(jīng)十年，修建出被譽為“人造天河”的紅旗渠，在太行山崇山峻嶺中創(chuàng)造了奇跡。被 稱為紅旗渠咽喉工程的青年洞，由300名青年組成突擊隊，經(jīng)過1年5個月的奮戰(zhàn)，用 螞蟻啃骨頭的精神，將紅旗渠最艱難的部分延伸了616米。青年突擊隊員以不怕苦、不 畏難、不懼犧牲的忘我投入，把紅旗渠精神書寫在萬仞壁立的太行山上。2022年11月， 習近平總書記考察紅旗渠時指出，“年輕一代要繼承和發(fā)揚吃苦耐勞、自力更生、艱苦奮斗的精神，摒棄驕嬌二氣，像我們的父輩一樣把青春熱血鐫刻在歷史的豐碑上?！?/p>

摘編自 《人民日報》(2022年11月13日)

材料3

隨著時代的變化，“吃苦”的內(nèi)在要求和外在形式也在不斷變化。今天，我們已經(jīng) 實現(xiàn)全面小康，“苦”已經(jīng)不是缺衣少食的物質(zhì)之苦、更多體現(xiàn)在為解決“卡脖子”技 術的攻堅克難，在搶險教災前線的沖鋒陷陣，在鄉(xiāng)村振興主戰(zhàn)場的摸爬滾打，在保衛(wèi)祖 國邊疆的無畏無懼……習近平總書記指出：“青年時代，選擇吃苦也就選擇了收獲，選 擇奉獻也就選擇了高尚?！苯üχ卮蠊こ?，青年建設者不畏艱險、失志創(chuàng)新，“青年突擊 隊”“青年攻堅組”的旗幟高高飄揚;面對重大疫情。32萬余支青年突擊隊、550余萬 名青年拼搏在醫(yī)療教護、交通物流、項目建設等抗疫一線;奮戰(zhàn)脫貧攻堅，千千萬萬青 年扶貧干部深入農(nóng)村，在崗位上嘔心瀝血，與鄉(xiāng)親們同甘共苦……新時代中國青年用實 際行動、彰顯出肯吃苦、戰(zhàn)勝苦的銳氣與擔當。青春因磨礪而精彩。越是美好的夢想， 越需要發(fā)揚“自找苦吃”的精神。在最能吃苦的年紀不忘“自找苦吃”,新時代青年定能在“自找苦吃”的過程中收獲成功。

摘編自 《光明日報》(2023年7月6日、7月14日)

(1)從實現(xiàn)理想的角度，說明“越是美好的夢想，越需要發(fā)揚‘自找苦吃’的精神”。(6分)

(2)從創(chuàng)造有意義人生的角度，分析新時代青年如何在“自找苦吃”中“收獲成功”。(4分)

38. 結合材料回答問題：

推動共建“一帶→路”,既有基礎設施的“硬聯(lián)通”、規(guī)則標準的“軟聯(lián)通”,也有 共建國家人民的“心聯(lián)通”。一批經(jīng)濟社會效益好的“小而美”項目，成為對外合作的 優(yōu)先事項，拉近了共建“一帶一路”國家民眾心與心的距離，為他們帶來了實實在在的 獲得感、幸福感。

“有了水，我們的生活更好了”

天剛蒙蒙亮，安哥拉庫內(nèi)內(nèi)省東本杜拉鎮(zhèn)村民佩德羅就趕著自家的15頭牛和40只 羊，向離家200米外的飲水點走去。庫內(nèi)內(nèi)省位于安哥拉南部，全年氣候干燥，降水稀 少，民眾曾飽受干早之苦。2022年4月，由中國企業(yè)承建的庫內(nèi)內(nèi)省抗旱項目一期工程 竣工，解決了項目沿線25萬人、40萬頭牛羊的飲水問題?！坝辛怂覀兊纳罡昧?，明年我準備再多養(yǎng)20頭牛!”說起未來的生活，佩德羅心中充滿希望。安哥拉時任副總 統(tǒng)博爾尼托在考察項目時談到，“抗旱項目建成以來，民眾的生活幸福多了?！钡?6屆 聯(lián)合國大會主席阿卜杜拉·沙希德在參觀該項目時表示，希望把這一合作模式向世界其 他缺水國家和地區(qū)推廣。

佩列沙茨大橋，“我們心中最美的大橋!”

佩列沙茨大橋于2022年7月26日正式通車，是一座長2440米、寬22.5米的公路 斜拉橋。大橋橫跨小斯通灣，把隔海相望的克羅地亞領土連接起來。此前，克羅地亞南 北往來車輛需要繞行鄰國波黑，經(jīng)過兩次邊境檢查才能抵達。大橋建成通車極大便利了 當?shù)孛癖姵鲂校矠槁糜?、物流等行業(yè)發(fā)展帶來新機遇，居民工作生活也因此發(fā)生了可 喜的變化。在剛剛過去的夏天，小斯通灣南岸佩列沙茨半島的伍斯特里亞酒店前臺經(jīng)理 福爾吉娜忙得不亦樂乎。她說，此前因為交通不便，酒店月均入住率不足50%,“大橋建成通車后，各地游客絡繹不絕，旺季幾乎天天客滿?！笨肆_地亞總理表示，“大橋通車 實現(xiàn)了幾代人的夢想。”“克方愿分享中國發(fā)展機遇，支持共建‘一帶一路’,進一步造福兩國和兩國人民?！?/p>

中國北斗，守護薩雷茲湖一方安瀾!

位于塔吉克斯坦東部的薩雷茲湖，是目前世界上海拔最高的天然堰塞湖。因為所在 地區(qū)地震頻繁， 一旦發(fā)生地震，薩雷茲湖大壩有崩潰決堤的風險，可能殃及塔吉克斯坦 及周邊國家?guī)装偃f人口并破壞中亞地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境。2021年10月8日，從美麗的薩雷茲 湖傳出了中國北斗的監(jiān)測信號，中國與塔吉克斯坦聯(lián)合建成的薩雷茲湖大壩北斗變形監(jiān) 測系統(tǒng)投入運行，運用北斗高精度服務對大壩開展變形實時監(jiān)測，為保障大壩安全和下 游地區(qū)人民生活安寧作出了巨大貢獻。2022年4月，升級建設工作啟動，通過升級，不 僅保障該系統(tǒng)長期無人值守的穩(wěn)定運行，同時為開展基于北斗遙感技術的薩雷茲湖生態(tài) 環(huán)境監(jiān)測提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐。這項成果是中塔共建“數(shù)字絲綢之路”的樣板，是北斗系統(tǒng)高 質(zhì)量服務全球、造福人類的成功案例。為服務“一帶一路”國家建設與發(fā)展，推動構建人類命運共同體提供北斗智慧。

“一帶一路”源自中國，成果和機遇屬于世界。一批批標志性項目開花結果，托舉 起發(fā)展繁榮的夢想;一項項民生工程落地生根，搭建起溝通心靈的橋梁;一座座合作豐 碑悄然樹立，凝聚起同心同行的力量。推動共建“一帶一路”國際合作取得了豐碩成果， 得到了國際社會的積極評價和廣泛認同。聯(lián)合國助理秘書長納維德·哈尼夫認為，共建“一帶一路”倡議實施10年來，各方面所積累的經(jīng)驗和取得的成果，都值得與其他國家分享，讓國際社會更好地理解共建“一帶一路”倡議。

摘編自《人民日報》(2023年7月24日、10月13日、10月30日)

(1)共建“一帶一路”,為什么既能實現(xiàn)路和橋等基礎設施的“硬聯(lián)通”、規(guī)則標準的“軟聯(lián)通”,也能架起世界各國人民“心聯(lián)通”的橋梁?(6分)

(2)“讓國際社會更好地理解共建‘一帶一路’倡議”對于我們講好中國故事、提升國際傳播能力有何啟示?(4分)

轉(zhuǎn)自：老蔣政治蔣中挺

Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET. (10 points)

There’s nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.

Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by two Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They 5 as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly 7 in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors 8 crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people’s way.

9 making access both in and out buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area 10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open. 14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same. Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal. Sensor-types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in. 18, a busy road might not 19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area. 1. A. Through B. Despite C. Besides D. Without

2. A. revealing B. demanding C. improving D. tracing

3. A. experience B. convenience C. guidance D. reference

4. A. previously B. temporarily C. successively D. eventually

5. A. held on B. started out C. settled down D. went by

6. A. relations B. volumes C. benefits D. sources

7. A. useful B. simple C. flexible D. stable

8. A. call for B. yield to C. insist on D. act as

9. A. As well as B. In terms of C. Thanks to D. Rather than

10. A. connected B. shared C. represented D. occupied

11. A. allow B. expect C. require D. direct

12. A. adopt B. lead C. clear D. change

13. A. adapting to B. deriving from C. relying on D. pointing at

14. A. Once B. Since C. Unless D. Although

15. A. records B. positions C. principles D. reasons

16. A. controls B. analyses C. produces D. mixes

17. A. decorate B. compare C. protect D. complement

18. A. In conclusion B. By contrast C. For example D. Above all

19. A. identify B. suit C. secure D. include

20. A. appropriate B. obvious C. impressive D. delicate

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.

21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of ________.

A. saving them for future use

B. keeping them from rusting

D. hiding them from the locals

C. letting them grow in value

22. The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to ________.

A. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists

B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period

C. contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails

D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time

23. What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?

A. Increased productivity.

B. Wider use of new energies.

C. Fiercer market competition.

D. Reduced cost of raw materials.

24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails ________.

A. have undergone many technological improvements

B. have remained basically the same since Roman times

C. are less studied than other everyday products

D. are one of the world’s most significant inventions

25. Which of the following best summaries the last two paragraphs?

A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.

B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.

C. Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.

D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.

Text 2

Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.

Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people’s home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,” they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child’s care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers — this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.”

26. According to the first two paragraph, alloparenting refers to the practice of _________.

A. sharing child care among community members

B. assigning babies to specific adult caregivers

C. teaching parenting details to older children

D. carrying infants around by their parent

27. The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate _________.

A. an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication

B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture

C. the conventional parenting style in western culture

D. the differences between western African ways of living

28. According to Paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative” _________.

A. alleviate parenting pressure

B. considerate family relationships

C. results in the child-centered family

D. departs from the course of evolution

29. According to paragraph 6, what can we learn about nursery in the UK?

A. They tend to fall short of official requirements.

B. They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.

C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.

D. They should try to prevent parental depression.

30. Which of the following would be the best title?

A. Instructive teaching: a dilemma for anxious parents.

B. For a happier family, learn from the hunter-gatherers.

C. Mix-aged playgroup, a better choice for lonely children.

D. Tracing the history of parenting: from Africa to Europe.

Text 3

Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes. He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft’s Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month. The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Some of the world’s most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less. Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.“It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.

31. What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?

A. He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.

B. He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.

C. He attracts admiration from other illustrators.

D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization.

32. The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they _________.

A. lack flexibility in responding to prompts

B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles

C. make unauthorized use of online images

D. collect user information without consent

33. After searching online, Rutkowski found _________.

A. a unique way to reach audiences

B. a new method to identify AI images

C. AI-generated work bearing his name

D. heated disputes regarding his copyright

34. According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to _________.

A. campaign for new policies or regulations

B. offer their services to public institutions

C. strengthen their relationships with AI users

D. adopt a different strategy for AI model training

35. What is the text mainly about?

A. Artists’ responses to Al art generation.

B. AI’s expanded role in artistic creation.

C. Privacy issues in the application of Al.

D. Opposing views on AI development.

Text 4

The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month, when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection” to bodies of water. This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,” as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.

In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But that’s a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V. EPA? Perhaps some, but all? That seems unlikely.

It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it’s reminder that they EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can’t offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model. It’s been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life. It’s worth the scenic drive.

36. The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as _________.

A. a valuable natural environment

B. a controversial conservation area

C. a place with commercial potential

D. a headache for nearby communities

37. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Idaho case _________.

A. reinforces water pollution control

B. weakens the EPA’s regulatory power

C. will end conflicts among local residents

D. may face opposition from mining operators

38. How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?

A. Worried.

B. Puzzled.

C. Relieved.

D. Encouraged.

39. What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?

A. It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.

B. It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.

C. It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.

D. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.

40. The author holds that the state lawmakers should _________.

A. be cautious about the influence of landowners

B. attach due importance to wetlands protections

C. recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges

D. improve the wellbeing of endangered species

Part B

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

(41) HannahSimply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42) BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43) SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples’ cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44) VictorAncient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means should be returned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back returning the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original country will not have as good security as do the foreign countries.But look at what happened to Boston’s Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt, Vermeer, Manet, and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely safe nowhere. And now Climate Change agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in European museums.(45) JuliaTo those of you in the comments section who are having strong feelings about Artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their Countries of origin, I would ask you to consider why do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a day’s drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want, but the people of Athens aren’t? What Intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin?If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts,think about Why you’re assuming that to be true.A. It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.B. It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.C. Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returned.D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.F. Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.G. Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

“Elephants never forget” — or so they say — and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. (46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity”, when finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole. (47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food. (48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants — and probably other herbivores — to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Suppose you receive an email from your friend, and write him a reply.

Write your letter in no less than 100 words.

Don’t sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture and the chart below. In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture and the chart briefly,

2) interpret the implied meaning, and

3) give your comments.

參考答案Section I Use of English

1. D. Without

2. C. improving

3. B. convenience

4. A. previously

5. B. started out

6. C. benefits

7. A. useful

8. D. act as

9. A. As well as

10. D. occupied

11. A. allow

12. C. clear

13. C. relying on

14. D. Although

15. C. principles

16. B. analyses

17. D. complement

18. C. For example

19. B. suit

20. A. appropriate

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21. D. hiding them from local

22. D. show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time

23. A. Increased productivity

24. B. have remained basically the same since Roman times

25. A. cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change

Text 2

26. A. sharing child care among community members

27. B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture

28. D. departs from the course of evolution

29. C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.

30. B. For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers

Text 3

31. B. He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.

32. C. make unauthortized use of online images

33. C. AI-generated work bearing his name

34. C. strengthen their relationships with Al users

35. A. Artists’ responses to Al art generation.

Text 4

36. A. a valuable natural environment

37. B. weakens the EPA’s regulatory power

38. A. worried

39. D. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.

40. B. attach due importance to wetlands protections

Part B

(41) Hannah

E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of arranging rather than anywhere else.

(42) Buck

D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.

(43) Sara

F. Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.

(44) Victor

G. Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return the artifacts of other countries.

(45) Julia

B. It’s a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of a ranging.

Part C

參考譯文：46. 非洲象們有時會跋涉超過60英里去尋找食物或者水，并且非常善于找出其它大象的位置——即使其他大象不在視野范圍內(nèi)(也可以找到它們)。

47. 研究人員確信，大象總是準確地知道它們所需要的所有相關資源的位置。因此，除了沿著熟悉的路線前進之外，它們還能走捷徑(去獲取資源)。

48. 一種可能性是，它們僅僅使用眼睛來檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物，但這可能會浪費大量的時間和精力，尤其因為它們的視力實際上并不是很好。

49. 植物產(chǎn)生的揮發(fā)性化學物質(zhì)可以被攜帶到很遠的距離之外，而且它們很有特點：每一種植物或樹木都有自己獨特的氣味特征。

50. 試驗表明，大象可以很好地利用嗅覺來識別適合食用的樹木片區(qū)，接著再(利用嗅覺)評估每個片區(qū)內(nèi)(可食用)樹木的品質(zhì)。

Section IV Writing

Part A

參考范文：略

Part B

參考范文：略

考研政治應該如何備考

運用記憶技巧，增強記憶能力

政治考研涉及大量概念和理論，考生需要運用記憶技巧，增強記憶能力?？梢試L試采用聯(lián)想記憶、重復記憶、制作思維導圖等方法，將知識點串聯(lián)起來，形成知識網(wǎng)絡，便于記憶和提取。同時，保持良好的作息和飲食習慣，有助于提高記憶力和學習效率。

模擬考試和真題訓練，檢驗學習成果

模擬考試和真題訓練是政治考研備考過程中必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。通過模擬考試，考生可以檢驗自己的學習成果，查漏補缺，熟悉考試流程。真題訓練有助于考生了解歷年考試的命題規(guī)律和難點，針對性地進行強化訓練。在模擬考試和真題訓練中，考生應當注重分析自己的錯誤和不足，不斷調(diào)整學習策略，提升應考能力。

考研需要準備什么書和資料

考研需要準備參考教材、考研大綱、英語相關書籍資料、政治資料、歷年真題等，專業(yè)課參考書目需要到該院校的研究生網(wǎng)上查找。針對不同專業(yè)、不同院校的特殊情況，搜集一些有利用價值的講義材料、總結材料、經(jīng)驗介紹材料、模擬訓練材料等。

報考院校指定的參考教材：若報考院校未指定參考教材，可以咨詢該校的學長學姐或者去該校相關論壇獲得備考用教材的信息。

考研大綱：這是官方發(fā)布的唯一對考生復習內(nèi)容有指導意義的權威材料。它可以有效矯正考生復習方向偏差的問題，讓復習方向化零為整，提高效率。

英語相關書籍資料：包括詞匯、翻譯、寫作、閱讀等等各種相關輔導書。

政治資料：包括教材、輔導書和一些不錯的輔導機構的講義、習題。

歷年真題：包括考研各科的歷年真題，用于摸索出題模式、做題技巧，演練實戰(zhàn)。