TED英語(yǔ)演講：一頭豬的全球化旅程
《Pig 05049》的作者，荷蘭設(shè)計(jì)師克莉絲汀·梅因德斯瑪詮釋了一頭普普通通的豬被宰殺之后，它的全身各處是如何被加工成多達(dá)185種非豬肉產(chǎn)品的，這些產(chǎn)品從子彈到人造心臟，可謂包羅萬(wàn)象。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語(yǔ)演講：一頭豬的全球化旅程，歡迎借鑒參考。
演說(shuō)題目：How pig parts make the world turn
演說(shuō)者：Christien Meindertsma
演講稿
Hello. I would like to start my talk with actually two questions, and the first one is: How many people here actually eat pig meat? Please raise your hand -- oh, that's a lot. And how many people have actually seen a live pig producing this meat? In the last year?
你們好。我想先問(wèn)大家，兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，第一：在座有多少人吃豬肉?請(qǐng)舉手。噢，真不少啊。那么，有多少人，見(jiàn)過(guò)一頭活的肉豬?是在最近一年以內(nèi)。
In the Netherlands -- where I come from -- you actually never see a pig, which is really strange, because, on a population of 16 million people, we have 12 million pigs. And well, of course, the Dutch can't eat all these pigs. They eat about one-third, and the rest is exported to all kinds of countries in Europe and the rest of the world. A lot goes to the U.K., Germany.
在荷蘭，我的家鄉(xiāng)，你根本見(jiàn)不到活豬，這很奇怪，因?yàn)?，我們?nèi)丝谟幸磺Я偃f(wàn)，而全國(guó)卻有一千二百萬(wàn)頭豬。當(dāng)然，荷蘭人不可能吃完那么多頭豬。他們大概只能消耗三分之一的豬，余下的出口到歐洲及世界其他國(guó)家。相當(dāng)一部分出口到英國(guó)，德國(guó)。
And what I was curious about -- because historically, the whole pig would be used up until the last bit so nothing would be wasted -- and I was curious to find out if this was actually still the case. And I spent about three years researching. And I followed this one pig with number "05049," all the way up until the end and to what products it's made of.
讓我感到好奇的是——由于在過(guò)去，人們會(huì)讓豬的全身上下各個(gè)部分都派上用場(chǎng)，這樣就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生浪費(fèi)......我很想知道，現(xiàn)在的情況是否跟以前一樣。于是，我用了三年時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)查。我跟蹤調(diào)查了一頭，代號(hào)為05049的豬。一路追蹤到底，并找到它最終被加工成哪些產(chǎn)品。
And in these years, I met all kinds people like, for instance, farmers and butchers, which seems logical. But I also met aluminum mold makers, ammunition producers and all kinds of people. And what was striking to me is that the farmers actually had no clue what was made of their pigs,but the consumers -- as in us -- had also no idea of the pigs being in all these products.
這幾年，我見(jiàn)過(guò)了各種人，比如說(shuō)，農(nóng)民和屠夫，這沒(méi)什么奇怪的。但是，我還見(jiàn)到了鋁制模具的工人，軍火制造商，和其他各行各業(yè)的人。最讓我吃驚的是，那些養(yǎng)豬戶對(duì)于豬的用途，一無(wú)所知，而對(duì)于消費(fèi)者——也就是我們也不知道，豬被用于制造這些產(chǎn)品。
So what I did is, I took all this research and I made it into a -- well, basically it's a product catalog of this one pig, and it carries a duplicate of his ear tag on the back. And it consists of seven chapters -- the chapters are skin, bones, meat, internal organs, blood, fat and miscellaneous. (Laughter) In total, they weigh 103.7 kilograms. And to show you how often you actually meet part of this pig in a regular day, I want to show you some images of the book.
于是，我把整個(gè)調(diào)查，做成一本書(shū)——列出了這頭豬被制成的各類(lèi)產(chǎn)品，書(shū)上還把它的耳標(biāo)，掛在背面。本書(shū)共有七章，包括豬皮、骨頭、豬肉、內(nèi)臟、豬血、肥肉及豬雜碎。這些全加起來(lái)，共重103.7公斤。為了讓大家看到，一天內(nèi)你們與這頭豬的接觸有多頻繁，我想展示一下書(shū)中的幾幅插圖。
You probably start the day with a shower. So, in soap, fatty acids made from boiling pork bone fat are used as a hardening agent, but also for giving it a pearl-like effect. Then if you look around you in the bathroom, you see lots more products like shampoo, conditioner, anti-wrinkle cream, body lotion, but also toothpaste.
你可能起床之后會(huì)洗個(gè)澡。那么，肥皂里的脂肪酸，就是由高溫煮沸的豬骨脂，所提煉出的，可用作硬化劑，還能打造出肥皂的珠光效果。接著，如果你環(huán)顧一下浴室，就能看到更多類(lèi)似的用品，如洗發(fā)水、護(hù)發(fā)素、抗皺霜、護(hù)膚乳還有牙膏。
Then, so, before breakfast, you've already met the pig so many times. Then, at breakfast, the pig that I followed,the hairs off the pig or proteins from the hairs off the pig were used as an improver of dough.
在用早餐之前，你就已經(jīng)跟這頭豬親密接觸好幾次了。到了早餐時(shí)間，這頭豬的毛，或者說(shuō)從這頭豬的毛里提取出的蛋白質(zhì)，被用作面團(tuán)的優(yōu)化劑。生產(chǎn)商是這么說(shuō)的：“它能讓面團(tuán)更美味。”
Well, that's what the producer says: it's "improving the dough, of course." In low-fat butter, or actually in many low-fat products, when you take the fat out, you actually take the taste and the texture out. So what they do is they put gelatin back in, in order to retain the texture.
當(dāng)然啦。在低脂黃油，實(shí)際上，在許多低脂產(chǎn)品中，當(dāng)其中的脂肪被去掉之后，實(shí)際上產(chǎn)品的味道和質(zhì)感也就喪失了。為此，生產(chǎn)商會(huì)加入明膠，以保持產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)感。
Well, when you're off to work, under the road or under the buildings that you see, there might very well be cellular concrete, which is a very light kind of concrete that's actually got proteins from bones inside and it's also fully reusable. In the train brakes -- at least in the German train brakes -- there's this part of the brakethat's made of bone ash.
當(dāng)你下了班，你看到的路面底下，或建筑物下面，很可能鋪有微孔混凝土，這種混凝土很輕，其中就有從豬骨頭中獲取的蛋白質(zhì)。它還能被重復(fù)利用。在火車(chē)的制動(dòng)器里，至少在德國(guó)產(chǎn)的火車(chē)制動(dòng)器里有一個(gè)零件是由豬的骨灰制成的。
And in cheesecake and all kinds of desserts, like chocolate mousse, tiramisu, vanilla pudding, everything that's cooled in the supermarket, there's gelatin to make it look good. Fine bone china -- this is a real classic. Of course, the bone in fine-bone china gives it its translucency and also its strength, in order to make these really fine shapes, like this deer.
在起司蛋糕和各種各樣的甜點(diǎn)，比如巧克力慕斯，提拉米蘇，香草布丁以及超市所有冷藏的食物里，都添加了明膠來(lái)保持食物美觀。骨瓷——這個(gè)很經(jīng)典。當(dāng)然，骨瓷中的骨粉，給瓷器增添了一層蒙朧感，同時(shí)讓瓷器更堅(jiān)固，這樣才能制作出這些精美的造型，就像這頭小鹿。
In interior decorating, the pig's actually quite there. It's used in paint for the texture, but also for the glossiness. In sandpaper, bone glue is actually the glue between the sand and the paper. And then in paintbrushes, hairs are used because, apparently, they're very suitable for making paintbrushes because of their hard-wearing nature.
在室內(nèi)裝修方面，這頭豬的貢獻(xiàn)尤為顯著。它被用來(lái)控制顏料質(zhì)感，和光澤度。砂紙中把砂和紙粘在一起的膠水，實(shí)際上就是骨膠。再來(lái)就是豬毛做成的刷子，很顯然，豬毛是非常適合用來(lái)制作刷子的，因?yàn)樗苣湍ァ?/p>
I was not planning on showing you any meat because, of course, half the book's meat and you probably all know what meats they are. But I didn't want you to miss out on this one, because this, well, it's called "portion-controlled meat cuts." And this is actually sold in the frozen area of the supermarket. And what it is -- it's actually steak.
我不打算給你們看關(guān)于豬肉的圖片，因?yàn)?，?dāng)然啦，這本書(shū)一半的篇幅都在講豬肉，你們也都知道豬肉的用途。但是，我想讓大家看看這張圖，因?yàn)?.....這叫做“控量切割肉”。這實(shí)際上是在超市的，冷鮮區(qū)出售的肉。這是牛排。
So, this is sold as cow, but what happens when you slaughter a cow -- at least in industrial factory farming -- they have all these little bits of steak left that they can't actually sell as steak, so what they do is they glue them all together with fibrin from pig blood into this really large sausage, then freeze the sausage, cut it in little slices and sell those as steak again. And this also actually happens with tuna and scallops. So, with the steak, you might drink a beer.
在牛肉區(qū)出售，然而，事實(shí)上，當(dāng)一頭牛被宰殺之后至少在屠宰場(chǎng)里是這樣的情況——會(huì)剩下零碎的牛排肉，但是這些碎肉又不能作為牛排出售。于是，屠宰場(chǎng)就用豬血中提取的纖維蛋白，把這些碎肉粘在一起，制成一個(gè)碩大的肉腸，把它冷凍，再切成小片，最后把這些肉片作為牛排出售。一些金槍魚(yú)和扇貝也經(jīng)過(guò)這樣的處理。吃著牛排，你可能還會(huì)來(lái)點(diǎn)啤酒。
In the brewing process, there's lots of cloudy elements in the beer, so to get rid of these cloudy elements, what some companies do is they pour the beer through a sort of gelatin sieve in order to get rid of that cloudiness. This actually also goes for wine as well as fruit juice.
啤酒在釀造的過(guò)程中，會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量渾濁物，為了除去這些渾濁物，一些釀酒公司，會(huì)把啤酒倒入一種明膠過(guò)濾網(wǎng)，來(lái)把渾濁物去掉。紅酒和果汁的釀造過(guò)程中也有這道工序。
There's actually a company in Greece that produces these cigarettes that actually contain hemoglobin from pigs in the filter. And according to them, this creates an artificial lung in the filter. (Laughter) So, this is actually a healthier cigarette. Injectable collagen -- or, since the '70s, collagen from pigs -- has been used for injecting into wrinkles. And the reason for this is that pigs are actually quite close to human beings, so the collagen is as well. Well, this must be the strangest thing I found. This is a bullet coming froma very large ammunition company in the United States.
希臘有一家公司，生產(chǎn)這種香煙。它的過(guò)濾嘴中含有豬的血紅蛋白。這家公司稱(chēng)，他們?cè)谶^(guò)濾嘴中植入了一個(gè)人造肺。因此，這是一種更有益健康的香煙。注射用膠原質(zhì)——十九世紀(jì)七十年代以后，豬的膠原質(zhì)被用來(lái)防止皺紋的產(chǎn)生。這是因?yàn)樨i和人類(lèi)實(shí)際上很相似，我們的膠原質(zhì)也很相似。這是我最奇特的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這顆子彈，是美國(guó)一家規(guī)模很大的軍火公司生產(chǎn)的。
And while I was making the book, I contacted all the producers of products because I wanted them to send me the real samples and the real specimens. So I sent this company an email saying, "Hello. I'm Christien. I'm doing this research. And can you send me a bullet?" (Laughter) And well, I didn't expect them to even answer my email. But they answered and they said, "Why, thank you for your email. What an interesting story. Are you in anyway related to the Dutch government?" I thought that was really weird, as if the Dutch government sends emails to anyone.
當(dāng)我寫(xiě)這本書(shū)的時(shí)候，我聯(lián)系了所有產(chǎn)品的制造商，讓他們給我送一些實(shí)物樣品，和實(shí)物標(biāo)本。于是我給這家公司發(fā)了封郵件，我說(shuō)：“您好，我是克莉絲汀。我在做這項(xiàng)研究。您可以給我寄來(lái)一顆子彈嗎?”我可沒(méi)指望他們會(huì)給我回音。結(jié)果他們回復(fù)了我，說(shuō)：“感謝您的郵件。您的故事很有意思。請(qǐng)問(wèn)您跟荷蘭政府有什么關(guān)系嗎?”，我覺(jué)得很奇怪，好像荷蘭政府經(jīng)常亂給人發(fā)郵件似的。
So, the most beautiful thing I found -- at least what I think is the most beautiful -- in the book, is this heart valve. It's actually a very low-tech and very high-tech product at the same time. The low-tech bit is that it's literally a pig's heart valve mounted in the high-tech bit, which is a memory metal casing. And what happens is this can be implanted into a human heart without open heart surgery.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)的最美的產(chǎn)品，至少我個(gè)人認(rèn)為是本書(shū)里最美的，是這個(gè)心臟瓣膜。它有技術(shù)含量低的一面，同時(shí)又是個(gè)高科技產(chǎn)品。說(shuō)它技術(shù)含量低，是因?yàn)?，它?shí)際上就是把一個(gè)高科技的，帶有記憶功能的金屬網(wǎng)，套在一個(gè)豬的心臟瓣膜上。這個(gè)瓣膜無(wú)須開(kāi)心手術(shù)，就能被植入人的心臟里。
And once it's in the right spot, they remove the outer shell, and the heart valve, well, it gets this shape and at that moment it starts beating, instantly. It's really a sort of magical moment. So this is actually a Dutch company, so I called them up, and I asked, "Can I borrow a heart valve from you?" And the makers of this thing were really enthusiastic.
一旦進(jìn)入正確的位置，金屬網(wǎng)便被移除，這樣，心臟瓣膜，就變成了這個(gè)形狀，這時(shí)，它立即就開(kāi)始跳動(dòng)。這真是非常神奇的一刻。這是一家荷蘭公司。我給他們打電話，我問(wèn)：，“我能向你們借一片心臟瓣膜嗎?”，這個(gè)產(chǎn)品的制造商非常熱心。
So they were like, "Okay, we'll put it in a jar for you with formalin, and you can borrow it." Great -- and then I didn't hear from them for weeks, so I called, and I asked, "What's going on with the heart valve?" And they said, "Well the director of the company decided not to let you borrow this heart valve, because want his product to be associated with pigs."
他們說(shuō)：“好的，我們會(huì)把它放在一瓶福爾馬林里面，這樣可以借給你了。”，太好了。但是，過(guò)了好幾周，一直沒(méi)有他們的音信，所以我又給他們打電話，我問(wèn)：“請(qǐng)問(wèn)那個(gè)心臟瓣膜什么時(shí)候到啊?”，他們回答說(shuō)：“公司的主管，決定不把它借給你了，因?yàn)樗幌胱寗e人把這個(gè)產(chǎn)品，跟豬聯(lián)系起來(lái)。”
Well, the last product from the book that I'm showing you is renewable energy -- actually, to show that my first question, if pigs are still used up until the last bit, was still true. Well it is, because everything that can't be used for anything else is made into a fuel that can be used as renewable energy source.
最后，我準(zhǔn)備向大家介紹書(shū)中的一個(gè)產(chǎn)品是可再生能源——這其實(shí)回答了我的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題，豬的各個(gè)部位是否都派上了用場(chǎng)，答案是肯定的，因?yàn)橛嘞虏荒茉僮鏊玫牟糠?，全被制成了一種燃料，可以用來(lái)做可再生能源。
In total, I found 185 products. And what they showed me is that, well, firstly, it's at least to say odd that we don't treat these pigs as absolute kings and queens. And the second, is that we actually don't have a clue of what all these products that surround us are made of.
我總共在豬身上找出了185中產(chǎn)品。從這些產(chǎn)品中我有一些感觸，首先，我們沒(méi)有把豬，當(dāng)成寶貝，那就太奇怪了。第二，我們根本不知道身邊各種產(chǎn)品，是由什么制成的。
And you might think I'm very fond of pigs, but actually -- well, I am a little bit -- but I'm more fond of raw materials in general. And I think that, in order to take better care of what's behind our products -- so, the livestock, the crops, the plants, the non-renewable materials, but also the people that produce these products -- the first step would actually be to know that they are there.
你可能以為我對(duì)豬很感興趣，但是，可能有一點(diǎn)吧——我更感興趣的是，各種產(chǎn)品的原材料。我認(rèn)為，想要更好地利用，制造產(chǎn)品所需的資源——牲畜，莊稼，植物，不可再生資源，還有生產(chǎn)者，我們首先必須意識(shí)到他們的存在。
Thank you very much.(Applause)
非常感謝大家。(掌聲)
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