TED英語(yǔ)演講：你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇
人生的選擇無(wú)處不在，有的選擇很簡(jiǎn)單，有的選擇則很艱難。而艱難的選擇并不都是大的抉擇，甚至中午吃什么也會(huì)變得很艱難。所以面對(duì)艱難選擇，我們應(yīng)該如何抉擇?本期TED演講者Ruth Chang將告訴我們，面對(duì)艱難選擇，我們一開(kāi)始的方向就錯(cuò)了。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語(yǔ)演講：你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇，歡迎借鑒參考。
面對(duì)困難的選擇，我們一開(kāi)始就錯(cuò)了
演講者：Ruth Chang
Think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. It might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry Betty or you could marry Lolita. Or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. Or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
設(shè)想在不久的未來(lái)，你將面對(duì)一個(gè)艱難的決定。這也許是在兩份職業(yè)中做出一個(gè)選擇，藝術(shù)家還是會(huì)計(jì)師;也許是選擇居住的地方，城市還是鄉(xiāng)村;也許是在兩個(gè)人中選擇和誰(shuí)結(jié)婚，Betty 或者是Lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否讓年老體衰的父母跟你一起住;是否讓你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你會(huì)因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者說(shuō)，是否將畢生積儲(chǔ)捐贈(zèng)給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。
Chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. Hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. But I think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. Understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能，你所思考的這些艱難抉擇都十分龐大，十分重要你也十分重視。每當(dāng)困難的選擇出現(xiàn)，他都會(huì)讓你感到痛苦、絕望，讓你咬牙切齒。但我認(rèn)為我們誤解了艱難抉擇的定義，更誤解了其在我們生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解這些艱難決定，我們每個(gè)人便會(huì)發(fā)掘出 一種隱藏的潛力。
What makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. In any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. In a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. You agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一個(gè)抉擇之所以難是由于選項(xiàng)之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。任何簡(jiǎn)單的抉擇中，總有一種選擇比另一種要好?？稍谄D難抉擇中，一種選擇在某些方面較好，另一種選擇在其他方面較好，二者各有千秋讓人無(wú)法定奪。你痛苦地糾結(jié)于應(yīng)該繼續(xù)呆在這座城市里干這份工作，還是改變一下你的生活方式到鄉(xiāng)村去接受更具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，因?yàn)榱粝掠辛粝碌暮锰?，離開(kāi)也有好處，兩種選擇各有千秋難以定奪。
We shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. Let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. You could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. Suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. The cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我們不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為所有的艱難抉擇都很龐大。打個(gè)比方，你正決定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纖維全谷干麥片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假設(shè)在此抉擇中的決定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麥片對(duì)你身體好，甜甜圈卻好吃很多，但兩者都有自身優(yōu)勢(shì)，這就是一個(gè)艱難抉擇。
Realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. After all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意識(shí)到小的選擇也可能會(huì)變得困難，那面對(duì)大的艱難抉擇時(shí)我們可能就不會(huì)覺(jué)得那么棘手了。畢竟，我們總能決定早餐吃什么，所以我們也許能夠想明白，究竟要留在市區(qū)，還是到鄉(xiāng)下接手新的工作。
We also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. When I graduated from college, I couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. I really loved philosophy. There are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. But I came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of luxury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbox, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... Well, that struck me as the height of extravagance and frivolity.
同時(shí)，我們也不應(yīng)該覺(jué)得，選擇之所以難是因?yàn)樽约汉苡薮?。在我剛大學(xué)畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我無(wú)法從兩種職業(yè)中抉擇，哲學(xué)還是法律。我真心喜歡哲學(xué)，若能成為哲學(xué)家，便能學(xué)到很多驚奇的東西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好?？晌页錾砸粋€(gè)樸實(shí)簡(jiǎn)素的移民家庭，我對(duì)奢侈的概念，就是能在上學(xué)的午餐盒里找到一塊豬舌和一份果凍三明治。所以這種一輩子僅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其實(shí)，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)只是一種奢侈和輕浮的假象罷了。
So I got out my yellow pad, I drew a line down the middle, and I tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. I remember thinking to myself, if only I knew what my life in each career would be like. If only God or Netflix would send me a DVD of my two possible future careers, I'd be set. I'd compare them side by side, I'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黃色筆記本，在中間劃了一條線，然后竭盡所能地寫出每種選擇的利與弊。當(dāng)時(shí)我就想：如果能知道選擇某種職業(yè)后我的人生會(huì)變成怎樣就好了。如果上帝或者網(wǎng)飛公司能送我一張DVD來(lái)向我描述這兩種充滿可能性的職業(yè)生涯，那我就能做出選擇了。我就能一一對(duì)比，看看哪種更好，這樣一來(lái)抉擇就簡(jiǎn)單多了。
But I got no DVD, and because I couldn't figure out which was better, I did what many of us do in hard choices: I took the safest option. Fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as I discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. It wasn't who I was.
但我沒(méi)有收到這種DVD，而且由于我實(shí)在想不出哪一種更優(yōu)，我就和大多數(shù)人一樣：選擇了最安全的一項(xiàng)。成為失業(yè)哲學(xué)家的恐懼，驅(qū)使我成了一名律師?？珊髞?lái)我發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)律師不大適合我，這不是真正的我。
So now I'm a philosopher, and I study hard choices, and I can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我現(xiàn)在是名哲學(xué)家，我鉆研艱難抉擇，我可以告訴大家，對(duì)未知產(chǎn)生恐懼是在進(jìn)行困難抉擇時(shí)的自然反應(yīng)，而這種恐懼來(lái)源于對(duì)艱難抉擇的誤解。
It's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. Even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. Hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我們不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為，在艱難抉擇中某種選擇總會(huì)會(huì)比另一種好，可我們自身太愚蠢，所以無(wú)法辨別，那既然我們無(wú)法定奪，倒不如選風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小的那項(xiàng)。就算你完全了解了兩種選項(xiàng)并將其一一對(duì)照，你仍然很難決定。選擇之所以難，不是因?yàn)槲覀儫o(wú)知;難的原因在于沒(méi)有最優(yōu)選項(xiàng)。
Now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. So maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. But that can't be right. If alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: Flip a coin.
那么，如果沒(méi)有最佳項(xiàng)，如果衡量的天秤不會(huì)傾向于 任何一方，那么任何選項(xiàng)都一定是好的。所以面對(duì)艱難抉擇，可能正確的思維方式，就是認(rèn)為選項(xiàng)雙方一樣好。這種想法肯定不對(duì)。如果選項(xiàng)都一樣好，那還不如直接拋硬幣算了，這樣就會(huì)產(chǎn)生思想誤區(qū)，讓你認(rèn)為自己選擇事業(yè)、住處、婚嫁時(shí)都拋硬幣選擇就好了。
There's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. Suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. There are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the excitement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
還有另外一個(gè)原因，使艱難選擇并非是在同等好的選項(xiàng)中抉擇。 假設(shè)你要在兩份工作中挑選： 你可以做投資銀行家，或做平面設(shè)計(jì)師。在這個(gè)選擇當(dāng)中有頗多決定性因素，譬如工作帶來(lái)的興奮程度、能獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障、顧家時(shí)間等等。
Maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial expression. Maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也許藝術(shù)家這個(gè)職業(yè)能讓你接觸最前沿的圖像表達(dá)技術(shù)?；蛟S當(dāng)銀行家你就能接觸最前端的金融操縱手段。你可以想象任何兩種你喜歡的職業(yè)，但兩者都不會(huì)比另一方好的。
Imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.Now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. Suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. Does the extra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? Not necessarily. A higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
現(xiàn)在，假設(shè)我們能稍微改進(jìn)其中的一方。假設(shè)一間銀行嘗試討好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。這一筆額外的金錢會(huì)不會(huì)讓這份銀行家的工作優(yōu)于當(dāng)藝術(shù)家呢?說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)。更高的薪酬讓銀行家的工作優(yōu)于以前，但額外薪水不一定足夠讓成為銀行家變得比成為藝術(shù)家好。
But if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. If you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. That's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果對(duì)其中一種職業(yè)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)后結(jié)果并沒(méi)有讓一方優(yōu)于另一方，那么兩種選擇本身就不可能是一樣好。如果兩件事一開(kāi)始都同等的好 ，當(dāng)你改進(jìn)了其中一件，那它就一定會(huì)優(yōu)于另一個(gè)。在艱難抉擇中并非如此。
So now we've got a puzzle. We've got two jobs. Neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.So how are we supposed to choose? Something seems to have gone wrong here. Maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. But that can't be right. It's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. We're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. A comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么現(xiàn)在我們就有一個(gè)疑惑了。這兩份工作，沒(méi)有一方能完勝另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟該怎么選擇呢? 貌似有些事情出錯(cuò)了?？赡苓x項(xiàng)的本身就存在問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致我們無(wú)法比較。但這也不對(duì)啊。我們并不是要在兩種不能被對(duì)比的事物間選擇。我們說(shuō)到底是在衡量?jī)煞莨ぷ鞯睦?，不是?duì)比數(shù)字9和 一盤煎雞蛋的好處。對(duì)比兩份工作的總體優(yōu)勢(shì)是我們能做到的，也是我們經(jīng)常做的事。
I think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. We unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. Take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. There are only three possibilities.
我認(rèn)為疑惑產(chǎn)生的原因源于一種我們對(duì)價(jià)值的草率設(shè)想。我們不知不覺(jué)地認(rèn)為，諸如正義、美麗、善良的價(jià)值觀都與一些科學(xué)度量類似，都能被量度，譬如長(zhǎng)度、質(zhì)量、重量。試想一個(gè)與價(jià)值觀毫不相關(guān)的比較，例如兩個(gè)行李箱中哪個(gè)更重。僅有三種可能性。
The weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. Properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. One number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.Not so with values.
其中一個(gè)的重量大于、小于 或等于另一個(gè)。像重量這樣的性質(zhì)能夠用真實(shí)的數(shù)字來(lái)表達(dá)——1,2,3…… 而且在兩個(gè)數(shù)字間的比較中只有三種可能。一個(gè)數(shù)字大于、小于或等于另一個(gè)數(shù)字價(jià)值觀卻不是如此。
As post-Enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. The stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. The stuff of the other world can't. We shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作為后啟蒙時(shí)期的生物，我們總是設(shè)想科學(xué)思維可以解決世界上一切重要的問(wèn)題，但價(jià)值觀的世界不同于科學(xué)的世界?？茖W(xué)界中， 一切事物可被數(shù)字度量?？蓛r(jià)值觀的世界中卻不能。我們不能認(rèn)為充斥著“是否”、“長(zhǎng)度”和“重量”的數(shù)字世界與“該不該”和“該做什么”的價(jià)值世界有著同樣的架構(gòu)。
So if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. We need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. I like to say that the alternatives are "on a par."
所以，如果我們覺(jué)得重要的東西，如：孩子的幸福、對(duì)另一半的愛(ài)，不能用數(shù)字來(lái)表示， 那么我們就沒(méi)有理由相信， 在抉擇過(guò)程中只有三種可能性： 其中一選項(xiàng)總會(huì)優(yōu)于、劣于或等于另一項(xiàng)。我們需要一種全新的思考維度，第四種關(guān)系除了優(yōu)于、劣于和等于之外，第四種關(guān)系能描述艱難抉擇的運(yùn)行模式。我偏好把各選項(xiàng)看做 “等價(jià)”。
When alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. Rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. That's why the choice is hard.
當(dāng)所有選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)，你的選擇就變得極為重要，但選項(xiàng)本身卻沒(méi)有哪個(gè)比其他的好。反之，所有的選擇項(xiàng)都有類似的價(jià)值，都處于同一種價(jià)值范疇當(dāng)中，但同時(shí)他們又具有不同的價(jià)值。這正是讓選擇變得困難的原因。
Understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. Each of us has the power to create reasons. Imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. If there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艱難抉擇，我們就會(huì)在自己身上發(fā)現(xiàn)一些意料之外的東西。我們每個(gè)人都有能力去創(chuàng)造理由。想象一下若在某個(gè)世界中你只需面對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單抉擇，那么，永遠(yuǎn)都有最佳項(xiàng)。若有最佳項(xiàng)，你就應(yīng)該選它，因?yàn)楸３掷碇蔷鸵馕吨x好的不選壞的，選最合理的。
In such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry Betty instead of Lolita. A world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在這樣的世界里，我們有充足的理由去穿黑襪子而不穿粉色襪子，去吃干麥片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不轉(zhuǎn)向鄉(xiāng)區(qū)，去娶Betty而不娶Lolita。充滿簡(jiǎn)單抉擇的世界，會(huì)讓我們成為“原由”的奴隸。
When you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the exact hobbies you do, to live in the exact house you do, to work at the exact job you do. Instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
當(dāng)你這樣想，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己一定是瘋了才會(huì)相信 擺在你面前的選擇會(huì)決定你追尋各種事物的理由，會(huì)決定你的愛(ài)好，讓你住現(xiàn)在的房子，讓你選現(xiàn)在的工作。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)你面對(duì)的是多個(gè)選擇，多個(gè)等價(jià)的選擇，困難的選擇，你會(huì)為自己制造理由來(lái)選擇這項(xiàng)愛(ài)好、這所房子和這份工作。
When alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. It's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to exercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
當(dāng)各選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)， 我們面前的各種理性原由， 這些讓我們分清對(duì)錯(cuò)的原由， 都無(wú)法給予我們一個(gè)答案。 唯有在這個(gè)有艱難抉擇的世界里， 我們才能鍛煉自己的 規(guī)范性力量，以創(chuàng)造自我的原由， 讓自己變成 心中想成為的人， 一種更喜愛(ài)鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活的人。
When we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. We can put our very selves behind an option. Here's where I stand. Here's who I am, I am for banking. I am for chocolate donuts.
當(dāng)我們需要在等價(jià)選項(xiàng)間抉擇時(shí)，我們能做出一些十分了不起的事。我們能把自身放在一個(gè)選項(xiàng)之后。(說(shuō)道)這就是我的選擇，這就是我。我選銀行業(yè)。我選巧克力甜甜圈。
This response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. Rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. When we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. You might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艱難抉擇中，這種反應(yīng)是一種理性反應(yīng)，但卻不是由我們面前的各種原由所決定的。反而，這是由我們自己創(chuàng)造的理由所支撐起來(lái)的。當(dāng)我們?yōu)樽晕覄?chuàng)造原由去成為這種人而非那種人時(shí)，我們就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以說(shuō)，我們成了譜寫自我人生篇章的作者。
So when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. There is no best alternative. Instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: Who am I to be? You might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and I might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. What we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以當(dāng)面對(duì)艱難抉擇，不應(yīng)該拿腦袋撞墻絞盡腦汁地去想哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)更優(yōu)。最佳項(xiàng)并不存在。與其在外界苦命尋找理由，我們?cè)撏睦镎遥?我想成為什么樣的人?你可能會(huì)決定成為一個(gè)穿粉色襪子、愛(ài)好干麥片，還住在鄉(xiāng)村的銀行家。而我可能會(huì)決定成為一個(gè)穿黑襪子，住在城市里，喜歡吃甜甜圈的藝術(shù)家。面臨艱難抉擇時(shí)的反應(yīng)很大程度上 取決于我們自己每個(gè)人。
Now, people who don't exercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. We all know people like that. I drifted into being a lawyer. I didn't put my agency behind lawyering. I wasn't for lawyering. Drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. They let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. So the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不鍛煉自己規(guī)范性力量的人會(huì)成為“漂流者”。我們都認(rèn)識(shí)那樣的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律師。我并沒(méi)有全身心投入到律師業(yè)務(wù)當(dāng)中。我不適合當(dāng)律師。漂流者允許這個(gè)世界譜寫他們的生命篇章(被拖著走)。他們讓獎(jiǎng)罰機(jī)制—— 鼓勵(lì)、畏懼、選擇的簡(jiǎn)單性——來(lái)決定自己的道路。所以艱難抉擇教會(huì)我們要審視自己能把身心與精力放到何處，自己究竟追求什么，并通過(guò)困難抉擇來(lái)成為那種人。
Far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. And that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艱難抉擇不是痛苦和恐懼的來(lái)源，而是難得的機(jī)遇讓我們慶幸人類有如此特殊的選擇權(quán)利，慶幸有時(shí)候區(qū)分選擇正誤的理性原由會(huì)用盡，而且，慶幸有在這個(gè)具有艱難抉擇的世界里，我們有能力去為自己創(chuàng)造理由，去成為與眾不同的自己。這就是為什么，艱難抉擇不是一種詛咒，而是天賜之物。
Thank you.(Applause)
謝謝(掌聲)
你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇觀后感
演講臺(tái)上，當(dāng)別人激情澎湃、出口成章的時(shí)候，你是不是想過(guò)：我什么時(shí)候能成為這樣的人?
生活中，當(dāng)聽(tīng)到別人在談?wù)撃衬晨忌狭四乃聘咝?，做的什么工作，年薪多少的時(shí)候，你是不是想過(guò)：我什么時(shí)候能成為這樣的人?
當(dāng)你為此深夜輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)、不能入眠的時(shí)候，有沒(méi)有反問(wèn)過(guò)自己：我怎么樣才能成為那樣的人呢?
如何才能成為一個(gè)很厲害的人呢?
選擇自己愿意選擇的，即刻行動(dòng)，從工作核心區(qū)開(kāi)始。
選擇自己愿意選擇的
做重大選擇時(shí)，應(yīng)該從終極問(wèn)題出發(fā)，以人生最高目標(biāo)作為第一原則。TED上有個(gè)視頻叫：How to make hard choices，演講者是 Ruth Chang，她在里面提到做出選擇時(shí)，就是找出說(shuō)服自己的理由，想想自己想成為怎樣的人，比較外界的因素，確實(shí)更為有效。有很多時(shí)候，選擇之所以艱難，就是因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)有想清楚自己到底想要的是什么，從自身找原因去做出選擇更有效。
借用哲學(xué)家朱莉安的一句話：只有尊重你放棄的選項(xiàng)，才能讓你選擇的選項(xiàng)變得更有價(jià)值。做選擇時(shí)就是進(jìn)行價(jià)值觀的衡量，應(yīng)該完全遵從自己的想法，選擇自己愿意選擇的選項(xiàng)。
在很多情況下，人們經(jīng)常會(huì)在一些選擇中面臨二選一，比如學(xué)生要畢業(yè)時(shí)會(huì)在考研還是去找工作之中做出決定，談戀愛(ài)時(shí)進(jìn)展到一定階段就會(huì)考慮應(yīng)該跟另一半結(jié)婚還是分手。當(dāng)你面臨兩個(gè)極端選擇時(shí)，第一步就是要學(xué)會(huì)不信任“是或否”式?jīng)Q定。你可能正在陷入了思維狹隘的誤區(qū)。需要跳出當(dāng)前的思維方式，試著去用不同的角度去考慮問(wèn)題，比如可以去尋找兩個(gè)選擇之間的連接點(diǎn)把能力連接起來(lái)?用六頂思維帽來(lái)評(píng)估自己的誤區(qū)和其它可能，試著做出一些創(chuàng)造性的改造，總之，永遠(yuǎn)不要放棄尋找第三選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樽詈玫倪x擇，往往來(lái)自在更高目標(biāo)指引下的我們的創(chuàng)造。
即使對(duì)一些重大選擇做出了錯(cuò)誤的決定，并也不代表你的人生就毀滅了，當(dāng)你把時(shí)間放到一生來(lái)看，人生就是一個(gè)不斷選擇再選擇的過(guò)程，等過(guò)上一段時(shí)間新的選擇也可能會(huì)顛覆原先那個(gè)關(guān)鍵的選擇，選擇本來(lái)也是可以被修正、被重塑的。不管你做了哪個(gè)選擇，你的某些東西或特質(zhì)是永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變的，只要你能堅(jiān)持自己的目標(biāo)，雖然走的是另一條路但最終都會(huì)帶著你走向同一個(gè)目的地。
即刻行動(dòng)
微信上曾發(fā)起過(guò)一個(gè)活動(dòng)叫100天行動(dòng)。在100天內(nèi)聚焦一個(gè)目標(biāo)，每天堅(jiān)持下去，最終培養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣。這個(gè)活動(dòng)目前有數(shù)十萬(wàn)人參加，其中一個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象就是有人在加入這個(gè)活動(dòng)時(shí)，經(jīng)常考慮太多的問(wèn)題，比如選擇練字做為目標(biāo)，然后就考慮應(yīng)該練什么字帖，選什么筆，安排在什么時(shí)間，總想等到所有條件都合適或自己完全準(zhǔn)備好才會(huì)開(kāi)始，而一旦有這樣的想法基本上都會(huì)拖延很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有開(kāi)始，當(dāng)你要去完成一件事的時(shí)候，并且不知道應(yīng)該如何去做，最好的辦法就直接開(kāi)始去做。只要開(kāi)始了第一步，就會(huì)有第二步、第三步。就象剛才提到的練字，只要開(kāi)始寫上幾天字，然后定期做一些總結(jié)和回顧，慢慢的就能找到符合自己的方法并且堅(jiān)持下去。
在行動(dòng)之后總會(huì)遇到各種各樣問(wèn)題，但只要問(wèn)題開(kāi)始細(xì)化之后，就比較容易去解決。但如果你總是想準(zhǔn)備好之后再去行動(dòng)，那么你永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法完全準(zhǔn)備好。
從工作核心區(qū)開(kāi)始
任務(wù)分解的“三明治模型”
一個(gè)任務(wù)可以象三明治一樣分解成不同的類型和區(qū)域，對(duì)于我們所面臨的任務(wù)來(lái)說(shuō)，絕大多數(shù)任務(wù)都有一個(gè)至關(guān)重要、通常也是最棘手的部分，這個(gè)部分需要我們集中精力、非常專注地進(jìn)行思考，然后將其破解。一旦這個(gè)部分被完成，那么這個(gè)任務(wù)就已經(jīng)完成了大半，余下的就是一些支持性的、補(bǔ)充性的工作。
當(dāng)你面臨一個(gè)比較艱巨的任務(wù)的時(shí)候，直接把任務(wù)切片，找出工作的核心區(qū)，然后開(kāi)始調(diào)整自己的狀態(tài)、安排時(shí)間、環(huán)境，可以使用番茄工作法，利用專注不受干擾的、能純粹跳脫出來(lái)思考的、能達(dá)至“心流”狀態(tài)把最關(guān)鍵的“核心區(qū)”搞定，這個(gè)任務(wù)會(huì)比較容易被攻克。
對(duì)不同認(rèn)知類型的工作分層處理
人的大腦在對(duì)不同認(rèn)知類型進(jìn)行切換時(shí)，需要重新進(jìn)行調(diào)整，如在寫書(shū)時(shí)可以分為文字、圖片、排版，如果按常規(guī)方式進(jìn)行，一邊文字一邊排版，然后遇到配圖的地方，在找圖，這樣的效率就很低，但你把任務(wù)按類型進(jìn)行分解分為文字、插圖和排版，寫文字的時(shí)候就一路往下寫，對(duì)于需要插圖的地方，只是記下位置標(biāo)記和特征要點(diǎn)，待到一整章寫完后，才返回去加上插圖。最后再排版，象使用PS處理圖片中的圖層一樣進(jìn)行分層操作，效率就很會(huì)提高很多。
在處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù)的場(chǎng)景中。比如你現(xiàn)在有兩個(gè)任務(wù)要做，一個(gè)是寫一個(gè) Word 文檔，另一個(gè)是做一個(gè)PPT，常規(guī)的做法是先把其中一個(gè)做完再做另一個(gè)，或者其中一個(gè)先做。一部分再換到另一個(gè)。而圖層工作法可以這么做，把 Word 任務(wù)分解為Word 文字、 Word 圖示、Word 排版三部分，把 PPT 分解為 PPT 文字、PPT 圖示、PPT 排版三部分。然后將相同認(rèn)知類型的工作組合在一起，處理的效率就會(huì)大大加快。
“圖層工作法”是完成一個(gè)復(fù)雜作品或者復(fù)雜項(xiàng)目的基礎(chǔ)，甚至可能是最有效的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而對(duì)于習(xí)慣于制作簡(jiǎn)單作品的我們來(lái)說(shuō)，它也是幫助我們邁向更高行動(dòng)能力的一架梯子。正如德國(guó)思想家本雅明所說(shuō)：“寫一篇好散文要經(jīng)過(guò)三個(gè)臺(tái)階，一個(gè)是音樂(lè)的，這時(shí)它被構(gòu)思;一個(gè)是建筑的，這時(shí)它被搭建起來(lái);最后一個(gè)是紡織的，這時(shí)它被織成。”
子曰：吾日三省吾身。要想成為一個(gè)很厲害的人，我們是不是也得經(jīng)常問(wèn)問(wèn)自己：是否選擇了自己愿意為之拼搏的選擇?選擇之后是否為之即刻付諸行動(dòng)?行動(dòng)是否張弛有度、條理分明?
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