即興演講的選材技巧
在做即興演講時(shí)，要從以下四個(gè)方面著手：內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言以及臺(tái)上演講風(fēng)格等，今天學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家分享一些演講中的小技巧，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
即興演講的選材技巧一：強(qiáng)有力的材料做支持
論據(jù)的類型最基本可分為三種：實(shí)例、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字以及引用別人的言語(yǔ)。對(duì)于即興演講來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)能夠找到恰當(dāng)?shù)慕y(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字是非常困難的。因此在即興演講時(shí)，引用別人的言語(yǔ)和用實(shí)例來(lái)證明是最常見(jiàn)的兩種方式。那么應(yīng)該選擇哪種類型的例子來(lái)做論據(jù)呢?在比賽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行即興演講時(shí)，最切實(shí)可行的、最容易做到的就是用自己或自己周圍發(fā)生的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明你的觀點(diǎn)，信手拈來(lái)，不用絞盡腦汁，演講起來(lái)最自如，最自信;這樣做無(wú)形之中也強(qiáng)化了自己的可信度，比較容易打動(dòng)聽(tīng)眾。如在“21世紀(jì)(愛(ài)立信杯”2003年第8屆全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽中獲得第二名的南京大學(xué)學(xué)生王媛在即興演講中是這樣說(shuō)的，
"If indeed I had a chance to choose for my life again, I think the time setting I would choose is in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. That was when the Chinese government began to adopt the policy of reform and openness. And the place setting I would choose is in some places in the western part of China. Why? Let me share with you my reasons.
Well, when I firstly saw this, errr, heard this topic, I think it reminded me of an experience a few years ago. I still clearly remember that, uhh, at that time, some fellow students and I went to visit a primary school in a very poor village and we were working as tutors there. There, all the classrooms were in a very old building and many windows and doors were broken, so, when it was raining, all the children had to move to a corner in order not to get wet. Inside the classroom, five to six children were sharing one desk normally shared by two and many of the desks and chairs were broken, too.
And immediately after we began to teach them English, it became very clear to us that many of these students were very diligent and were very willing to work hard. But later on, as we talked among ourselves, we got to know that they, many of them, could not finish their schooling just because of poverty. I think that this experience enabled us to see that we belong to a few group of, a group of few people that are fortunately enough to receive a college education."
這段演講是她真情實(shí)感的流露，表達(dá)起來(lái)自如，而且自信，也容易和聽(tīng)眾進(jìn)行真正的交流。
在選擇使用論據(jù)時(shí)，尤其是在競(jìng)賽當(dāng)中，需要特別注意以下兩個(gè)原則。
(1)演講的支持材料要切題。
所選擇的支持材料要為你的中心觀點(diǎn)或主題服務(wù)，不能偏離這一點(diǎn)，不能跑題。記得一個(gè)學(xué)生在參加比賽時(shí)，抽到的即興演講題目是，“中國(guó)成為世界貿(mào)易組織的成員對(duì)于我們國(guó)家有什么主要影響?”她在演講中講了一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的故事，一個(gè)年輕人在海邊拾貝殼，碰到了一個(gè)老人，以及和這個(gè)老人之間展開(kāi)的對(duì)話。這個(gè)故事占了整個(gè)演講的三分之二，然后很牽強(qiáng)地把這個(gè)故事和她抽到的題目聯(lián)系在一起。盡管她的故事敘述得很流利，但在整個(gè)即興演講結(jié)束后，聽(tīng)眾仍然不知她對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的回答是什么?很顯然，演講者在賽前準(zhǔn)備了幾個(gè)故事，準(zhǔn)備在即興演講時(shí)使用。的確，在賽前要做充分的準(zhǔn)備，準(zhǔn)備各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的數(shù)據(jù)、例子、權(quán)威專家的話等，做好充分的調(diào)研，以便在比賽中游刃有余。但切記你所選擇的支持材料一定要與主題相關(guān)，為主題服務(wù)，能夠幫助聽(tīng)眾更加深入地了解你的觀點(diǎn)，決不能嘩眾取寵。不切題的即興演講絕不會(huì)得高分。
(2)演講的支持材料要貼近聽(tīng)眾。
演講的支持材料最好是聽(tīng)眾熟悉的，貼近聽(tīng)眾，不僅有利于聽(tīng)眾理解、接受和吸收你的信息，而且容易產(chǎn)生共鳴。筆者作為輔導(dǎo)教師參加過(guò)多次的全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽，在比賽中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很奇怪的現(xiàn)象。有很多學(xué)生舉例子或引用別人的話時(shí)，往往愿意用國(guó)外的例子或國(guó)外名人說(shuō)的話來(lái)支持他們的論點(diǎn)。學(xué)生也許有些許擔(dān)心，“如果用土生土長(zhǎng)的例子，外國(guó)評(píng)委可能會(huì)不知道，不了解背景，會(huì)影響他們對(duì)整個(gè)演講的評(píng)判。”然而在一次比賽中，一位來(lái)自美國(guó)的演講專家在做點(diǎn)評(píng)時(shí)說(shuō)到，“不用擔(dān)心我們會(huì)不了解，或聽(tīng)不懂。問(wèn)題是作為一個(gè)外國(guó)人，我們?cè)谶@里希望聽(tīng)到有關(guān)你們國(guó)家的人、事、思想、文化，而不是我們國(guó)家的名人如林肯、克林頓，他們說(shuō)了什么，干了什么。”他一語(yǔ)道破了問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵，演講者所說(shuō)的要和你的聽(tīng)眾拉近距離，講一些本地發(fā)生的事情，發(fā)生的事情對(duì)聽(tīng)眾產(chǎn)生了什么樣的影響，用當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕?、理念?lái)解釋你的觀點(diǎn)，這樣更容易在聽(tīng)眾中產(chǎn)生共鳴。但并不是說(shuō)就一定不能用國(guó)外的例子或觀點(diǎn)。要全方位地選擇論據(jù)，選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)牟牧蠟槟愕挠^點(diǎn)服務(wù)。
在“21世紀(jì)(澳門之星杯”2006年第11屆全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽中復(fù)旦大學(xué)的胡懿在即興演講(Should laws be fixed or flexible?)中是這樣說(shuō)的，
"Well, actually, very accidentally this morning, when we were sort of "imprisoned" in that preparing room, actually we had a fierce debate over law. And now I would like to share some of my thoughts with you on whether we should adopt flexible laws or fixed laws.
Well, first of all, I admit that there are some cases of injustice in our society. For example, last year there was a famous case of Wang Bingyu, which aroused a great controversy in society. Actually Wang Bingyu was a migrant worker, who failed for several times to get his payment from his boss. And obviously that boss treated him very badly. He didnt send him to hospital when he was ill, and he didnt treat him with very good food and also made him make, do extra work without any extra money. And out of a rage, Wang killed several of the, several people in charge, out of a great rage. And that case aroused a great controversy in society. Actually when I read the story, I did show some sympathy for that guy, because I think it was the fault of the boss in the first place. It was him that didnt pay him the payment that he deserved. So I feel sympathetic for him."
她講述了一個(gè)在我國(guó)曾經(jīng)轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的案例，臺(tái)下的聽(tīng)眾可能聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，也可能不知道這個(gè)故事，但這畢竟是發(fā)生在聽(tīng)眾周圍的，貼近聽(tīng)眾，這樣聽(tīng)眾便會(huì)很容易理解演講者所要傳達(dá)的信息。
在一分鐘的即興演講中，你用具體的事例來(lái)仔細(xì)闡述觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)間可能非常受限。在這一分鐘之內(nèi)，你很可能只給出主要觀點(diǎn)的框架，那么要想真正打動(dòng)聽(tīng)眾恐怕要依賴于主題和觀點(diǎn)到底如何。
即興演講的選材技巧二：好的主題與觀點(diǎn)
在前面談過(guò)選擇題目或角度時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的一些具體原則，如：題目和角度一定是你有切身感觸的;應(yīng)該具有創(chuàng)造性，是聽(tīng)眾感興趣的;應(yīng)該具體;應(yīng)真實(shí)而有意義;所選擇的觀點(diǎn)或角度一定能經(jīng)得起推敲和琢磨，是全面的。除了這些基本原則外，在比賽過(guò)程中處理即興演講時(shí)，還應(yīng)該特別強(qiáng)調(diào)兩點(diǎn)：切題和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
(1)切題
切題最重要。一般而言，選手拿到的題目都是以問(wèn)題的形式出現(xiàn)的。你需要表明在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)，決不可以含糊其詞，態(tài)度閃爍不定，站在中間，既談好處又談弊端。如果堅(jiān)持這樣，那么評(píng)委和聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)認(rèn)為你是在逃避，你的觀點(diǎn)不明確，態(tài)度不明朗，那也就很難勝出。這點(diǎn)在CCTV杯演講比賽中尤其重要，因?yàn)榧磁d演講是為以后的辯論做準(zhǔn)備。例如在2005年CCTV杯演講比賽中，一位學(xué)生抽到的題目是, “Who should be the focus of investment in sports, the general population or potential Olympic champions?”當(dāng)時(shí)他的回答是不偏不倚的，很顯然二者都應(yīng)該被照顧到，給予資金的扶持。但問(wèn)題是，在這種情況下，他必須要做出選擇，而不能徘徊于兩者之間。否則，評(píng)委和聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)懷疑你的態(tài)度和出發(fā)點(diǎn)，演講效果自然也就大打折扣。
(2) 觀點(diǎn)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性
觀點(diǎn)不能偏激，一定要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。這里的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)有以下幾層意思。
A.觀點(diǎn)本身能夠站得住腳，有充足的材料可以說(shuō)明論證。
B.表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)言本身要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，準(zhǔn)確，盡量避免絕對(duì)化的字眼，如 “never, every, all, nothing, nobody“等，這些絕對(duì)化判斷太容易遭到攻擊。
C. 觀點(diǎn)需要限制和修飾。要用發(fā)展性的眼光來(lái)處理你的觀點(diǎn)。以上面那個(gè)題目來(lái)為例，如果既有大量資金扶持運(yùn)動(dòng)員又能讓普通群眾受益，那是最好的，但這是一種理想的畫面?，F(xiàn)實(shí)往往和理想有一段距離，現(xiàn)階段沒(méi)有足夠的資金平衡二者的利益，答案又是什么呢?你可以有自己的看法和答案，但一定要有充足的論據(jù)支持。請(qǐng)注意：剛才我使用了現(xiàn)階段三個(gè)字。這就意味著是用發(fā)展的眼光來(lái)看到問(wèn)題，不僅要看到事物的現(xiàn)階段，也要看到將來(lái)發(fā)展的方向——也就是期望得到的理想狀態(tài)，即兩類人群都會(huì)受益。
D. 承認(rèn)你的觀點(diǎn)有修正和完善的余地。你的觀點(diǎn)可能只是你目前認(rèn)識(shí)的一個(gè)方面，或者是現(xiàn)階段你的一種想法，它仍然有完善的余地
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