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學(xué)習(xí)啦>勵(lì)志>成功學(xué)>成功學(xué)演講>

世界成功人士演講3篇

時(shí)間: 小蘭676 分享

演講是一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的藝術(shù),它旨在調(diào)動(dòng)起聽(tīng)眾情緒,并引起聽(tīng)眾的共鳴,從而傳達(dá)出你所要傳達(dá)的思想、觀點(diǎn)、感悟。以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家整理的關(guān)于世界成功人士演講,希望能給大家?guī)?lái)幫助!

世界成功人士演講1:?jiǎn)讨巍に髁_斯

在我的一生中,我制定了一個(gè)概念框架幫助我既作為一個(gè)對(duì)沖基金經(jīng)理去掙錢(qián),也作為一個(gè)政策導(dǎo)向的慈善家去花錢(qián)。但是,框架本身是無(wú)關(guān)乎錢(qián)財(cái)?shù)?,它是關(guān)于思想和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的關(guān)系,而這個(gè)問(wèn)題從很早開(kāi)始,就已經(jīng)被哲學(xué)家們廣泛地研究。

50年代末,我還是倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院的一個(gè)學(xué)生時(shí),就開(kāi)始發(fā)展我的哲學(xué)。由于我提前一年參加了最后的考試,在我得到學(xué)位之前,有一年的空白時(shí)間去打發(fā),可以選擇導(dǎo)師對(duì)我進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),我選擇了卡爾波普爾,一位維也納出生的哲學(xué)家,他的名著《開(kāi)放社會(huì)及其敵人》已經(jīng)給我留下了深刻的印象。

在他的書(shū)中,波普爾認(rèn)為,經(jīng)驗(yàn)真理不能被絕對(duì)地肯定。即便科學(xué)規(guī)律也不可能擺脫疑云:他們可以被實(shí)驗(yàn)所證偽。也就是說(shuō),只要有一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)證明這個(gè)理論是錯(cuò)的,就足以證明整個(gè)理論不成立,而哪怕有再多的數(shù)據(jù)支持該理論,也無(wú)法完全肯定該理論是對(duì)的??茖W(xué)規(guī)律實(shí)際上是假設(shè)性質(zhì)的,而真相永遠(yuǎn)有待檢驗(yàn)。意識(shí)形態(tài)聲稱掌握著絕對(duì)真理是胡說(shuō)八道,因此,他們只能由武力去推行。這適用于共產(chǎn)主義、法西斯主義、國(guó)家社會(huì)主義等等。所有這些思想最終都導(dǎo)致鎮(zhèn)壓。波普爾提出了一個(gè)更具吸引力的社會(huì)組織形式:開(kāi)放社會(huì),一個(gè)人們自由持有不同意見(jiàn)的開(kāi)放社會(huì),法律規(guī)則允許不同意見(jiàn)和利益的人和平相處。在這里,經(jīng)歷過(guò)納粹和共產(chǎn)主義占領(lǐng)的匈牙利,我發(fā)現(xiàn)開(kāi)放社會(huì)的理念具有極大的吸引力。

當(dāng)我閱讀波普爾時(shí),我也在學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)理論,我發(fā)現(xiàn)在波普爾強(qiáng)調(diào)知識(shí)永遠(yuǎn)是不完備的同時(shí),經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論卻有完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論,并假設(shè)知識(shí)是完備的,我被兩者的矛盾難住了。這使我開(kāi)始懷疑經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的假設(shè)。這是我哲學(xué)上的兩大理論啟示。當(dāng)然,我的哲學(xué)也深深地植根于我個(gè)人的歷史。

我一生中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)成型于1944年德國(guó)對(duì)匈牙利的占領(lǐng)。那時(shí)我還不到14歲,擁有不錯(cuò)的富裕中產(chǎn)階級(jí)背景,但突然之間,就因?yàn)槲沂仟q太人,就面臨著被驅(qū)逐和殺害的前景。

幸運(yùn)的是我的父親對(duì)這種非常態(tài)的事情是有充分準(zhǔn)備的。他經(jīng)歷過(guò)俄國(guó)革命,。在那之前,他是一個(gè)雄心勃勃的年輕人,一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,他自愿參加了奧匈軍隊(duì)。他被俄國(guó)人俘虜,送到西伯利亞去成了戰(zhàn)俘。由于野心,他成了犯人們自制報(bào)紙的編輯。這份報(bào)紙是手工寫(xiě)在一個(gè)木板上的,名字就叫“木板”。這份工作使他非常受歡迎,他被選為囚犯的代表。之后,一些士兵逃離了鄰近的集中營(yíng),該營(yíng)的囚犯代表被報(bào)復(fù)性槍殺。我父親不想坐以待斃等待同樣的事情發(fā)生在他所在的集中營(yíng)里,就組織了個(gè)小組領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一次越獄。他的計(jì)劃是造一個(gè)木筏航行進(jìn)入大海,但他的地理知識(shí)太缺乏,他不知道西伯利亞所有河流都流向北冰洋。他們漂流了幾個(gè)星期才意識(shí)到是在漂向北冰洋,又花了好幾個(gè)月穿過(guò)重重的針葉林,尋找道路回到文明。與此同時(shí),俄國(guó)革命爆發(fā),他們又卷入其中。經(jīng)過(guò)了一系列的冒險(xiǎn)之后,我的父親才終于回到了匈牙利,如果他當(dāng)時(shí)留在集中營(yíng)不逃走,應(yīng)該早就回到家了。

我父親回到家已經(jīng)變了一個(gè)人。俄國(guó)革命期間的經(jīng)歷深深影響了他。他失去了他的野心,除了享受生活之外什么也不想。他傳授給他孩子的價(jià)值觀和我們生活的環(huán)境流行的也截然不同。他不想斂財(cái),也不想成為社會(huì)支柱,只想干活掙錢(qián)恰好能過(guò)日子就行。我記得一次滑雪度假之前,被他派去向他的一個(gè)主要客戶借錢(qián),之后我父親不高興了好幾個(gè)星期,因?yàn)樗坏貌患泳o干活還錢(qián)。雖然我們?nèi)兆舆^(guò)得還算寬松,但我們不屬于那種布爾喬亞式的家庭,我們?yōu)樽约旱呐c眾不同而驕傲。

1944年,當(dāng)?shù)聡?guó)占領(lǐng)了匈牙利,我父親馬上明白這不是正常的時(shí)世,也不能按正常的法則辦事。他給他的家人和不少其他人弄來(lái)了假身份證,那些人有的付了錢(qián),有的是免費(fèi)的。大部分人幸免于難了。那是他最好的時(shí)光。

用假身份生活也成了我的一次刺激的體驗(yàn)。我們處于致命的危險(xiǎn)之中,周?chē)陀腥怂劳?,但我們不僅活著,還幫助了別人。我們和天使是一伙兒的,戰(zhàn)勝了不可一世的魑魅魍魎。這讓我感到很特別。這是多么 High的冒險(xiǎn)。有父親做可靠的向?qū)?,我順利地度過(guò)了艱辛。一個(gè) 14歲的孩子還能要求什么?

經(jīng)歷了逃脫納粹的快感之后,在蘇聯(lián)占領(lǐng)期間,匈牙利的生活開(kāi)始失去光澤,我需要尋找新的挑戰(zhàn)。在我父親的幫助下,我找到了離開(kāi)匈牙利的路。當(dāng)我 17歲時(shí),我成了倫敦的一名學(xué)生。在我的研究中,我主要的興趣是深入了解我所誕生的這個(gè)古怪世界。但我必須承認(rèn),我也懷有一些成為大哲學(xué)家幻想。我相信,我已經(jīng)獲得了把我和其他人區(qū)別開(kāi)的智慧之光。

在倫敦的生活真是令人大失所望。我沒(méi)有錢(qián),單身一人,沒(méi)人對(duì)我說(shuō)的話感興趣。但即使可惡的生活迫使我靠更世俗的方式謀生,我也沒(méi)有放棄哲學(xué)雄心。在結(jié)束學(xué)業(yè)后,我有一串錯(cuò)誤的開(kāi)始。最后,我在紐約套利交易的位置上穩(wěn)住了。但空閑時(shí)我仍然繼續(xù)我的哲學(xué)研究。

這就是我第一篇重要文章的來(lái)歷,題目是“意識(shí)的負(fù)擔(dān)”。這是一次試圖把波普爾的“開(kāi)放和封閉社會(huì)的框架”進(jìn)行模型化的嘗試。它把有機(jī)社會(huì)和傳統(tǒng)的思維方式聯(lián)系在一起。封閉社會(huì)與教條方式相聯(lián)系,開(kāi)放社會(huì)與批判方式相聯(lián)系。我不能妥善解決的問(wèn)題是,我無(wú)法將思維方式和真實(shí)社會(huì)事件之間聯(lián)系的屬性進(jìn)行分解。這個(gè)問(wèn)題一直困擾著我,這是我怎么想到要發(fā)明“反身性”這個(gè)概念的歷程,這個(gè)概念我呆會(huì)兒要詳細(xì)探討。

事有湊巧,反身性概念提供給我一個(gè)觀察金融市場(chǎng)的新方法,這個(gè)方法比當(dāng)時(shí)流行的理論更好。它提供給了我一個(gè)判斷依據(jù),首先是作為一名證券分析師,然后是對(duì)沖基金經(jīng)理都能用上。我感覺(jué)就像做出了一個(gè)重大的發(fā)現(xiàn),能夠滿足我成為一個(gè)大哲學(xué)家的幻想。某一刻,當(dāng)我的商業(yè)生涯遇到障礙時(shí),我立馬掉轉(zhuǎn)船頭,全力向哲學(xué)進(jìn)發(fā)。因?yàn)槲姨湎业陌l(fā)現(xiàn),一刻也不想離開(kāi)它。想讀更多此類好文章請(qǐng)加微信:nch785 我感覺(jué)反身性理論需要更深地挖掘。當(dāng)我越來(lái)越深地對(duì)這個(gè)題目進(jìn)行鉆研時(shí),我在我自己構(gòu)建的迷宮中迷失了。一天早晨,我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己看不懂昨晚剛寫(xiě)的東西了。在那一刻,我決定放棄我的哲學(xué)探索,集中精力掙錢(qián)。只有在很多年以后,成為一個(gè)成功的對(duì)沖基金經(jīng)理之后,再回到我的哲學(xué)中去。

1987年,我出版了第一本書(shū)《金融煉金術(shù)》。那本書(shū)里我試圖解釋我金融市場(chǎng)操作的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。這本書(shū)吸引了一些人的注意,大部分對(duì)沖基金行業(yè)內(nèi)的人都讀過(guò),商學(xué)院也在教授。但是書(shū)中的哲學(xué)爭(zhēng)論卻沒(méi)有給人留下多少印象,它更多被理解為一個(gè)成功生意人的虛榮心,賺了錢(qián)就幻想自己是哲學(xué)家。

我自己也開(kāi)始懷疑到底是不是做出了重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)。畢竟我是在對(duì)付一個(gè)自古以來(lái)就被哲學(xué)家探索來(lái)探索去的課題。我有什么樣的理由去認(rèn)為自己做出了新的發(fā)現(xiàn),特別是別人都沒(méi)有這么認(rèn)為的時(shí)候?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),概念框架是對(duì)我個(gè)人有益的,但似乎別人不認(rèn)為它有這么大價(jià)值。我不得不接受別人的判斷。我沒(méi)有放棄我對(duì)哲學(xué)的興趣,但我已經(jīng)只把它當(dāng)做我個(gè)人的偏好。我的生意和慈善活動(dòng)(慈善已經(jīng)越來(lái)越成為我生活中重要的一部分)中,我繼續(xù)按照這個(gè)概念框架行事,每次我寫(xiě)一本書(shū),也會(huì)忠誠(chéng)地重申我的論點(diǎn)。這對(duì)我發(fā)展我的概念框架有幫助,但我仍然認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)失敗的哲學(xué)家。有一次,我還發(fā)表了一篇題目為“一個(gè)失敗哲學(xué)家的再嘗試”的演講。

但這一切都因?yàn)?2008年的金融危機(jī)而改變了。我的概念框架使我首先預(yù)見(jiàn)了危機(jī),又在危機(jī)終于發(fā)生時(shí)利用來(lái)去處理它。我在對(duì)事件解釋和預(yù)測(cè)上做得比大部分人都好。這改變了我和其他許多人對(duì)理論的評(píng)價(jià),我的哲學(xué)不再是個(gè)人的事情了,它值得當(dāng)做理解現(xiàn)實(shí)的一種潛在貢獻(xiàn)予以嚴(yán)肅重視。這是促使我做這一系列講座的原因。

言歸正傳。今天我會(huì)從整體上解釋“易錯(cuò)性”和“反身性”這兩個(gè)概念。明天我將它們應(yīng)用到金融市場(chǎng),之后,應(yīng)用到政治上。這還將引入“開(kāi)放社會(huì)”的概念。在第四講,我會(huì)探討市場(chǎng)價(jià)值和道德價(jià)值的差異,第五講,我會(huì)提出一些預(yù)測(cè),以及針對(duì)此時(shí)此刻的一些處方。

我可以把核心思想用兩個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的命題來(lái)闡述。其一是,當(dāng)一件事情有人參與時(shí),參與者對(duì)世界的看法始終是片面的、歪曲的,這是易錯(cuò)性原則。另一個(gè)命題是,這些歪曲的觀點(diǎn)能反過(guò)來(lái)影響到的與該觀點(diǎn)有聯(lián)系的事情,因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng),從而影響事件本身。這就是反身性原則。例如,把吸毒成癮者看成是罪犯導(dǎo)致他們真的產(chǎn)生犯罪行為。因?yàn)檎`解了問(wèn)題并干擾了對(duì)吸毒者適當(dāng)?shù)闹委?。另一個(gè)例子是,聲稱政府是不好的,往往也導(dǎo)致糟糕的政府。

易錯(cuò)性和反身性都是純粹的常識(shí)。因此,當(dāng)我的批評(píng)者說(shuō),我只是陳述了顯而易見(jiàn)的事實(shí)時(shí),他們是對(duì)的,但只是在最簡(jiǎn)單的層次上是對(duì)的。讓我主張更有趣的是,它們的意義并未得到普遍的贊賞。特別是反身性的概念,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論一直刻意回避甚至否認(rèn)它。因此,我的概念框架值得認(rèn)真對(duì)待,不是因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)新的發(fā)現(xiàn),而是因?yàn)橄穹瓷硇赃@樣常識(shí)性的東西被刻意忽略了。

在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中,反身性并沒(méi)有位置,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家總是希望找到確定的東西,然而,我卻說(shuō)不確定性是人類事務(wù)的關(guān)鍵性特征。經(jīng)濟(jì)理論是建立在均衡概念之上的,但這個(gè)概念與反身性概念直接矛盾。正如我會(huì)在下一講講到的,這兩個(gè)概念產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)完全不同的解釋。

易錯(cuò)性的概念沒(méi)有什么爭(zhēng)議。人們普遍承認(rèn),我們生活在其中的世界,其復(fù)雜性超出了我們的理解能力。我也沒(méi)有提供更大更新的見(jiàn)解。主要原因是,參加者本身就是事情的一部分,在處理時(shí)往往無(wú)法處理自己。或者這樣說(shuō),當(dāng)面臨一個(gè)極端復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí),我們不得不采取各種方法去做簡(jiǎn)化(僅舉幾個(gè)例子,比如概括,兩分,比喻,決策規(guī)則,道德觀念等等),人們使用這些方法時(shí),如果把他們自己也是處理對(duì)象的一部分,情況就更復(fù)雜了。

大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)是易錯(cuò)性的另一個(gè)來(lái)源。腦科學(xué)的最新進(jìn)展已提供了一些對(duì)大腦如何工作的認(rèn)識(shí),并且已經(jīng)證實(shí)休謨的觀點(diǎn):理智是情感的奴隸。理智來(lái)自于我們想象力的虛構(gòu)。

大腦被成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)感官?zèng)_動(dòng)輪番轟炸,但意識(shí)卻只能同時(shí)處理七八個(gè)事情。在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi),這些沖動(dòng)必須被凝練、排序和解釋,出錯(cuò)和扭曲無(wú)法避免。腦科學(xué)為我的原始論點(diǎn)增添了許多新的細(xì)節(jié),我們對(duì)世界的理解在本質(zhì)上是不完善的。

反身性概念需要多做一點(diǎn)解說(shuō)。它僅僅適用于這樣的事件,在事件中,具備有思考能力的參與者也是事件的一部分。圍繞參與者的思想會(huì)形成兩個(gè)函數(shù)。其一是認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)我們生活在其中的世界,我稱之為認(rèn)知函數(shù)。二是向有利于己的方向改變世界,我稱為參與(或操縱)函數(shù)。(在索羅斯的演講中,認(rèn)知函數(shù)和操縱函數(shù)分別是cognitive function和 manipulative function,其中function既可以翻譯成功能,也可以翻譯成函數(shù)。在其本意中,是指參與者的功能,這種功能需要一定的輸入因子,或者說(shuō),變量,并產(chǎn)生一定的輸出因子,并可以用函數(shù)的形式來(lái)表達(dá)。比如一個(gè)人砍柴,輸入是人、木頭和斧頭,輸出是柴火,函數(shù)名稱是砍柴。本文中,根據(jù)上下文的需要和中文的習(xí)慣,既有翻譯成函數(shù)的地方,也有翻譯成功能的地方,但實(shí)際上是同一個(gè)概念-譯者)這兩個(gè)函數(shù)從兩個(gè)相反的方向連接起思想和現(xiàn)實(shí)。在認(rèn)知函數(shù)中,是現(xiàn)實(shí)決定了參與者的觀點(diǎn),其中因果關(guān)系的方向是從現(xiàn)實(shí)到思想的。與此相反,在操縱函數(shù)中,因果關(guān)系的方向是從思想到現(xiàn)實(shí)的,也就是說(shuō),參與者的意圖在對(duì)世界產(chǎn)生影響。當(dāng)兩個(gè)函數(shù)在同時(shí)起作用時(shí),他們可以互相干擾。

如何干擾?通過(guò)剝奪每個(gè)函數(shù)中的自變量,這些自變量同時(shí)是其他函數(shù)的因變量。因?yàn)?,?dāng)一個(gè)函數(shù)的自變量是另一個(gè)函數(shù)的因變量時(shí),就沒(méi)有一個(gè)函數(shù)具有真正獨(dú)立性。這意味著認(rèn)知函數(shù)不能產(chǎn)生足夠的知識(shí)來(lái)作為參與者決策的依據(jù)。同樣,操縱函數(shù)可對(duì)改變世界的結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響,但不能單獨(dú)確定它。換言之,其結(jié)果容易偏離參與者的意圖。在意圖和行動(dòng)以及行動(dòng)和結(jié)果之間必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生某種偏差。因此,在我們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的理解和事態(tài)的實(shí)際發(fā)展之間也存在一定的不確定性。

為了理解不確定性與反身性之間的聯(lián)系,我們需要探討遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)。如果認(rèn)知函數(shù)孤立地運(yùn)作而完全不受操縱函數(shù)的影響,它可以產(chǎn)生知識(shí)。這些知識(shí)被表述為結(jié)果為真的斷言,也就是說(shuō),這些斷言如果和事實(shí)符合,就是真的(這就是真理符合論告訴我們的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。但是,如果操縱函數(shù)對(duì)事實(shí)產(chǎn)生了干擾,從而改變了事實(shí),這時(shí)候事實(shí)已經(jīng)不能再作為獨(dú)立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去判斷那些由認(rèn)知函數(shù)產(chǎn)生的斷言了,因?yàn)榧幢銛嘌匀匀慌c事實(shí)符合,但由于事實(shí)已經(jīng)被改變,這樣的符合也缺乏獨(dú)立性了。

考慮這樣的斷言:“現(xiàn)在在下雨?!边@個(gè)斷言是真是假依賴于天氣的實(shí)際狀況,實(shí)際上,現(xiàn)在在下雨。現(xiàn)在再考慮另一個(gè)斷言:“這是一個(gè)革命的時(shí)刻。”這個(gè)斷言是反身性的,它是否為真依賴于斷言本身帶去的影響能否鼓勵(lì)起一批造反派來(lái)。

反身性陳述與說(shuō)謊者悖論(即,蘇格拉底說(shuō):蘇格拉底是個(gè)說(shuō)謊者。-譯者)有一定的聯(lián)系,后者在形式上也是一個(gè)自我參照的斷言。但雖然自我參照已經(jīng)被廣泛地分析過(guò),反身性受到注意卻要少得多。這是很奇怪的,因?yàn)榉瓷硇杂袑?duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界有影響,而自我參照純粹是一種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。

在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中,參與者的思想,不僅表現(xiàn)在斷言上,當(dāng)然還表現(xiàn)在各種形式的行動(dòng)和習(xí)慣上。這使得反身性成為一個(gè)非常廣泛的現(xiàn)象,而其通常采用的形式是反饋回路。參與者的意見(jiàn)影響事態(tài)的發(fā)展,事態(tài)的發(fā)展影響參與者的意見(jiàn)。該影響是持續(xù)和循環(huán)的,于是變成了反饋回路。

反身性反饋回路還沒(méi)有得到嚴(yán)格的分析,當(dāng)我最初遇到這個(gè)問(wèn)題,并試圖分析的時(shí)候,我闖入了問(wèn)題的復(fù)雜性之中。我假定反饋回路是在參與者意見(jiàn)和事件實(shí)際進(jìn)程之間的一個(gè)雙向連接。但不同參與者意見(jiàn)之間的雙向聯(lián)系呢?如果一個(gè)孤立的個(gè)人問(wèn)自己“我是誰(shuí)”“我主張什么”,作為對(duì)自己?jiǎn)栴}的反應(yīng)而改變了行為習(xí)慣呢?試圖解決這些困難時(shí),我在眾多的分類中越來(lái)越迷失,以至于一天早上,我已經(jīng)看不懂前一天晚上寫(xiě)下的東西了。也就是這時(shí)候我放棄了哲學(xué)開(kāi)始一心一意賺錢(qián)。

為了避免這種陷阱,讓我提出的下列術(shù)語(yǔ)。讓我們把現(xiàn)實(shí)分成客觀和主觀兩個(gè)方面。思想構(gòu)成主觀方面,事件構(gòu)成客觀方面。換句話說(shuō),主觀方面包括參加者的頭腦中發(fā)生的事情,客觀方面是指外部現(xiàn)實(shí)中發(fā)生的事情。只有一個(gè)外部現(xiàn)實(shí),但有許多不同的主觀意見(jiàn)。反身性可以連接任何兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的現(xiàn)實(shí)方面(但只要要包含一個(gè)主觀方面),并在其之間設(shè)立雙向反饋循環(huán)。特殊情況下,反身性甚至在同一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的一個(gè)方面也可能出現(xiàn),這反映在一個(gè)孤立的個(gè)人對(duì)他自己身份的反應(yīng),可以說(shuō)是“自我反身性”。然后我們可以區(qū)分兩大類:反身關(guān)系(主觀方面之間的連接)和反身事件(包涵客觀方面的連接)。婚姻是反身關(guān)系;2008年的危機(jī)是反身事件。當(dāng)現(xiàn)實(shí)中沒(méi)有主觀方面參與,就沒(méi)有反身性。

反饋回路可以是負(fù)反饋,也可以是正反饋。負(fù)反饋將參與者的觀點(diǎn)和實(shí)際情況之間越拉越近;正反饋則把他們?cè)椒衷竭h(yuǎn)。換言之,一個(gè)負(fù)反饋過(guò)程是自我糾正的,它可以永遠(yuǎn)存在下去。如果外部現(xiàn)實(shí)中沒(méi)有發(fā)生重大變化,它可能最終導(dǎo)致一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn),在這個(gè)點(diǎn),參與者的觀點(diǎn)正好對(duì)應(yīng)于實(shí)際情況。在金融市場(chǎng)一般認(rèn)為發(fā)生的就是這種情況。因此,均衡這個(gè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的核心事例,只不過(guò)是負(fù)反饋中的一個(gè)極端事例而已,在我的概念框架中只不過(guò)是一個(gè)受限制的特殊情況。

與此相反,正反饋過(guò)程是自我強(qiáng)化的,它不可能永遠(yuǎn)持續(xù)下去,因?yàn)閰⑴c者的觀點(diǎn)將與客觀事實(shí)相差越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn),最終參與者也將不得不承認(rèn)它們是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。兩者間的交互過(guò)程也不會(huì)讓事物的實(shí)際狀態(tài)維持穩(wěn)定,因?yàn)檎答佊羞@樣的特性,它讓現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中已然存在的任何傾向都越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。這時(shí)候我們面對(duì)的不是均衡,而是動(dòng)態(tài)的不均衡,或者說(shuō),任何可以被描述為離均衡越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)的情況。在這種離均衡越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)的情況下,通常參與者和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的分歧會(huì)達(dá)到高潮,從而觸發(fā)另一個(gè)相反方向的正反饋。這種看上去的自我強(qiáng)化實(shí)際上是一個(gè)自我否定式的繁榮-蕭條過(guò)程,在金融市場(chǎng)中,就是積累泡沫和泡沫破裂的過(guò)程,在其他領(lǐng)域也能找到類似的情況。我把這稱作創(chuàng)造性謬誤,即,人們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的解釋是有偏差的,根據(jù)這種偏差的觀點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生的行動(dòng)又導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)實(shí)真的出現(xiàn)偏差,并越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。

我知道這一切非常抽象,難以理解。如果我舉一些具體的例子將更容易理解。但是,你們不得不忍受我。如果我想提出一個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn),抽象化反而能夠幫助我做到這一點(diǎn)。在處理類似現(xiàn)實(shí)和思想以及相互關(guān)系這類題目的時(shí)候,人們很容易犯暈做出錯(cuò)誤的模擬。所以,曲解和誤解可以在人類事務(wù)中扮演非常重要的角色。最近的金融危機(jī)就可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致金融市場(chǎng)如何運(yùn)作的錯(cuò)誤解釋。我將在下一講討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。第三講,我會(huì)討論兩個(gè)創(chuàng)造性謬誤——啟蒙謬誤和后現(xiàn)代謬誤。這些具體的例子將聚焦于討論誤解在歷史進(jìn)程中有多重要。但今天的講座,我仍將停留在高度抽象的層次上。

我主張,當(dāng)有思想能力的參與者參與進(jìn)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象時(shí),情況與自然現(xiàn)象具有完全不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。不同之處在于思維的作用。在自然現(xiàn)象中,思想沒(méi)有發(fā)揮因果作用,只具有認(rèn)知功能。在人類事務(wù)中,思想本身就是問(wèn)題的一部分,既具有認(rèn)知功能也具有操縱功能。這兩個(gè)功能(函數(shù))可以互相干擾。這種干擾不是隨時(shí)都發(fā)生(發(fā)生在日?;顒?dòng)中,像開(kāi)車(chē)或者裝修房子那樣,這兩種功能實(shí)際上是相輔相成的),但一旦發(fā)生,就引入了自然現(xiàn)象中所沒(méi)有的不確定性。這種不確定性在兩個(gè)函數(shù)內(nèi)都有表現(xiàn):參與者根據(jù)不完全的認(rèn)知去行動(dòng),他們行動(dòng)的結(jié)果也不符合他們的期望。這是人類事務(wù)的重要特點(diǎn)。

與此相反,在對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象的例子中,事態(tài)的發(fā)展不以觀察者的看法為轉(zhuǎn)移。外部觀察者只與認(rèn)知函數(shù)相聯(lián)系,現(xiàn)象本身提供了可靠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)讓觀察者的理論可以明確判斷真?zhèn)?。因此,外部觀察者能夠獲得的知識(shí)?;谶@一知識(shí)可以成功地對(duì)自然界實(shí)施改造。在認(rèn)知函數(shù)和操縱函數(shù)之間存在著天然的分野。由于這樣的分野存在,比起在人類領(lǐng)域來(lái),兩個(gè)函數(shù)可以輕松地達(dá)到目的而不存在偏差。

這里我必須強(qiáng)調(diào),反身性不是人類事務(wù)不確定性的唯一來(lái)源。是的,反身性的確將不確定因素引入?yún)⑴c者的觀點(diǎn)和事件的實(shí)際過(guò)程中,但其他因素也可以產(chǎn)生同樣的效果。例如,參與者不知道其他參與者所知道的信息,也導(dǎo)致了偏差。這與反身性相當(dāng)不同,可也是人類事務(wù)不確定性的來(lái)源之一。不同的參與者有不同的興趣,其中一些人自然會(huì)與其他人沖突,這也是另一種不確定性的來(lái)源。此外,如以賽亞柏林指出的,每個(gè)參與者遵循的價(jià)值觀也是多樣的,其中也充滿了矛盾。這些因素造成的不確定性可能會(huì)更比反身性產(chǎn)生的更廣泛。我將它們都放在一起提出人類不確定性原理,這是一個(gè)比反身性更廣泛的概念。

我談到的人類不確定性原理,比起貫穿在笛卡爾哲學(xué)中的主觀懷疑理論更具體,也更嚴(yán)格。它給了我們更客觀的理由相信,我們的看法和期望是(至少可能是)錯(cuò)誤的。

雖然人類不確定性主要影響的是參與者,但對(duì)社會(huì)科學(xué)卻具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。通過(guò)援引卡爾波普爾的科學(xué)方理論,我可以清楚闡明這種影響。這是一個(gè)美麗、簡(jiǎn)單、優(yōu)雅的理論。它由三個(gè)要素和三種行動(dòng)組成。這三個(gè)要素是科學(xué)規(guī)律、規(guī)律運(yùn)營(yíng)的初始和終結(jié)條件。這三種行動(dòng)是預(yù)測(cè)、解釋和驗(yàn)證。當(dāng)科學(xué)規(guī)律與初始條件相結(jié)合,人們能提供預(yù)測(cè)。當(dāng)它們?cè)俸偷慕K結(jié)條件結(jié)合在一起,人們能提供解釋。在這個(gè)意義上,預(yù)測(cè)和解釋是對(duì)稱的和可逆的。至于驗(yàn)證,則負(fù)責(zé)將通過(guò)科學(xué)規(guī)律得出的預(yù)測(cè)與實(shí)際結(jié)果相比較。

根據(jù)波普爾的觀點(diǎn),科學(xué)規(guī)律是假設(shè)性質(zhì)的,它們不能被證實(shí),卻可以通過(guò)驗(yàn)證來(lái)證偽??茖W(xué)方法論成功的關(guān)鍵是,可以利用每個(gè)個(gè)體的參與,共同對(duì)一個(gè)理論進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,而所有個(gè)體的參與都會(huì)成為驗(yàn)證的一部分。一個(gè)個(gè)體失敗的驗(yàn)證就足以證偽一個(gè)理論,但再多的成功案例卻不足以證實(shí)它。

科學(xué)怎么能既是實(shí)證的又是理性的呢?對(duì)于這個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題,波普爾提供的是一個(gè)聰明的方法。根據(jù)波普爾的說(shuō)法,之所以是經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,是因?yàn)槲覀兺ㄟ^(guò)觀察由理論產(chǎn)生的預(yù)測(cè)是否符合事實(shí),來(lái)確定理論的正確性,之所以是理性的,因?yàn)槲覀兪褂昧搜堇[邏輯來(lái)得到預(yù)測(cè)。波普爾摒棄了歸納邏輯,代之以驗(yàn)證。歸納是不可被證偽的,因此是不科學(xué)的。波普爾強(qiáng)調(diào)了科學(xué)方法論中驗(yàn)證的核心作用,并帶有強(qiáng)烈批判性思維地?cái)嘌钥茖W(xué)規(guī)律只是暫時(shí)有效,并永遠(yuǎn)對(duì)重新驗(yàn)證開(kāi)放。因此,波普爾理論的三個(gè)突出特點(diǎn)是:預(yù)測(cè)和解釋的對(duì)稱性,證實(shí)和證偽的不對(duì)稱性,以及驗(yàn)證的核心作用。驗(yàn)證讓科學(xué)發(fā)展、改進(jìn)和創(chuàng)新。

波普爾的理論對(duì)于自然現(xiàn)象研究效果良好,但人類不確定性原理卻向這個(gè)極端簡(jiǎn)潔和優(yōu)雅的理論中注入了不和諧。因?yàn)轭A(yù)測(cè)中引入了不確定因素,預(yù)測(cè)和解釋之間的對(duì)稱性被破壞了,驗(yàn)證的中心作用也處于危險(xiǎn)之中。最初和終結(jié)的條件中是否要包括參與者的思想?這個(gè)問(wèn)題非常重要,因?yàn)槊恳淮悟?yàn)證都需要復(fù)制這些條件。如果參與者的思想包括在內(nèi),就很難觀察到它的初始和終結(jié)條件,因?yàn)閰⑴c者的觀點(diǎn)只能從他們的講話或行動(dòng)中推斷。如果它被排除在外,最初和終結(jié)條件不構(gòu)成單獨(dú)的觀察目標(biāo),因?yàn)橥瑯拥目陀^條件可能由于參與者的不同,和截然不同的觀點(diǎn)相聯(lián)系起來(lái)。無(wú)論哪種情況,歸納都不能被恰當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。這種困難并不會(huì)排除社會(huì)科學(xué)家通過(guò)歸納獲得有價(jià)值結(jié)論,但這些結(jié)論不滿足波普爾理論的要求,也不符合物理定律的預(yù)測(cè)能力。

社會(huì)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一結(jié)論難以接受。而經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,借用弗洛伊德說(shuō),正經(jīng)歷著“物理嫉妒”。

為了消除與人類不確定性原理相聯(lián)系的上述困難,人們做過(guò)很多嘗試,試圖在參與者的思想和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間引入或者假設(shè)一些固定的關(guān)系??栺R克思斷言,物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)決定了思想的上層建筑。弗洛伊德認(rèn)為,決定人的行為是沖動(dòng)和潛意識(shí)的綜合體。他們都宣稱自己的理論是科學(xué)的,但波普爾指出,他們不能被證偽,所以只是偽科學(xué)。

但到目前為止,最令人印象深刻的嘗試是在經(jīng)濟(jì)理論領(lǐng)域展開(kāi)的。它從假設(shè)完美知識(shí)開(kāi)始,當(dāng)這種假設(shè)被證明是站不住腳的時(shí)候,又通過(guò)不斷加大扭曲來(lái)維持這個(gè)聲稱行為是理性的神話。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)結(jié)束于理性預(yù)期理論,該理論認(rèn)為,如果有一個(gè)對(duì)未來(lái)樂(lè)觀的預(yù)期,作為對(duì)這個(gè)預(yù)期的反應(yīng),最終所有的市場(chǎng)參與者都將向這個(gè)預(yù)期趨同。這個(gè)假設(shè)是荒謬的,但在使經(jīng)濟(jì)理論在牛頓物理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行模型化方面卻是必要的。

有趣的是,當(dāng)他們?cè)凇督?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》刊物上進(jìn)行交流時(shí),波普爾和哈耶克都發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)科學(xué)不能產(chǎn)生和物理學(xué)相類比的結(jié)果。哈耶克猛烈抨擊了機(jī)械和輕率地將自然科學(xué)中定量方法應(yīng)用于物理學(xué)的嘗試。他稱之為科學(xué)主義。卡爾波普爾在《歷史主義貧困論》中指出,歷史不是由普遍有效的科學(xué)規(guī)律決定的。

然而,波普爾宣稱他稱之為“統(tǒng)一方法學(xué)說(shuō)”的理論時(shí),他是指自然和社會(huì)科學(xué)應(yīng)以同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)判斷。哈耶克,當(dāng)然,成為了芝加哥經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派的使徒,那兒是市場(chǎng)原教旨主義的大本營(yíng)。但在我看來(lái),人類不確定性原理的含義是,自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的主題是根本不同的,因此他們需要不同的方法和不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。人們不能期望經(jīng)濟(jì)理論能夠產(chǎn)生普遍有效的規(guī)律,可以用來(lái)逆向解釋或者預(yù)測(cè)歷史事件。我主張,如果只是依樣模仿自然科學(xué),只會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類和社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的失真。物理學(xué)中可行的方法放到社會(huì)學(xué)中就失效了。

不過(guò),由于過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)自然和社會(huì)科學(xué)之間的不同,我也遇到了些麻煩。這種兩分法通常在現(xiàn)實(shí)中沒(méi)有找到,它們是由我們引入的,用來(lái)讓這個(gè)充滿了迷惑的現(xiàn)實(shí)好理解一點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上,即便在物理學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)之間的嚴(yán)格區(qū)分看來(lái)是有道理的,但總是有其他學(xué)科,如生物學(xué)和動(dòng)物社會(huì)研究等等,占據(jù)了中間的位置,無(wú)法嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。

但我不得擱置我的保留意見(jiàn),首先承認(rèn)自然和社會(huì)科學(xué)之間是需要二分的。因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)科學(xué)遇到了另一個(gè)困難,這個(gè)困難是自然科學(xué)可以避免的。

這個(gè)困難就是:社會(huì)科學(xué)是具有反身性的。海森堡發(fā)現(xiàn)的測(cè)不準(zhǔn)原理并沒(méi)有絲毫改變量子行為,但社會(huì)學(xué)理論,無(wú)論是馬克思主義、市場(chǎng)原教旨主義或是反身性理論,都可能會(huì)影響它們涉及的社會(huì)領(lǐng)域??茖W(xué)方法被認(rèn)為是依賴于真理的。海森堡的測(cè)不準(zhǔn)原理并不與此假設(shè)矛盾,但反身性的社會(huì)理論卻與此矛盾。為什么社會(huì)科學(xué)本可以積極改變社會(huì),卻只是被局限于被動(dòng)地研究社會(huì)現(xiàn)象?正如我在《金融煉金術(shù)》中說(shuō)的,煉金術(shù)士在試圖用咒語(yǔ)改變基本金屬性質(zhì)時(shí)犯了錯(cuò)誤。相反,他們應(yīng)該集中精力去參與金融市場(chǎng),這才有可能成功。

社會(huì)科學(xué)如何才能排除這種干擾?我提出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的補(bǔ)救方法:承認(rèn)自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)之間的二分法。這將確保人們能正確對(duì)待社會(huì)理論的優(yōu)點(diǎn),而不會(huì)錯(cuò)誤地用自然科學(xué)方法亂作診斷。我建議以此作為研究框架是在保護(hù)科學(xué)方法,對(duì)社會(huì)科學(xué)也不意味著貶值。這個(gè)框架并沒(méi)有對(duì)社會(huì)科學(xué)能夠研究什么做出限制,相反,通過(guò)把社會(huì)科學(xué)從對(duì)自然科學(xué)的依樣模仿中解放出來(lái),可以防止它被錯(cuò)誤的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所左右,讓它有可能開(kāi)辟出一片新天地。在這種精神下,我將在明天對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)做出闡釋。

世界成功人士演講2:奧巴馬

Nong hao! Good afternoon. It is a great honor for me to be here in Shanghai, and to have this opportunity to speak with all of you. I'd like to thank Fudan University's President Yang for his hospitality and his gracious welcome. I'd also like to thank our outstanding Ambassador, Jon Huntsman, who exemplifies the deep ties and respect between our nati ons. I don't know what he said, but I hope it was good. (Laughter.)

儂好!諸位下午好。我感到很榮幸能夠有機(jī)會(huì)到上海跟你們交談,我要感謝復(fù)旦大學(xué)的楊校長(zhǎng),感謝他的款待和熱情的歡迎。我還想感謝我們出色的大使洪博培,他是我們兩國(guó)間深厚的紐帶。我不知道他剛才說(shuō)什么,但是希望他說(shuō)得很好。

What I'd like to do is to make some opening comments, and then what I'm really looking forward to doing is taking questions, not only from students who are in the audience, but also we've received questions online, which will be asked by some of the students who are here in the audience, as well as by Ambassador Huntsman. And I am very sorry that my Chinese is not as good as your English, but I am looking forward to this chance to have a dialogue.

我今天準(zhǔn)備這樣,先做一個(gè)開(kāi)場(chǎng)白,我真正希望做的是回答在座的問(wèn)題,不但回答在座的學(xué)生問(wèn)題,同時(shí)還可以從網(wǎng)上得到一些問(wèn)題,由在座的一些學(xué)生和洪博培大使代為提問(wèn)。很抱歉,我的中文遠(yuǎn)不如你們的英文,所以我期待和你們的對(duì)話。

This is my first time traveling to China, and I'm excited to see this majestic country. Here, in Shanghai, we see the growth that has caught the attention of the world -- the soaring skyscrapers, the bustling streets and entrepreneurial activity. And just as I'm impressed by these signs of China's journey to the 21st century, I'm eager to see those ancient places that speak to us from China's distant past. Tomorrow and the next day I hope to have a chance when I'm in Beijing to see the majesty of the Forbidden City and the wonder of the Great Wall. Truly, this is a nation that encompasses both a rich history and a belief in the promise of the future.

這是我首次訪問(wèn)中國(guó),我看到你們博大的國(guó)家,感到很興奮。在上海這里,我們看到了矚目的增長(zhǎng),高聳的塔樓,繁忙的街道,還有企業(yè)家的精神。這些都是中國(guó)步入21世紀(jì)的跡象,讓我感到贊嘆。同時(shí)我也急切的要看到向我們展現(xiàn)中國(guó)古老的古跡,明天和后天我要到北京去看雄偉壯麗的故宮和令人嘆為觀止的長(zhǎng)城,這個(gè)國(guó)度既有豐富的歷史,又有對(duì)未來(lái)憧憬的信念。

The same can be said of the relationship between our two countries. Shanghai, of course, is a city that has great meaning in the history of the relationship between the United States and China. It was here, 37 years ago, that the Shanghai Communique opened the door to a new chapter of engagement between our governments and among our people.

而我們兩國(guó)的關(guān)系也是如此,上海在美中關(guān)系的歷史中是個(gè)具有意義的重大城市,在37年前,《上海公報(bào)》打開(kāi)了我們兩國(guó)政府和兩國(guó)人民接觸交往的新的篇章。

However, America's ties to this city -- and to this country -- stretch back further, to the earliest days of America's independence. In 1784, our founding father, George Washington, commissioned the Empress of China, a ship that set sail for these shores so that it could pursue trade with the Qing Dynasty. Washington wanted to see the ship carry the flag around the globe, and to forge new ties with nations like China. This is a common American impulse -- the desire to reach for new horizons, and to forge new partnerships that are mutually beneficial.

不過(guò)美國(guó)與這個(gè)國(guó)家的紐帶可以追溯更久遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去,追溯到美國(guó)獨(dú)立的初期,喬治?華盛頓組織了皇后號(hào)的下水儀式,這個(gè)船成功前往大清王朝,華盛頓希望看到這艘船前往各地,與中國(guó)結(jié)成新的紐帶。希望與中國(guó)開(kāi)辟新的地平線,建立新的伙伴關(guān)系。

Over the two centuries that have followed, the currents of history have steered the relationship between our countries in many directions. And even in the midst of tumultuous winds, our people had opportunities to forge deep and even dramatic ties. For instance, Americans will never forget the hospitality shown to our pilots who were shot down over your soil during World War II, and cared for by Chinese civilians who risked all that they had by doing so. And Chinese veterans of that war still warmly greet those American veterans who return to the sites where they fought to help liberate China from occupation.

在其后的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)中,歷史洪流使我們兩國(guó)關(guān)系向許多不同的方向發(fā)展,而即使在最動(dòng)蕩的方向中,我們的兩國(guó)人民也打造了很深的,甚至有戲劇性的紐帶,比如美國(guó)人永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記,在二戰(zhàn)期間,美國(guó)飛行員在中國(guó)上空被擊落后,當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣駥?duì)他們的款待,中國(guó)公民冒著失去一切的危險(xiǎn)保護(hù)著他們。而參加二戰(zhàn)的中國(guó)老兵仍然歡迎故地重游的美國(guó)老兵,他們?cè)谀抢飬?zhàn)。

A different kind of connection was made nearly 40 years ago when the frost between our countries began to thaw through the simple game of table tennis. The very unlikely nature of this engagement contributed to its success -- because for all our differences, both our common humanity and our shared curiosity were revealed. As one American player described his visit to China -- "[The]people are just like us…The country is very similar to America, but still very different." Of course this small opening was followed by the achievement of the Shanghai Communique, and the eventual establishment of formal relations between the United States and China in 1979. And in three decades, just look at how far we have come.

40年前,我們兩國(guó)間開(kāi)啟了又一種聯(lián)系,兩國(guó)關(guān)系開(kāi)始解凍,通過(guò)乒乓球的比賽解凍關(guān)系。我們兩國(guó)之間有著分歧,但是我們也有著共同的人性及有著共同的好奇,就像一位乒乓球人員所說(shuō)的一樣,那的國(guó)家就是一樣,但是這個(gè)小小的開(kāi)頭帶來(lái)了《上海公報(bào)》的問(wèn)世,最終還帶來(lái)了美中在1979年建交。在其后的30年我們又取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展。

In 1979, trade between the United States and China stood at roughly billion -- today it tops over 0 billion each year. The commerce affects our people's lives in so many ways. America imports from China many of the computer parts we use, the clothes we wear; and we export to China machinery that helps power your industry. This trade could create even more jobs on bothsides of the Pacific, while allowing our people to enjoy a better quality of life. And as demand becomes more balanced, it can lead to even broader prosperity.

1979年中美貿(mào)易僅有500億美元,而今天美中貿(mào)易已經(jīng)接近4000億美元。貿(mào)易在許多方面影響人民的生活,比如美國(guó)電腦中許多部件,還有穿的衣服都是從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的,我們向中國(guó)出口中國(guó)工業(yè)要使用的機(jī)器,這種貿(mào)易可以在太平洋兩岸創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),讓我們的人民過(guò)上質(zhì)量更高的生活。

In 1979, the political cooperation between the United States and China was rooted largely in our shared rivalry with the Soviet Union. Today, we have a positive, constructive and comprehensive relationship that opens the door to partnership on the key global issues of our time -- economic recovery and the development of clean energy; stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and the scourge of climate change; the promotion of peace and security in Asia and around the globe. All of these issues will be on the agenda tomorrow when I meet with President Hu.

在需求趨于平衡的過(guò)程中,這種貿(mào)易可以是更廣闊的貿(mào)易。如今我們有著積極合作和全面的關(guān)系,為我們?cè)诋?dāng)前重大的全球問(wèn)題上建立伙伴關(guān)系打開(kāi)了大門(mén),這些問(wèn)題包括經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇、潔凈能源的開(kāi)發(fā)、制止核武器擴(kuò)散以及應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。還有在亞洲及全球各地促進(jìn)和平和穩(wěn)定,所有這些問(wèn)題我明天與胡錦濤同志會(huì)談時(shí)都會(huì)談到。

And in 1979, the connections among our people were limited. Today, we see the curiosity of those ping-pong players manifested in the ties that are being forged across many sectors. The second highest number of foreign students in the United States come from China, and we've seen a 50 percent increase in the study of Chinese among our own students. There are nearly 200 "friendship cities" drawing our communities together. American and Chinese scientists cooperate on new research and discovery. And of course, Yao Ming is just one signal of our shared love of basketball -- I'm only sorry that I won't be able to see a Shanghai Sharks game while I'm visiting.

1979年的時(shí)候,我們兩國(guó)人民的聯(lián)系十分有限。當(dāng)年在乒乓球領(lǐng)域的好奇如今已延伸到許多領(lǐng)域,美國(guó)現(xiàn)在數(shù)量最多的留學(xué)生都來(lái)自中國(guó)。而在美國(guó)的學(xué)生中,學(xué)中文的人數(shù)增加了50%。我們兩國(guó)有近200個(gè)友好城市,美中科學(xué)家在許多新的研究領(lǐng)域和發(fā)現(xiàn)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行合作。我們兩國(guó)人民都熱愛(ài)籃球,姚明就是個(gè)例子。不過(guò),此行中我不能觀看上海鯊魚(yú)隊(duì)的比賽,有點(diǎn)遺憾。

It is no coincidence that the relationship between our countries has accompanied a period of positive change. China has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty -- an accomplishment unparalleled in human history -- while playing a larger role in global events. And the United States has seen our economy grow along with the standard of living enjoyed by our people, while bringing the Cold War to a successful conclusion.

我們兩國(guó)之間的這種關(guān)系給我們帶來(lái)了積極的變化,這并不是偶然的,中國(guó)使得億萬(wàn)人民脫貧,而這種成就是人類歷史上史無(wú)前例的。而中國(guó)在全球問(wèn)題中也發(fā)揮更大的作用,美國(guó)也目睹了我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的成長(zhǎng)。

There is a Chinese proverb: "Consider the past, and you shall know the future." Surely, we have known setbacks and challenges over the last 30 years. Our relationship has not been without disagreement and difficulty. But the notion that we must be adversaries is not predestined -- not when we consider the past. Indeed, because of our cooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and more secure. We have seen what is possible when we build upon our mutual interests, and engage on the basis of mutual respect.

中國(guó)有句古言,溫故而知新。當(dāng)然,我們過(guò)去30年中也遇到了挫折和挑戰(zhàn),我們的關(guān)系并不是沒(méi)有困難的,沒(méi)有分歧的。“但是我們必須一定是對(duì)手”的這種想法不應(yīng)該是一成不變的。由于我們兩國(guó)的合作,美中兩國(guó)都變得更加繁榮、更加安全。我們基于相互的利益、相互的尊重就能有成就。

And yet the success of that engagement depends upon understanding -- on sustaining an open dialogue, and learning about one another and from one another. For just as that American table tennis player pointed out -- we share much in common as human beings, but our countries are different in certain ways.

不過(guò),這種接觸的成功要取決于我們要彼此了解,要能夠進(jìn)行開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公的對(duì)話,彼此進(jìn)行了解。就像當(dāng)年美國(guó)乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員所說(shuō)的,我們作為人有著共同的向往,但是我們兩國(guó)又不同。

I believe that each country must chart its own course. China is an ancient nation, with a deeply rooted culture. The United States, by comparison, is a young nation, whose culture is determined by the many different immigrants who have come to our shores, and by the founding documents that guide our democracy.

我認(rèn)為每個(gè)國(guó)家都應(yīng)該勾畫(huà)出自己要走的路,中國(guó)是一個(gè)文明古國(guó),它有著博大精深的文化。相對(duì)而言,美國(guó)是一個(gè)年輕的國(guó)家,它的文化受到來(lái)自許多不同國(guó)家移民的影響,還受到我們民主制度文件的影響。

Those documents put forward a simple vision of human affairs, and they enshrine several core principles -- that all men and women are created equal, and possess certain fundamental rights; that government should reflect the will of the people and respond to their wishes; that commerce should be open, information freely accessible; and that laws, and not simply men, should guarantee the administration of justice.

我有一個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的向往,代表了一些核心的原則,就是所有的人生來(lái)平等,都有著基本的權(quán)利,而政府應(yīng)當(dāng)反映人們的意志,貿(mào)易應(yīng)該是開(kāi)放的,信息流通應(yīng)當(dāng)是自由的,而法律要保證這個(gè)公平。

Of course, the story of our nation is not without its difficult chapters. In many ways -- over many years -- we have struggled to advance the promise of these principles to all of our people, and to forge a more perfect union. We fought a very painful civil war, and freed a portion of our population from slavery. It took time for women to be extended the right to vote, workers to win the right to organize, and for immigrants from different corners of the globe to be fully embraced. Even after they were freed, African Americans persevered through conditions that were separate and not equal, before winning full and equal rights.

當(dāng)然,我們的國(guó)家歷史也不是沒(méi)有過(guò)困難的地方,從很多方面來(lái)講,很多年以來(lái),我們是通過(guò)斗爭(zhēng)來(lái)促進(jìn)這些原則或者使所有的人民能夠享受到。為了締造一個(gè)更完美的聯(lián)合,我們也打過(guò)一個(gè)很痛苦的內(nèi)戰(zhàn),把一部分我們被奴役的人口釋放出來(lái),經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間才能使婦女有投票權(quán),勞工有組織權(quán),包括來(lái)自各地的移民能夠全部被接受。即使他們被解放以后,非洲裔美國(guó)人也和美國(guó)人經(jīng)過(guò)一些分開(kāi)的、不平等的條件,經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間才爭(zhēng)取到全面的平等權(quán)利。

None of this was easy. But we made progress because of our belief in those core principles, which have served as our compass through the darkest of storms. That is why Lincoln could stand up in the midst of civil war and declare it a struggle to see whether any nation, conceived in liberty, and "dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal" could long endure. That is why Dr. Martin Luther King could stand on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and ask that our nation live out the true meaning of its creed. That's why immigrants from China to Kenya could find a home on our shores; why opportunity is available to all who would work for it; and why someone like me, who less than 50 years ago would have had trouble voting in some parts of America, is now able to serve as its President.

所有這些是不容易的。但是我們對(duì)這些核心原則的信念使我們?nèi)〉昧诉M(jìn)展,在最黑暗的風(fēng)暴當(dāng)中作為我們的指南針。這是為什么林肯在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間站起來(lái)說(shuō)過(guò),任何一個(gè)國(guó)家以自由、以所有人類平等的原則能夠長(zhǎng)久的存在,也就是為什么金博士在林肯紀(jì)念館的前臺(tái)站起來(lái),說(shuō)我們國(guó)家要必須真正的實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的信念。也就是為什么來(lái)自中國(guó)或者肯尼亞的移民能夠到我們的家,也是為什么一個(gè)不到50年前在某些地方連投票都遇到困難的人,現(xiàn)在就能夠做到那個(gè)國(guó)家的總統(tǒng)。

And that is why America will always speak out for these core principles around the world.We do not seek to impose any system of government on any other nation, but we also don't believe that the principles that we stand for are unique to our nation. These freedoms of expression and worship -- of access to information and political participation -- we believe are universal rights. They should be available to all people, including ethnic and religious minorities -- whether they are in the United States, China, or any nation. Indeed, it is that respect for universal rights that guides America's openness to other countries; our respect for different cultures; our commitment to international law; and our faith in the future.

這就是為什么美國(guó)永遠(yuǎn)為了全世界各地的核心原則說(shuō)話,我們不尋求把任何政治體制強(qiáng)制給任何國(guó)家,但是我們也不認(rèn)為我們所支持的這些原則是我們國(guó)家所獨(dú)有的,這些表達(dá)自由、宗教崇拜自由、接觸信息的機(jī)會(huì)、政治的參與,我們認(rèn)為這些是普世的權(quán)利,應(yīng)該是所有人民能夠享受到的,包括少數(shù)民族和宗教的族群,不管是在中國(guó)、美國(guó)和任何國(guó)家,對(duì)于普遍權(quán)利的尊敬,作為美國(guó)對(duì)其他國(guó)家的開(kāi)放態(tài)度的指導(dǎo)原則,我們對(duì)其他文化的尊重,我們對(duì)國(guó)際法的承諾和對(duì)未來(lái)的信念的原則。

These are all things that you should know about America. I also know that we have much to learn about China. Looking around at this magnificent city -- and looking around this room -- I do believe that our nations hold something important in common, and that is a belief in the future. Neither the United States nor China is content to rest on our achievements. For while China is an ancient nation, you are also clearly looking ahead with confidence, ambition, and a commitment to see that tomorrow's generation can do better than today's.

所有這些都是你們知道關(guān)于美國(guó)的一些情況,我們有很多要從中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。我們看看這個(gè)偉大城市的各地,也看看這個(gè)房間,我就相信我們兩國(guó)有很重要的共同點(diǎn),也就是對(duì)未來(lái)的信念,不管是美國(guó)還是中國(guó),對(duì)現(xiàn)在的成就不能感到自滿。雖然中國(guó)是一個(gè)古老的國(guó)家,你們也是充滿信心展望未來(lái),致力于下一代能夠比這一代做的更好。

In addition to your growing economy, we admire China's extraordinary commitment to science and research -- a commitment borne out in everything from the infrastructure you build to the technology you use. China is now the world's largest Internet user -- which is why we were so pleased to include the Internet as a part of today's event. This country now has the world's largest mobile phone network, and it is investing in the new forms of energy that can both sustain growth and combat climate change -- and I'm looking forward to deepening the partnership between the United States and China in this critical area tomorrow. But above all, I see China's future in you -- young people whose talent and dedication and dreams will do so much to help shape the 21st century.

除了你們不斷增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)之外,我們很配合中國(guó)在科學(xué)和研究方面所投入的力量,包括建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和使用的技術(shù),中國(guó)是世界上使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)最多的國(guó)家,這就是我們很高興互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是今天活動(dòng)的一部分,這個(gè)國(guó)家也擁有最大的移動(dòng)電話網(wǎng)絡(luò),對(duì)新的投資保持繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng),應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化方面有新的投資,我也希望兩國(guó)加強(qiáng)這方面的合作。但是更重要是看到年輕人你們的才能、你們的獻(xiàn)身精神、你們的夢(mèng)想在21世紀(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)方面會(huì)發(fā)揮很大的作用。

I've said many times that I believe that our world is now fundamentally interconnected. The jobs we do, the prosperity we build, the environment we protect, the security that we seek -- all of these things are shared. And given that interconnection, power in the 21st century is no longer a zero-sum game; one country's success need not come at the expense of another. And that is why the United States insists we do not seek to contain China's rise. On the contrary, we welcome China as a strong and prosperous and successful member of the community of nations -- a China that draws on the rights, strengths, and creativity of inpidual Chinese like you.

我說(shuō)過(guò)很多次,我認(rèn)為世界是互相連接的,我們所做的工作,我們所建立的繁榮,我們所保護(hù)的環(huán)境,我們所追求的安全,所有這些都是共同的,而且是互相連接的,所以21世紀(jì)的實(shí)力不在零和游戲,一個(gè)國(guó)家成功不應(yīng)該以另外一個(gè)國(guó)家的犧牲作為代價(jià)。這就是我們?yōu)槭裁床粚で蠖糁浦袊?guó)的崛起。相反,我們歡迎中國(guó)作為一個(gè)國(guó)際社會(huì)的強(qiáng)的、繁榮的、成功的成員。

To return to the proverb -- consider the past. We know that more is to be gained when great powers cooperate than when they collide. That is a lesson that human beings have learned time and again, and that is the example of the history between our nations. And I believe strongly that cooperation must go beyond our government. It must be rooted in our people -- in the studies we share, the business that we do, the knowledge that we gain, and even in the sports that we play. And these bridges must be built by young men and women just like you and your counterparts in America.

再回到剛才的諺語(yǔ),我們應(yīng)該考慮過(guò)去。在大的國(guó)家合作的時(shí)候,就比互相碰撞會(huì)取得更多的好處,這就是人類在歷史上不斷吸取的教訓(xùn)。我認(rèn)為我們合作應(yīng)該是超越政府間的合作,應(yīng)該是以人民為基礎(chǔ)的,我們所研究的內(nèi)容、我們所從事的生意、我們所獲得的知識(shí)、我們所進(jìn)行的體育比賽……所有這些橋梁必須是年輕人共同合作建立起來(lái)。

That's why I'm pleased to announce that the United States will dramatically expand the number of our students who study in China to 100,000. And these exchanges mark a clear commitment to build ties among our people, as surely as you will help determine the destiny of the 21st century. And I'm absolutely confident that America has no better ambassadors to offer than our young people. For they, just like you, are filled with talent and energy and optimism about the history that is yet to be written.

這就是我為什么非常高興我們要大大地宣布我們到中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的留學(xué)生人數(shù),要增加到10萬(wàn)人。這樣交流就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出我們是愿意致力于加強(qiáng)兩國(guó)人民的聯(lián)系,而且我是絕對(duì)有信心的。對(duì)美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),最好的大使、最好的使者就是年輕人,他們和你們一樣,很有才能,充滿活力,對(duì)未來(lái)的歷史還是很樂(lè)觀的。

So let this be the next step in the steady pursuit of cooperation that will serve our nations, and the world. And if there's one thing that we can take from today's dialogue, I hope that it is a commitment to continue this dialogue going forward.

這是我們合作的下一步,惠及兩國(guó)和全世界。今天可以吸收的一個(gè)最重要的內(nèi)容就是我們不斷地向前推進(jìn)。

So thank you very much. And I look forward now to taking some questions from all of you. Thank you very much. (Applause.)

世界成功人士演講3:尼克松

Good evening:

This is the 37th time I have spoken to you from this office, where so many decisions have been made that shape the history of this nation. Each time I have done so to discuss with you some matter that I believe affected the national interest. In all the decisions I have made in my public life I have always tried to do what was best for the nation.

Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my duty to persevere — to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me. In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort. As long as there was such a base, I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion; that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process, and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future. But with the disappearance of that base, I now believe that the constitutional purpose has been served. And there is no longer a need for the process to be prolonged.

I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal agony it would have involved, and my family unanimously urged me to do so. But the interests of the nation must always come before any personal considerations. From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the nation will require.

I have never been a quitter.

To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body. But as President, I must put the interests of America first.

America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress, particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad. To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home.

Therefore, I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow.

Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office.

As I recall the high hopes for America with which we began this second term, I feel a great sadness that I will not be here in this office working on your behalf to achieve those hopes in the next two and a half years. But in turning over direction of the Government to Vice President Ford I know, as I told the nation when I nominated him for that office ten months ago, that the leadership of America would be in good hands.

In passing this office to the Vice President, I also do so with the profound sense of the weight of responsibility that will fall on his shoulders tomorrow, and therefore of the understanding, the patience, the cooperation he will need from all Americans. As he assumes that responsibility he will deserve the help and the support of all of us. As we look to the future, the first essential is to begin healing the wounds of this nation. To put the bitterness and divisions of the recent past behind us and to rediscover those shared ideals that lie at the heart of our strength and unity as a great and as a free people.

By taking this action, I hope that I will have hastened the start of that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America. I regret deeply any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision. I would say only that if some of my judgments were wrong — and some were wrong — they were made in what I believed at the time to be the best interests of the nation.

To those who have stood with me during these past difficult months, to my family, my friends, the many others who joined in supporting my cause because they believed it was right, I will be eternally grateful for your support. And to those who have not felt able to give me your support, let me say I leave with no bitterness toward those who have opposed me, because all of us in the final analysis have been concerned with the good of the country, however our judgments might differ.

So let us all now join together in affirming that common commitment and in helping our new President succeed for the benefit of all Americans. I shall leave this office with regret at not completing my term but with gratitude for the privilege of serving as your President for the past five and a half years. These years have been a momentous time in the history of our nation and the world. They have been a time of achievement in which we can all be proud, achievements that represent the shared efforts of the administration, the Congress and the people. But the challenges ahead are equally great. And they, too, will require the support and the efforts of the Congress and the people, working in cooperation with the new Administration.

We have ended America’s longest war. But in the work of securing a lasting peace in the world, the goals ahead are even more far-reaching and more difficult. We must complete a structure of peace, so that it will be said of this generation — our generation of Americans — by the people of all nations, not only that we ended one war but that we prevented future wars.

We have unlocked the doors that for a quarter of a century stood between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. We must now insure that the one-quarter of the world’s people who live in the People’s Republic of China will be and remain, not our enemies, but our friends.

In the Middle East, 100 million people in the Arab countries, many of whom have considered us their enemy for nearly 20 years, now look on us as their friends. We must continue to build on that friendship so that peace can settle at last over the Middle East and so that the cradle of civilization will not become its grave.

Together with the Soviet Union we have made the crucial breakthroughs that have begun the process of limiting nuclear arms. But, we must set as our goal, not just limiting, but reducing and finally destroying these terrible weapons, so that they cannot destroy civilization. And so that the threat of nuclear war will no longer hang over the world and the people. We have opened a new relation with the Soviet Union. We must continue to develop and expand that new relationship, so that the two strongest nations of the world will live together in cooperation rather than confrontation.

Around the world — in Asia, in Africa, in Latin America, in the Middle East — there are millions of people who live in terrible poverty, even starvation. We must keep as our goal turning away from production for war and expanding production for peace so that people everywhere on this earth can at last look forward, in their children’s time, if not in our own time, to having the necessities for a decent life. Here, in America, we are fortunate that most of our people have not only the blessings of liberty but also the means to live full and good, and by the world’s standards even abundant lives.

We must press on, however, toward a goal not only of more and better jobs but of full opportunity for every American, and of what we are striving so hard right now to achieve — prosperity without inflation.

For more than a quarter of a century in public life, I have shared in the turbulent history of this evening. I have fought for what I believe in. I have tried, to the best of my ability, to discharge those duties and meet those responsibilities that were entrusted to me. Sometimes I have succeeded. And sometimes I have failed. But always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and with the worst if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly.

I pledge to you tonight that as long as I have a breath of life in my body, I shall continue in that spirit. I shall continue to work for the great causes to which I have been dedicated throughout my years as a Congressman, a Senator, Vice President and President, the cause of peace — not just for America but among all nations — prosperity, justice and opportunity for all of our people.

There is one cause above all to which I have been devoted and to which I shall always be devoted for as long as I live.

When I first took the oath of office as President five and a half years ago, I made this sacred commitment: to consecrate my office, my energies, and all the wisdom I can summon to the cause of peace among nations. I’ve done my very best in all the days since to be true to that pledge. As a result of these efforts, I am confident that the world is a safer place today, not only for the people of America but for the people of all nations, and that all of our children have a better chance than before of living in peace rather than dying in war.

This, more than anything, is what I hoped to achieve when I sought the Presidency.

This, more than anything, is what I hope will be my legacy to you, to our country, as I leave the Presidency.

To have served in this office is to have felt a very personal sense of kinship with each and every American.

In leaving it, I do so with this prayer: May God’s grace be with you in all the days ahead.

譯文:

晚上好。 這是我第 37 次在白宮發(fā)表演講,正是在這里,產(chǎn)生了很多決定我們 國(guó)家歷史的關(guān)鍵決策。 每一次我站在這里,都是為了與各位討論事關(guān)國(guó)家利益的 重要問(wèn)題。而我相信,在我任期內(nèi)所做出的任何決定都竭力于更好地服務(wù)國(guó)家。我一直把 “堅(jiān)持” 作為自己的職責(zé),我 要盡全力走完人民賦予我的總統(tǒng)任期。

然而在過(guò)去的幾天中, 我發(fā)現(xiàn)在國(guó)會(huì)中已經(jīng)得不到堅(jiān)實(shí)的政治基礎(chǔ)來(lái)證明 我的這種堅(jiān)持的必要性。這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)如果存在,我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,通過(guò)憲法程序來(lái)獲得 最終結(jié)果是非常必要的, 否則就是對(duì)精心設(shè)計(jì)的憲法精神的背叛,并且開(kāi)啟了一 個(gè)對(duì)未來(lái)極有危害的先例。 但是由于沒(méi)有了基礎(chǔ),我認(rèn)為,憲政的目標(biāo)已經(jīng)被實(shí)現(xiàn),因此,沒(méi)有理由讓 這個(gè)程序繼續(xù)下去。 我原本選擇不論將面對(duì)怎樣的痛苦都要繼續(xù)走下去, 而我的家庭也一致支 持我這樣的選擇。 然而國(guó)家的利益永遠(yuǎn)高于個(gè)人的利益。

通過(guò)我和國(guó)會(huì)以及其他 領(lǐng)袖的討論, 我明白,我可能不再會(huì)贏得國(guó)會(huì)的必要的支持,沒(méi)有 這些支持,我無(wú)法繼續(xù)為國(guó)家履行自己的職責(zé)以及做出有利于國(guó)家的決定。 然而,我從來(lái)都不是一個(gè)半途而廢的人. 在任期結(jié)束之前離開(kāi)白宮, 這完全有悖于我的行事準(zhǔn)則。但作為總統(tǒng), 我必 須永遠(yuǎn)把美國(guó)的利益置于首位。

美國(guó)需要一個(gè)全心全意的總統(tǒng),和同樣全心全意的國(guó)會(huì),尤其是在這樣一個(gè) 當(dāng)國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外都面臨著挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)候。 如果繼續(xù)我個(gè)人辯護(hù)將占去總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)未來(lái)幾個(gè)月幾乎所有的時(shí)間, 而這時(shí) 我們應(yīng)該做的卻是致力于世界和平及沒(méi)有通貨膨脹的國(guó)家繁榮。 因此,我愿意辭職, 并將于明天中午生效。 副總統(tǒng)福特屆時(shí)將成為總統(tǒng)。 當(dāng)我回想起美國(guó)人民在我第二個(gè)任期之初給予 我的高期望時(shí), 我很難過(guò)我不能繼續(xù)在未來(lái)的兩年半里,去實(shí)現(xiàn)人民給予我的這 些厚望。不過(guò)將政府權(quán)力交予副總統(tǒng)福特,正如當(dāng)我提名他時(shí)對(duì)大家所說(shuō)的:美 國(guó)的權(quán)力已交付給了值得信賴的人。

在將權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移給副總統(tǒng)的同時(shí),我深感明天他將要負(fù)起的重大的責(zé)任,因此 我理解他需要所有人的合作。 當(dāng)他承擔(dān)了這份責(zé)任,他也應(yīng)受到所有人的幫助和 配合。 展望未來(lái), 我們要走出第一步就是要修復(fù)我們國(guó)家所經(jīng)受的創(chuàng)傷,將那些 痛苦和分歧拋之腦后, 重新發(fā)現(xiàn)那些根植于我們內(nèi)心的的共同理想,重新強(qiáng)調(diào)我 們作為偉大的和自由的人的團(tuán)結(jié)。 通過(guò)這些努力,我希望可以加速美國(guó)所急需的愈合的進(jìn)程。在這個(gè)進(jìn)程中, 我對(duì)任何因這個(gè)決策所可能產(chǎn)生的傷害感到最深切的遺憾。

我會(huì)說(shuō), 即使我有時(shí) 做出的決定和判斷是錯(cuò)的——而一部分的確是錯(cuò)的——也是我相信在當(dāng)時(shí)它們 是最有利于我們國(guó)家的決定. 對(duì)于那些在過(guò)去艱難的幾個(gè)月中始終伴隨著我的人們,我的家人、朋友和那 些因?yàn)橄嘈盼沂钦_的而相信我的人們,我將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)感激你們的支持。 而對(duì)于那些沒(méi)有給予我支持的人,我并不會(huì)以惡言惡語(yǔ)相待,因?yàn)槲蚁嘈盼?們的判斷都是為了我們的國(guó)家,不論我們的判斷有怎樣的區(qū)別。 無(wú)論如何, 現(xiàn)在就讓我們團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)為共同的目標(biāo),和我們的新總統(tǒng)一起帶領(lǐng) 美國(guó)進(jìn)步。

我雖然因?yàn)闆](méi)有完成任期而帶著遺憾離開(kāi)總統(tǒng)的職位, 但是更因?yàn)橛行易鳛?總統(tǒng)服務(wù)了五年半而感到自豪和欣喜。 這五年半對(duì)于我們的國(guó)家和世界都有著重 要的意義。 這些年我們有著讓我們引以為豪的在政府、國(guó)會(huì)和人民共同努力下的 偉大成就。但是五年半之后我們將面臨的挑戰(zhàn)也同樣巨大,也同樣需要人民、國(guó) 會(huì)和政府的全力合作和努力。

五年半中, 我們結(jié)束了美國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。但是維持世界持久和平的任務(wù)甚至 更加遙遠(yuǎn)和崎嶇。因此,我們這代美國(guó)人要努力構(gòu)建一個(gè)和平的世界秩序,被全 世界人們傳誦:因?yàn)槲覀儾粌H結(jié)束了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),更防止了未來(lái)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生的可能。 五年半中,我們敲開(kāi)了一扇隔離美中之間 25 余年的大門(mén),我們必須確保占 世界人口四分之一的中國(guó)人民是我們的朋友,而非我們的敵人。 在中東地區(qū),有 100 萬(wàn)的人口生活在阿拉伯國(guó)家,而 20 年來(lái)其中的許多人 都把美國(guó)視為他們的敵人。

我們必須繼續(xù)建立與中東地區(qū)的友好關(guān)系,才能使和 平降落在中東地區(qū), 避免使文明的搖籃變?yōu)槲拿鞯膲災(zāi)埂?另一方面, 與蘇聯(lián)合作, 我們?cè)谙拗坪宋淦鬟M(jìn)程上取得了重大突破。但是,我們必須明確我們的目標(biāo),對(duì) 于核武器, 不應(yīng)單單是限制, 更應(yīng)是不斷削減直至最終完全取締這些恐怖的武器。 這樣才能使核武器不再威脅世界和人類。與此同時(shí),我們與蘇聯(lián)的外交也打 開(kāi)了新局面, 我們?nèi)员仨毨^續(xù)發(fā)展和拓廣美蘇之間的關(guān)系,因而世界上兩個(gè)最強(qiáng) 大的國(guó)家才能夠相互合作而不再是充滿沖突。放眼世界,在亞洲、非洲、拉丁美 洲、 中東地區(qū), 還有成千上萬(wàn)的人們?cè)谪毨Ш宛囸I中掙扎。我們必須用以和平為 目的的生產(chǎn)取代以戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)為目的的生產(chǎn), 才能讓這個(gè)地球上的所有人對(duì)享有有尊嚴(yán) 的生活燃起希望, 即使這只是在我們兒輩而不是我們自己身上實(shí)現(xiàn)。在這里,美 國(guó),我們應(yīng)該感到幸運(yùn),因?yàn)槲覀儾粌H可以受到自由平等的沐浴,更有可以體面 的生活,甚至按照世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)說(shuō)是富足的生活。 但是我們?nèi)孕枥^續(xù)努力,向著一個(gè)更高的目標(biāo)——不僅僅是為每個(gè)美國(guó)人提 供更好的工作和機(jī)會(huì),更要拒絕通貨膨脹的美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)。 在我二十多年的政治生活中,今晚都將是一個(gè)重大的里程碑。

我為了自己的信仰奮戰(zhàn), 我盡了我最大的努力完成我的義務(wù)。 有時(shí)我成功了, 有時(shí)我也面臨著失敗, 但是無(wú)論如何,我都一直謹(jǐn)記著西奧多羅斯福對(duì)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上武 士的評(píng)價(jià):這些武士的面孔都混合著血淚和泥土;他們都英勇地活著;一遍一遍 遭遇坎坷和錯(cuò)誤,因?yàn)闆](méi)有努力不包含錯(cuò)誤;但是他們依然不畏失誤,盡力去實(shí) 踐; 他們懂得激情和付出, 并把自己的生命奉獻(xiàn)于有意義的事業(yè); 因?yàn)樗麄冎溃?成功迎來(lái)的就將是無(wú)與倫比的高度,即使面臨失敗,也意味著他們有偉大的嘗試 的勇氣。 今晚我向你們各位保證,只要我呼吸尚存,我就會(huì)繼續(xù)秉承這樣的信仰。

我將會(huì)繼續(xù)為我的信仰奮斗,不論我是一個(gè)眾議員、參議員、副總統(tǒng)又或者總統(tǒng), 這個(gè)信仰一直未變,就是對(duì)于和平、繁榮、公正和機(jī)遇的愿景,這不僅是對(duì)于美 國(guó),更是對(duì)于全世界。 在所有目標(biāo)中, 這個(gè)信仰是我矢志不渝投入的,并且我將會(huì)為之奉獻(xiàn)我的一 生。 當(dāng)我五年前第一次看見(jiàn)總統(tǒng)宣言的時(shí)候,我許下了這個(gè)莊嚴(yán)神圣的承諾:把 我的任期、我的能量和我所有的智慧致力于和平事業(yè)。對(duì)于這個(gè)承諾,我已經(jīng)盡 了我最大的努力。 我自信, 這些努力帶來(lái)的是一個(gè)不僅對(duì)于美國(guó)人民而是對(duì)于世 界來(lái)說(shuō)的更加和平的環(huán)境, 可以讓更多孩子可以有更好的生活的條件而不是面臨 著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的死亡。

這愿望超越了所有, 是我在我總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)最渴望達(dá)成的。 這愿望超越了所有, 是我最希望在我辭職之后給予你們的。 就任總統(tǒng)意味著跟每個(gè)美國(guó)人建立起親密的關(guān)系。 而離開(kāi)它,我有一個(gè)祈禱: 在有未來(lái)的日子里,愿上帝的恩典與你同在。


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